语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版)2VIP

语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第四章)I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Syntax is a subfied of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words. 2.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules. 3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.4.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speak-er are known as linguistic competence. 5. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend. 6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.7. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.8. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.9. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. 10. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.11.What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.12. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.13. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.14. WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 15.A s_ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a sub-ject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. 16.A s_ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 17.A s_ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.18. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_.19. A c_ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.20. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an e_ clause.21. Major lexical categories are o_ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.22. A _ Condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.23. P_ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.24. The theory of C_ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.III. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 25.A sentence is considered _ when it does not conform to the grammatical-cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers. A. rightB. wrong C. grammaticalD. ungrammatical 26.A _ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A. coordinator B. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator 27. Phrase structure rules have _ properties. A. recursiveB. grammatical C. social D. functional 28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand_ A. how words and phrases form sentences. B.what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words C.how people produce and recognize possible sentences D.All of the above. 29. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called _. A.transformational rulesB.generative rules C.phrase structure rules D.x-bar theory 30. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that _. A.noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions. B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phrase C.noun phrase can be used in adverbial positions D.noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary. 31. The sentence structure is _. A. only linear B. Only hierarchical C. complexD. both linear and hierarchical 32.The syntactic rules of any language are _ in number. A. large B. small C. finiteD. infinite 33. The _ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentencesA. lexicalB. morphological C. linguisticD. combinational 34._ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. A. Generative B. Transformational C. X-barD. Phrase structure IV. Define the following terms: 35. syntax36. Sentence37. coordinate sentence 38. syntactic categories 39. grammatical relations 40. linguistic competence 41. transformational rules 42. D-structure V. Answer the following questions: 43.What are the basic components of a sentence? 44.What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples. 45.Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why? 46.What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures? 47.What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples.I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: l.F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.T14.T II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 15. simple, 16. sentence17. subject18. predicate19. complex20.embedded21. open22.adjacency23.Parameters24.Case III. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 25. D 26. D27. A28. D29. A30. A 31. D32. C33. D34. BIV. Define the following terms: 35.syntax: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics. It studies the sentence structure of language. It consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. 36.Sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase. 37.coordinate sentence: A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as and, but, or. 38.syntactic categories: Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word (called a lexical category) or a phrase ( called a phrasal category) that performs a particular grammatical function. 39. grammatical relations: The structural and logical functional relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. The grammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom .40. linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.41. Transformational rules: Transformational rules are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type.42. D-structure: D- structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.V. Answer the following questions: 43.What are the basic components of a sentence? Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase. 44.What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples. Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They are simple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example: John reads extensively. A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called coordinating conjunction, such as and, but, or. For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For exam-ple: Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in lin-guistics. 45.Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why? No. Language is both linearly and hierarchically structured. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. A closer examination of a sentence shows that a sentence is not composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic. In fact, sen-tences are also hierarchically structured. They are orga-nized by grouping together words of the same syntactic category, such as noun phrase (NP) or verb phrase (VP), as can be seen from the following tree diagram: S NPVP DetNVtNP DetN The boylikes the music. 46. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures? The tree diagram can not only reveal a linear order, but also a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents. It can, in addition, show the syntactic category of each structural constituent, thus it is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements. 47. What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples. NP movement in-volves the movement of a noun phrase. NP-movement occurs when, for example, a sentence changes from the active voice to the passive voice: (A)The man beat the child. (B).The child was beaten by the man. B is the result of the movement of the noun phrases the man and the child from their original positions in (A) to new positions. That is, the man is postposed to the right and the child is preposed to the left. Not all instances of NP-movement, however, are related to changing a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice. For example: (C) It seems they are quite fit for the job. (D) They seem quite fit for the job. These sentences are identical in meaning, but different in their superfi-cial syntactic representations. It is believed that they have the same underly-ing structure, but (27b) is the result of an NP movement.语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第五章)I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. 2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. 3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience. 5. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. 6. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer. 7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. 8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality. 9. “it is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument. 10. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 11. S_can be defined as the study of meaning. 12. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d_ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. 13. R_ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 14. Words that are close in meaning are called s_. 15. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h_. 16.R_ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. 17. C _ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components. 18. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s_ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 19. An a_ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence. 20. According to the n _ theory of meaning, the words in a lan-guage are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 21. The naming theory is advanced by _. A. PlatoB. Bloomfield C. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth 22. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _. A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalism C. the naming theory D.behaviourism 23. Which of the following is not true? A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized. D.Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in. 24. “Can I borrow your bike?” _ “ You have a bike.” A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes 25. _ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. A. Predication analysis B. Componential analysis C. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis 26. “alive” and “dead” are _. A. gradable antonymsB. relational opposites C. complementary antonyms D. None of the above 27. _ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. A. Reference B. Concept C. Semantics D. Sense 28. _ refers to the pheno广告网址n that words having different meanings have the same form. A. PolysemyB. Synonymy C. HomonymyD. Hyponymy 29.Words that are close in meaning are called _. A. homonymsB. polysemy C. hyponyms D. synonyms 30.The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _. A. grammatical rules B. selectional restrictions C. semantic rules D. semantic features IV. Define the following terms: 31. semantics 32. sense 33 . reference 34. synonymy 35. polysemy 36. homonymy37. homophones38. Homographs 39. complete homonyms40. hyponymy 41.antonymy 42 componential analysis 43.grammatical meaning44. predication 45. Argument 46. predicate47. Two-place predication V. Answer the following questions: 48. Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components? 49. What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with examples. 50. How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truth values? 51. How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymous relation, inconsistent relation in terms of truth values? 52. According to the way synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonyms into? Illustrate them with examples. 53. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How they differ?I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: l.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.T 9.T 10.T II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 11. Semantics 12. direct 13.Reference 14. synonyms 15.homophones 16.Relational 17. Componential 18. selectional 19. argument20. naming III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 2l.A 22.B 23.D 24.D 25.B 26.C 27.A 28.C 29.D 30.A IV. Define the following terms: 31. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language. 32. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de -contextualised. 33. Ref