简单句的五种基本句型

第一章 简单句的五种基本句型和句子的主要成分请把下面一段文字反复读几遍，读到背得为止：（1）I hit him. He cried. Mother said: “He is an honest boy. Why did you beat him?我打他，他哭了。 妈妈 说：“ 他是一个诚实的男孩，你为什么欺负他？I will give him an apple. I can make him happy.”我要给他一个苹果。我会让他高兴起来的。我们的学习就从这里开始。先看第一句： I hit him. 这句话就说了一件事-hit, 像hit 这样反映事件本身的动作叫谓语。 而I 是hit 这一事件的施行者，叫主语。him则是动作hit 的承受者，叫宾语。像这样由主谓宾三种成分构成的句子类型就是主谓宾句型（S+V+O）。再看第二句： He cried. 这个句子的动作cried 不需要承受者，没有宾语。这样的句子类型叫主谓句型（S+V）。像cried这样不带宾语的动词叫不及物动词，而像hit一样需要接宾语的动词则是及物动词。无论是及物动词还是不及物动词，它们都表达一种动作一种行为，被称为行为动词或实义动词。那么，不及物动词是不是一定不能带宾语呢？其实，如果你一定要带，也是可以的，只不过要在它后面加一个介词；这是因为介词后面也可以接宾语。请看下面一段文字，找出其中的及物动词和不及物动词：（2）I listened, but I couldnt hear anything. Mother said I was deaf. So I listened to我听了, 但是我什么也听不见。 妈妈说我是聋子， 所以我去听。the tape. Oh, I heard a dog barking at me. How scary! I was so terrified, but I 磁带哦，我听见一只狗子对着我叫， 好可怖啊。我是这样的害怕，但我knew I wasnt deaf!知道了，我不聋。 这一段中，及物动词有 ，不及物动词有 ，后面加介词的及物动词在 一句中。再思考这两个问题：1、哪类词可用作主语和宾语？ 2、哪类词可用作谓语？ 。现在我们回到第一段文字，看这个句子：I will give him an apple. 谓语动词will give 后面的him和an apple都是被give 的对象，即动作的承受者，因此它们都是宾语. 现在让我们想象一下，当主语I用手把an apple给him时，I和an apple是直接接触的，而him则是通过an apple和I间接的产生了联系。因此，我们把an apple 叫直接宾语，把him 叫间接宾语。那么，这两个宾语谁有资格放在前面呢? 上句已经给出了答案。不过，我们也可以把间接宾语放在后面，只要在它前面加一个介词to 或for安抚它一下就行。例如上句，也可以写成I will give an apple to him. 这种句型我们叫它“双宾语句型（S+V+ IO +DO）”再看句子I can make him happy.，谓语动词can make后面也有两个部分，him 和happy，它们也是双宾语吗？不是，因为happy不是can make的对象，它的作用是补充him的不足。happy是不能成其为make的对象的，happiness才可以。像happy这样被用来补充宾语意义上的不足的成分，叫宾语补足语。我们把像I can make him happy.这样的一类句子叫“主谓宾补句型（）”。读下面的文段，并分析划线的句子的成分： （3）I heard something barking at me. I was very terrified. I turned back 。Oh,there is a big 我听见有东西在对着我叫， 我非常害怕。 我转过身。 噢，有一只大dog behind me . I threw a piece of bread to it. It stopped barking and went to eat 狗仔在我身后。 我扔了片面包给它， 它停止吠叫 去吃。the bread. I looked at it, it looked very thin because it was very tall Oh, its my cousins. 面包 我看着它， 它看起来非常瘦 因为他很高 哦，它是我表弟的。 I heard something barking at me. 中， 是宾语，barking at me是 。I threw a piece of bread to it. 中，a piece of bread是 的 ，it是它的 。回到第一段，我们会发现有一个句子与上面学过的都不同：He is an honest boy. 这个句子没有告诉你任何事件，也就没有事件的承受者和施与者。它是一个判断，判断He为an honest boy. 这样的判断句中，He这样的被判断的对象我们还是叫主语，is这样表达判断的连系动词和它后面的an honest boy一起构成谓语，但谓语中的an honest boy不是动作施与的对象，而是在某一方面对主语进行的判断和表述，说明了它是什么或有什么样的特征，我们称它为“表语”。这样的句型叫系表句型（S+V+P）。第三段中也有一个特别的句子：there is a big dog behind me。这个句子的主语a big dog位于be动词之后，there只是一个形式主语，没有实在的含义。这种句子被称为“there be”句型，其结构是 “there + be动词的某种形式+主语+地点”，表示 “在某处存在着某样东西”。其中的 “地点”也叫 “地点状语”，一般位于句子末尾；有时也可以放于句首，这时要用逗号与句子隔开。现在请从第二段和第三段文字中找出系表结构的句子： 现在我们一起来盘点一下已经学过的知识： 主谓宾句型（S+V+O） 主谓句型（S+V）简单句的六种基本句型 双宾语句型（S+V+ IO +DO） 主谓宾补句型（） 系表句型（S+V+P） “there be”句型句子的主要成分：主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语。名词、名词性质的词或词组可用作主语和宾语，动词可用作谓语。行为动词有两种，它们是及物动词和不及物动词。及物动词后面要带宾语；不及物动词一般不带宾语，如果要带，就要加介词。及物动词和介词后面接宾语。间接宾语被放在直接宾语之后时，它前面要加介词to或for.系表句的谓语包括连系动词和它后面的表语，表达一种判断。让我们一起来背诵这三段文字：（1）I hit him. He cried. Mother said: “he is an honest boy. Why did you beat him?. I will give him an apple. I can make him happy.”（2）I listened, but I couldnt hear anything. Mother said I was deaf. So I listened to the tape. Oh, I heard a dog barking at me. How scary! I was so terrified, but I knew I wasnt deaf!（3）I heard something barking at me. I was very terrified. I turned back and saw a big dog . I threw a piece of bread to it. It stopped barking and went to eat the bread. I looked at it, it looked very thin because it was very tall Oh, its my cousins. 第一章练习答案及注释：（2）这一段中，及物动词有hear，knew，不及物动词有listened，后面加介词的及物动词在I listened to the tape一句中。1、哪类词可用作主语和宾语？名词、名词性质的词或词组。2、哪类词可用作谓语？动词注：只有名词、名词性质的词或词组才能充当动作的施与者和承受者。（3）I heard something barking at me. 中，something是宾语，barking at me是宾语补足语I threw a piece of bread to it. 中，a piece of bread是threw的直接宾语，it是它的 间接宾语。现在请从第二段和第三段文字中找出系表结构的句子：I was deaf. I was so terrified. I wasnt deaf. I was very terrified. it looked very thin. it was very tall . Its my cousins.注：It looked very thin.是一个“似像判断”，表达“像”，“.起来.”，“.得.”，“到”等模糊判断。而像look这样用于表达似像判断的动词也是连系动词。 小补丁-答同学问一、带双宾语的动词中，间接宾语放在后面的时候，哪些该用介词to,哪些该用介词for?加to: give, show, send, bring, read, pass, lead, leave, hand, tell, return, write, threw, promise, refuse.加for: make, buy. do, get（得到）, play（演奏）, order（命令）, sing, pay.两种被动式：We send them a telegram They were sent a telegram. A telegram was sent to them.（间接宾语在后，故加介词）二、连系动词有哪些？请看动词的分类三、主格和宾格有什么区别？一般地，名词、名词性质的词和词组都可以作主语和宾语，也就是说它们既有作主语的资格也有作宾语的资格，不存在主格和宾格的区别。但人称代词例外，例如同样是指说话人自己，作主语时用I, 作宾语时用me.请找出下列句子中的主格代词和宾格代词：I hit him, so he hates me. Yesterday his sister told me they wanted to beat me tomorrow. Can you give me a hand? I hope I can see you when I meet them. I dont want to have a fight with a girl, you know. But she will hit me. You can stop her. Then we can run away. 文中主格代词有 宾格代词有 （答案： 主格-I ,he, they, you, she, we. 宾格-him, me, you, them, her.） 第二章 句子的附加成分 请把下面一段文字反复读几遍，读到背得为止： （1）Im a good student. I like English very much. I often take more English classes on weekends. At home, I have a book shelf with many books. My father bought it for me last year as a birthday-gift, because I got an A in the exam. （我是一个好学生，我非常喜欢英语。我常常在周末上英语补习课。在家里，我有个装满了书的书架。我爸爸去年把它作为生日礼物买给了我，因为我在考试中得了个A。）我们一起来看句子Im a good student，I是主语，am和其后的表语a good student一起构成语，好像没什么可学的了。 那么如果我要你省略一个词，同时保持句子结构完整，你看该省略哪个词？显然，只有good可以被省略。句子I like English very much. 呢？哪两个词可以被省略？当然是very much 了。再看句子I often take more English classes on weekends，可省略的部分就多了，有often、more、English和on weekends。像这样可以被省略的成分，就是附加成分。句子Im a good student中，good对student进行了修饰和限定，既丰富了student的内涵, 又从外延上限定了student的范围。像这样对名词进行修饰和限定的句子成分叫定语。而句子I like English very much中的very much尽管位于English之后，却不是修饰或限定它的，而是修饰动词like的，说明了like的程度。句子I often take more English classes on weekends中的often说明了动词take的频率，on weekends则说明和限定了I take more English classes的时间。这些对动词或句子进行修饰、说明或限定的句子成分叫状语。如果对very much的内部进行分析，我们会发现very是副词much的附加成分，说明了much的程度，因此也是状语。而如果把第一句改为Im a very good student，则形容词good就有了一个状语。这里的very、very much表达的是一种程度，叫程度状语; often是频率状语；on weekends则是时间状语。可以这样说：名词无论在什么地方都可以带一个或多个定语，形容词、副词、动词和句子则可以带一个或多个状语。现在让我们来分析：句子At home, I have a book self with many books.中，book是 的 ，with many books是 的 ，At home是 的 ，在它内部，home又是介词at的宾语。而with many books中的many又是 的 ，many book则作介词with的宾语。句子My father bought it for me last year as a birthday-gift, because I got an A in the exam.中，my是 的 、for me是 的 、last year是 、as a birthday-gift是 、because I got an A in the exam是 。 再读第二段文字：（2）He wanted to buy me a computer, too. He said: “You, my son, wait at home. I will go to Guangzhou myself. I will take you a better gift, a good computer! ” （他还想给我买一台计算机，因此他要去广州赚钱。他说：“你，我的儿子，在家里等着；我将亲自去一趟广州，我将送给你一件更好的礼物一台优质计算机！”） 我们来分析句子You, my son, wait at home，You是主语，wait是谓语，at home是状语；my son呢？它既没有对you进行限定，也没有对wait进行修饰，不可能是定语或状语。它与主语you处于同一位置, 对you进行强调和说明，在意义上等于you，我们称它为”主语同位语”。 类似地，句子I will take you a better gift, a good computer!中的a good computer对宾语a better gift进行了强调和说明，被称为宾语同位语。 再看句子I will go to Guangzhou myself.，myself位于宾语Guangzhou之后，那它是不是宾语同位语呢？不是，因为它没有对宾语进行强调或说明，被它强调的是主语I，所以它是主语I的同位语。只不过它被放到了句末，没有跟在主语的后面。请分析下面一段文字中各个句子的成分，我们可以用以下符号来标记：主语，谓语 ， 宾语 宾语补足语 表语- 状语 定语（） 同位语 （3）“Yes, You will go to make money for my computer. But I myself will have to stay at home and wait for you. Dont you think this is a bad thing for me?”“Oh, of course you can go out and enjoy yourself.” “You mean I neednt go to school every day? Oh, my god! You are really my great father!”( “好啊，你去赚钱给我买计算机，我将不得不独自呆在家里等你。你不认为这对我来说是件坏事吗？”“哦，当然了，你可以出去找乐子。”“你是说我不必每天上学？啊，我的上帝！你真是我的好爸爸！ ) 我们一起来盘点一下本章学过的知识：句子的附加成分：定语、状语和同位语, 同位语又有主语同位语和宾语同位语之分。定语用来修饰名词，状语可用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。同位语是对某个名词的一种解释和说明，在意义上与被解释的部分相同。主语同位语可放在主语的后面，也可放在句末。 让我们一起来背诵：（1）Im a good student. I like English very much. I often take more English classes on weekends. At home, I have a book self with many books. My father bought it for me last year as a birthday-gift, because I got an A in the exam. （2）He wanted to buy me a computer, too. He said: “You, my son, wait at home. I will go to Guangzhou myself. I will take you a better gift, a good computer! ” （3）“Yes, You will go to make money for my computer . But I myself will have to stay at home and wait for you. Dont you think this is a bad thing for me?”“oh, of course you can go out and enjoy yourself.”“You mean I neednt go to school every day? Oh, my god! You are really my great father!” 第二章练习答案：句子At home, I have a book self with many books.中，book是self的 定语，with many 6books是a book self的 定语，At home是 整个句子 的 地点状语 ，在它内部，home又是介词at的宾语。而with many books中的many又是books的定语，many book则作介词with的宾语。句子My father bought it for me last year as a birthday-gift, because I got an A in the exam.中，my是 father的定语、for me是 句子的目的状语、last year是时间状语、as a birthday-gift是方式状语、because I got an A in the exam是原因状语。（3）“Yes, You will go to make money for my computer . But I myself will have to stay at home and wait for you. Dont you think this is a bad thing for me?” “oh, of course you can go out and enjoy yourself.” “ You mean I neednt go to school every day? oh, my god! You are really my great father!” - 注： Dont you think this is a bad thing for me？一句中，谓语的前半部分Dont被移到句首，以构成疑问句。 I myself will have to stay at home 一句中，谓语由will have to stay这样的动词性词组构成。 You can go out and enjoy yourself 一句中，谓语由情态动词can和它后面的动词原形go一起构成。 第三章 各种各样的简单句让我们一起来把下面的对话读五遍，先快后慢：（1）A: What a naughty son! Ive caught you now! Why hide yourself from me? B: Who are you? Why do you catch me? A: Who? Im your father! Look at me carefully, Im not a stranger! B: My father? You are my father? Oh, my god! Im your son, arent I? Is there anything wrong with you? C: Dad, what are you doing? Who are you talking with? A: Oh, my god! There are two Toms! You look the same! Which is my son, this or that? B&C：Ha, ha, ha, am I your son or not? （A：好个调皮的儿子！我现在可抓住你了！为什么躲我？ B:你是谁？为什么抓我？A：我是谁？我是你爸！仔细的看着我，我可不是陌生人！ B：我爸？你是我爸？噢，你真逗，我是你儿子，我是吗？你脑子坏了吧？ C：爸爸，你在干什么？你在跟谁讲话? A: 噢，天哪！怎么有两个汤姆？你们长得一模一样！哪个是我的儿子，这个还是那个？和：哈哈哈，我是不是你的儿子呢？） 现在我们来认识内面的句子： 先看句子Im your father! 和Im not a stranger! 它们各自陈述了一个事实，是两个陈述句。前者陈述的是肯定的事实，是肯定的陈述句；后者陈述的是否定的事实，是否定的陈述句。而句子Why hide yourself from me？ Im your son, arent I？Is there anything wrong with you? Am I your son or not？等则表达了说话者心中的疑惑，是疑问句。其中Is there anything wrong with you?可以用yes或no作答，叫一般疑问句；Why hide yourself from me？的回答必定是针对why的某种原因，它是就一特定对象来提问，是特殊疑问句；Am I your son or not？则向听者提供两种或多种答案供听者选择，属于选择疑问句；Im your son, arent I？在陈述之后，反过来问是不是这样，这种句子叫反义疑问句。Look at me carefully. 表达的是一种请求和指使，是祈使句；What a naughty son ! 则是表达感慨的感叹句。那么，Which is my son, this or that?属于哪种疑问句？ You look thesame.呢？ 。 还有Ive caught you now.呢？ 。请看下面一段对话，其中的句子都是什么句式？A: Hi, how long I havent seen you! Where have you been working these years？B: Oh, its Jim! I work in Hong Kong as a doctor now. What about you?A: Im a teacher in New York, and are you married?B: Yes, I have a family of four, what about you? A: There is only one person in my home. B: Oh, a happy bachelor（单身汉）. A: Yeah, wives always make troubles, dont they?B: Youre right. But look，there is a beautiful girl standing in front of you, are you willing to get married or not now?A&B: Ha, ha, ha （A: 嗨，好久没看见你了！这几年你在哪里工作？：哦，是吉姆！我在香港做医生。你呢？A：我在纽约作教师，你结婚了吗？A：结了，我现在有一个四口之家。你呢？B: 我有个一口之家。A：哦，快乐的单身汉! B: 耶，老婆总是麻烦，不是吗？A：是啊！但是你看，你的面前就有一个漂亮女孩，现在想不想结婚？A和B：哈哈哈）我们一起来盘点一下本章学过的知识： 陈述句-肯定的陈述句、否定的陈述句。 一般疑问句-可以用yes或no作答。 句式 疑问句 特殊疑问句-就一特定对象来提问 选择疑问句-向听者提供两种或多种答案供听者选择。 反义疑问句-在陈述之后，反过来问是不是这样 祈使句-表达的是一种请求和指使。一般没有主语。 感叹句-表达感慨让我们两、三个人一组来操练对话：（1）A: what a naughty son ! Ive caught you now! Why hide yourself from me? B: who are you? Why do you catch me? A: Who? Im your father! Look at me carefully, Im not a stranger! B: My father? You are my father? Oh, my god! Im your son, arent I? Is there anything wrong with you? C: Dad, what are you doing? Who are you talking with? A: Oh, my god! There are two Toms! You look the same! Which is my son, this or that? B&C：Ha, ha, ha,am I your son or not?（2）A: Hi, how long I havent seen you! Where have you been working these years？B: Oh, its Jim! I work in Hong Kong as a doctor now. What about you?A: Im a teacher in New York, and are you married?B: Yes, I have a family of four, what about you? A: There is only one person in my home. B: Oh, a happy bachelor（单身汉）. A: Yeah, wives always make troubles, dont they?B: Youre right. But look, there is a beautiful girl standing in front of you, are you willing to get married or not now?A&B: Ha, ha ha第三章练习答案：Which is my son, this or that?属于哪种疑问句？是选择疑问句。You look the same.呢？陈述句。 还有Ive caught you now.呢？陈述句。How long I havent seen you! Its Jim!是感叹句， Where have you been working these years？是特殊疑问句，I work in Hong Kong as a doctor now. Im a teacher in New York, I have a family of four There is only one person in my home. there is a beautiful girl standing in front of you,是陈述句，are you married?是一般疑问句，wives always make troubles, dont they?是反义疑问句， are you willing to get married or not?是选择疑问句，Yeah. a happy bachelor.独词句。 What/How about you?与它的上句有关，上句回答的是什么样的问句，它就是什么样的问句。因此，第一个What about you？是特殊疑问句，与Where have you been working these years？相同；第二个what about you? 是一般疑问句，与have you married?相同。第四章 由简单句到复合句 两人一起操练这段对话，先慢后快： A：I would like to travel to the country . its peaceful and B: You would like to travel to the country because its peaceful.Because its peaceful , I want to travel to the country, too. A: I tell you I would like to travel to the country because its peaceful and beautiful! B: I know, if it isnt beautiful, you wont visit it. A: Yes. Its the reason why I want to visit it. B: Oh, no, no, no maybe the reason is that there is a girl whos beautiful. A: Ha，ha, Its right that youre my belly reading.（A: 我想去乡村旅游，那里平和而且 B: 你要去乡村旅游，因为那里平和；因为那里平和，我也想去旅游。 A：我跟你说我想去那里是因为那里平和而且美丽！B：我晓得，如果那里不美丽，你是不会去的。 A：对啦，这就是我想去的理由。 B：噢，不对，不对，不对，也许理由是那里有个女孩很漂亮。 B：哈哈，你真是我肚里的蛔虫！）现在来分析这些句子的成分：在You would like to travel to the country because its peaceful. 一句中，原因状语是由Because 原因状语 引导的一个句子来承担的，像这样用作别的句子的一个成分的句子叫做从句，这里的because its peaceful就是主句You would like to travel to the country的原因状语从句。而在I tell you I would like to travel to the country because