chapter1+美国文学.ppt

Americanliterature,Lectureone,IntroductionPartoneColonialPeriodandEarlyAmericanLiterature(1620-1800),Introduction,EnglishDepartment英语系英文系TostudyEnglishlanguageistostudyEnglishliterature.ToappreciateEnglishliteratureistobetterourEnglishlanguage.,EnglishMajors,Non-Englishmajors,Whydopeoplereadliterature?,ReadingforPleasureandRelaxation,ReadingtoacquireKnowledge;improvinglanguageproficiency,artisticappreciation,Readingtounderstandhumannature,tostayhuman,toConfrontExperience,tolearnfrompredecessors,Moreknowledgeable,Happier,Maturer,Whatliteraturecanbecalledclassics?Goodliteraturecanrevealhumannatureinthehistoricaldevelopment.E.g.人生得意须尽欢，莫使金樽空对月天生我才必有用，千金散尽还复来“IkissyouereIkillyou.”(Othello)Thusliteratureoffersbothpleasureandillumination.Itenrichesourlivesandincreasesourcapacitiesforunderstandingandcomprehension.,Pleasure-seekingSelf-conceitedSadforthetransientlife,ConflictbetweenloveandhatredasaresultofJealousy,betrayal,suspicion,inferiority,BriefIntroduction,HasaveryshorthistoryTen(among76)AmericanWriterswinningtheNobelPrizeforLiteratureSinclairLewis(1930)EugeneONeill(1936)PearlBuck(1938)T.S.Eliot(1948)WilliamFaulkner(1949)ErnestHemingway(1954)JohnSteinbeck(1962)SaulBellow(1976)IsaacBashevisSinger(1978)TonyMorrison(1993)Whytheyoungcountrycanproducesomanyworld-famouswritersandproducesomanyfirst-classliteraryworks?,CourseObjectives,EnabletheSstogetageneralknowledgeaboutthehistoryofAmerica;EnabletheSstoknowthefourliteraryperiodsandliterarymovementsinAmericanliteraryhistory;EnabletheSstoknowthebackground,representativewritersandtheirworksofeachperiodinAmericanliteraryhistory,Theclassificationofdifferentperiods,ColonialPeriodFranklinTheRomanticAgeIrving,Emerson,Thoreau,HawthorneTheAgeofRealismWhitman,Dickinson,Twain,H.James,DreiserTheModernAgePound,Fitzgerald,Hemingway,Faulkner,ONeil,Heller,Hughes,Thewarofindependence:1776-1783Thecivilwar:1861-1865Thefirstworldwar:Thesecondworldwar:1914-1918,1939-1945,Howtostudyliterature?,HistoricalApproachAimsatillustratingthehistoricaldevelopmentofliterature.ThematicApproach“Whatisthestory,thepoem,theplayortheessayabout?”AnalyticalApproachBefamiliarwiththeelementsofaliterarywork,eg:plot,characterization,setting,subjectmatter,writingstyle,pointofview,etc;answersomebasicquestionsaboutthetextitself.,CourseRequirements,in-classperformanceAttendance20%mid-termtest20%Close-booktest60%,PartOneCOLONIALPERIODANDEARLYAMERICANLITERATURE(1620-1800),Chapter1ThePlantersandPuritansHistoryReligion:PuritanismLiterature,HistoricalIntroduction1)ThenativeAmericanandtheircultureIndians2)ThehistoricalbackgroundofthecolonialTimeChristopherColumbusdiscoveredtheAmericancontinentin1492.1497,JohnCabotclaimeditforEnglandImmigrantsfromEuropean:Spanish,Dutch,French,mostlyEnglish.,WhytravelallthewayacrosstheoceantotheNewWorld?,History:Settlementofplanterandpuritans,Profitmotive1stGroup1580-1600ledbyJohnSmithJamestowninVirginiain1607Plantationwayoflife,aimingatrichandhappierlifePlanterinthesouthReligiousmotive2ndGroup-Pilgrims/prepuritans:1610-1620asradicalmembersofChurchofEngland;Mayflower.PlymouthinMassachusettsin1620;BradfordasgovernorAfter1620,puritans;mostinfluentialimmigrationEducation,biblePuritansinthenorth;called“FirstAmericans”,AcodeofvalueAphilosophyoflifeApointofview,Entertogrowinwisdom,Departtoservebetterthycountryandthykind.,OnthethresholdofHarvardYard,ThefirstviewofAmerica,Beingthuspassedthevastocean,andaseaoftroublestheyhadnownofriendstowelcomethemnorinnstoentertainorrefreshtheirweatherbeatenbodies;nohousesormuchlesstownstorepairto,toseekforsuccour援助者savagebarbarianswerereadiertofilltheirsideswitharrowsthanotherwise.Andforthereasonitwaswinter,andtheythatknowthewintersofthatcountry,knowthemtobesharpandviolent,andsubjecttocruelandfiercestormsthewholecountry,fullofwoodsandthickets,representedawideandsavagehue.-fromWilliamBradfordsHistoryofPlimmothPlantation,AWealthofNaturalResources,Heisabadfisherwhocannotkillononedaywithhishookandline,one,two,orthreehundredCods.-JohnSmith,ADescriptionofNewEnglandAsupofNewEnglandsairisbetterthanawholedraftofoldEnglandsale淡色啤酒.-FrancisHigginson,New-EnglandsPlanatation,PURITANISMAim,source,doctrine,creed,influence,AimsofPuritanism,(WhydidPuritanscometoAmerica?):-toreformandpurifytheChurchofEngland-toescapereligiouspersecution-tobuildTheocracy神治国inthenewworld*Godschosenpeople*ToseekanewGardenofEden*Tobuild“CityofGodonearth”,TheSourceanddoctrinesofPuritanism,TheyfollowtheideasoftheFrenchreformerandtheologian(神学家)JohnCalvin1.Doctrines:Calvinist=Puritan（Totaldepravity）彻底堕落。“InAdamsfall,wesinnedall”（Unconditionalelection）无条件选择。earthlysuccessisasignofelection（Limitedatonement）有限的代赎（Irresistiblegrace）不可抗拒的恩典（Perseverenceofthesaints;predestination）圣徒蒙保守Tulip，即“郁金香”之义。,CreedsofPuritanism,ThefewGodselect“lifeisatest.Failureledtoeternaldamnationandsuccesstoheavenlybliss”tobeeverreadyforanymisfortuneandtragicfailure.DowithbestpreparationandworstexpectationHard-working,thrifty,pious,sober,simplemorepractical,tougher,andoptimistic.,Puritan,“Hewasavisionarywhoneverforgetthattwoplustwoequalsfour;hewasasoldierofJehovahwhonevercameoutonthelosingsideofabargainHewasapracticalidealisthisbeliefswerehandeddownonhighandhisconductwasregulatedbyexpediency私利.Hewasadoctrinaireandanopportunist.”,SevereconditionStruggleforsurvivalOccupiedwithbusinessandprofit,GardenofEdenGodselect,务实的理想主义者教条机会主义者,InfluenceofPuritanism,(1)Agroupofgoodqualitieshardwork,thrift,piety,sobriety(2)Itledtotheeverlastingmyth.AllliteratureisbasedonamythgardenofEden.(3)Symbolism:thephysicalworldisasymbolofGod.(4)Simplicityfresh,simpleanddirect;plainandhonest;theBible.(5)Firedwithasenseofmissionoptimistic;elected;sacredtask;Americandreams优越感,美国人为什么会有优越感？,加尔文教与清教的教义都强调一种精英思想，美国文化的“根”,即onlycertainpersons,theelect,werechosenbyGodtobesaved,andthesecouldbesavedonlybyGodsgrace.）。“上帝的工作”(1)theinevitableofthefoundationoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica;(2)thelegitimacyoftheexpansionofAmericanTerritory;(3)thespreadofAmericandemocracy,PuritanismInliteraryworks,Beingthusarrivedinagoodharbor,andbroughtsafetoland,theyfellupontheirkneesandblesstheGodofHeavenwhohadbroughtthemoverthevastocean,anddeliveredthemfromtheperilsandmiseriesthereof,againtosettheirfeetonthefirmandstableearth他们双膝跪下，感激上帝带他们越过了浩瀚汹涌的大洋，把他们从危险和苦难中解救出来，使他们安全无恙地又一次踏上了坚实的大地-威廉布雷德福总督，1620，11五月花”号船上的乘客登上北美大陆海岸时的情景,我要讴歌基督教创造的奇迹。为逃避欧洲的腐败堕落，他们来到美洲的海滩；感谢上帝的庇佑，把印第安人的荒芜之地变得辉煌灿烂。-科顿马瑟我们将成为整个世界的山巅之城(acitysetuponahill)，全世界人民的眼睛都将看着我们。如果我们在实现这一事业的过程中欺骗了上帝，如果上帝不再像今天那样帮助我们，那么我们终将成为世人的笑柄。-约翰温思罗普,所以，让我们选择生活，这样，我们和我们的后代，可以聆听上帝的声音，永不离开上帝，因为上帝是我们的生命，和我们的兴旺所在。-约翰温思罗普,LITERATURE,Chapterone,LiteratureinColonialPeriod,fourmainreasonswhytherewerefewwritingsbeforetheRevolutionaryWar:1.GreatBritaindiscouragedtheprintingofbooksinhercoloniesatthattime.Toobusytoreadandwrite2.Therewereveryfewschoolsinthecolonies.Manypeoplewereilliterate.Thosewhocouldreadandwriteusedthesefacultiesforpracticalpurpose.4.Religioussentimentwasstronginthisearlyperiod,GeneralFeaturesoftheColonialLiterature,Humbleorigins:personalwritingslikediaries,histories,journals,letters,biographies,travelbooksexperienceofIndianshelpetc.Incontent:religiouswritings(sermons)servingeitherGodorcolonialexpansionorbothInform:imitatingandtransplantingEnglishliterarytraditionfaithfullyAmericancolonialliteratureisneitherrealliteraturenorAmerican.,WRITERS,Chapterone,EarlyAmericanWritersandPoetsSouth,Jamestown,Virginia:CaptainJohnSmith-firstAmericanwriterAdventurer,captain,officer,explorationandtravels,afoundationforthen