5-The Rise and Fall of theBritish Empire 大英帝国的兴衰.ppt

BillofRights(1689),ToexcludeanyRomancatholicfromthesuccession;ToconfirmtheprincipleofparliamentarysupremacyToguaranteefreespeechwithinboththeHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.Constitutionalmonarchy:amonarchywithpowerslimitedbyParliament,TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire(16881990)WhigsandTories,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,TheWhigsandtheToriesweretheearliestpoliticalpartiesinEnglandwhosenamesoriginatedwiththeGloriousRevolution.Whigs=cattledriversTories=thugs,WhigsandTories,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,WhigsopposedabsolutemonarchysupportedtherighttoreligiousfreedomforNonconformistsToriessupportedhereditarymonarchyreluctanttoremovekings,WhigsandTories,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,Inthemid-19thcenturytheWhigsformedacoa1itionwithdissidentToriesandbecametheLiberalParty.TheToriesweretheforerunnersoftheConservativeParty,whichstillbearsthenicknametoday.,WhigsandTories,TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire(16881990)AgriculturalChangesintheLate18thCentury,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,Agriculturalchangesinthelate18thandearly19thcenturieswereindeedsogreatthattheymerittheterm“revolution”.,AgriculturalChanges,Traditionalfarming=openfieldvillage(datedto5thCentury)Villagesweresurroundedby3greathedgelessfieldswhichcentredallthearableland.Thesefieldsweredividedintostripssharedoutamongthevillagers.Eachfamilyslandwasscatteredabout,sogoodlandwasfairlydistributed.Muchwasdoneonacommunitybasis.Onegreatfieldleft“fallow”eachyearsothatitssoilrecovereditsrichnessafter2yearscultivation.Thismeantonly2/3ofthelandwascultivatedatanytime.Inadditiontothefieldstherewerecommonsandwastelandsusedbyallvillagerstograzelivestock.,OpenFieldVillage,Thissystemwasanidealbasisforthesimplecommunitylifeofthecountrysideandsubsistencefarmingbeforethemodernindustrialage.subsistencefarming:Subsistencefarminginagricultureisthegrowthofcropspredominantlyforselfconsumption.Farmersfocusongrowingfoodandkeepinganimalstofeedtheirfamiliesratherthangrowingcropsforsale.Thiskindoffarmingreducesthecostandexpensesofahousehold.,OpenFieldVillage,Drawbacksl.Itwastedlandbecauseoffallowfieldsandlandforpaths.2.Itwaswastefuloflabourandtime.3.Livestockfarmingwasdifficultanddiseasesspreadquicklyoncommons.Winterfeedwasrarelyenough,soanimalswereusuallykilledinautumnandtheirmeatwassalted.4.Theopenfieldsystemwasabarriertoexperiments.,OpenFieldVillage,Inthemid-18thcenturythepopulationinEnglandincreasedrapidly,andmostofthisincreasewasinthetowns,dependingonthecountrysideforfood.Greaterproductivitymeanthandsomeprofits,solandownerswantedtoreplacethesmallfarmscultivatedonthe“open-field”systembylarger,economicallymoreefficientfarmswithhedge-dividedfields.Duringthelate18thandearly19thcenturiesthe“open-field”systemendedwhentheEnclosureActsenabledwealthierlandownerstoseizeanylandtowhichtenantscouldprovenolegaltitleandtodivideitintoenclosedfields.,Enclosure,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,croprotation(thesuccessiveplantingofdifferentcropsonthesamelandtoimprovesoilfertilityandhelpcontrolinsectsanddiseases)landcouldbefullyusedwhilethecultivationoffoddercropsenabledlivestocktobekeptthroughthewintermonths,AgriculturalChanges,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,artificialfertilizernewagriculturalmachinery(e.g.seeddrill)madearablefarmingmoreefficientandmoreprofitableselectivebreedingofcattle,sheep,horsesAnimalsby1800were2to3timesheavierthaneverbefore.,AgriculturalChanges,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,TheideaofencouragingtenantstointroducechangeswasassociatedwithThomasCoke(1754-1842)ofNorfolkinSouthernEnglandandevenGeorgeIIIwassoenthusiasticaboutchangesatWindsorthathegotthenickname“FarmerGeorge”.,AgriculturalChanges,“FarmerGeorge”,GeorgeIIIthekingwholostAmerica,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,Enclosurebecamemorefrequentafter1740andclimaxedduringtheturnofthecenturywhenwaragainstFrancemeanthighfoodpriceswarwasanincentivetolandlordstoencloseland.,Enclosure,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,l.Farmsbecamebiggerandbiggerunitsasthegreatboughtupthesmall.2.Morevegetables,moremilkandmoredairyproducewereconsumed,anddietbecamemorevaried.,ResultsofAgriculturalEnclosure,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,3.Enclosurewasadisasterforthetenantsevictedfromtheirlandsbytheenclosures.Thesepeasantfarmerswereforcedtolookforworkintowns,whichrapidlybecamehopelesslyovercrowded.Riotseruptedinmanyareasbuttheycouldnotpreventthemarchofprogress.InIrelandandtheScottishHighlandslandenclosureledtomassemigration,particularlytotheNewWorld.,ResultsofAgriculturalEnclosure,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,4.Anewclasshostilitywasintroducedintoruralrelationships.Concentrationoflandinfewerhandsincreasedthepriceoflandanddashedthelabourershopesofeverowninghisownland.Lossofthecommonlandforhisanimalsaddedinsulttoinjury,andmeantmanyhadtoleavethelandtosurvive.Othersbecamewagelabourers,earningrateswhichwereverylowinspiteofagriculturesnewprosperity.,ResultsofAgriculturalEnclosure,TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire(16881990)TheIndustrialRevolution(1780-1830),EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,TheIndustrialRevolution(1780-1830)referstothemechanizationofindustryandtheconsequentchangesinsocialandeconomicorganizationinBritaininthelate18thandearly19thcenturies.,TheIndustrialRevolution,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,1.BritainwaswellplacedgeographicallytoparticipateinEuropeanandworldtrade.2.Britainhadapeacefulsociety,which,afterthe17thcentury,wasincreasinglyinterestedinoverseastradeandcolonies.Internationaltradebroughtwealthtomerchantsandcitybankers.Theyandthosewhohaddonewelloutofnewfarmingmethodsprovidedcapitalinlargequantitiesforindustrialization.,FactorsofIndustrialRevolution,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,3.ThelimitedmonarchywhichresultedfromtheGloriousRevolutionof1688ensuredthatthepowerfuleconomicinterestsinthecommunitycouldexerttheirinfluenceoverGovernmentpolicy.4.Itwasacountryinwhichthemaintownswerenevertoofarfromseaports,orfromrivers,whichcoulddistributetheirproducts.,FactorsofIndustrialRevolution,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,5.Britainhadmanyrivers,whichwereusefulfortransportbutalsoforwaterandsteampower.Britainalsohadusefulmineralresources.6.Britishengineershadsoundtrainingascraftsmen.7.Theinventorswererespected.Theysolvedpracticalproblems.,FactorsofIndustrialRevolution,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,8.Probablylaissezfaireand“Protestantworkethic”helped.9.England,Scotland,andWalesformedacustomsunionafter1707andthisincludedIrelandafter1807.Sothenationalmarketwasnothinderedbyinternalcustomsbarriers.,FactorsofIndustrialRevolution,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,10.Theenclosuresandotherimprovementsinagriculturemadetheircontributionsbyprovidingfoodfortherisingpopulation,labourforthefactories,andsomeoftherawmaterialsneededbyindustry.,FactorsofIndustrialRevolution,Inventions,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,Asaresultoftheindustrialrevolution,Britainwasby1830the“workshopoftheworld”;noothercountrywasyetreadytocompetewithherinindustrialproduction.Townsgrewrapidlyandbecamethesourceofthenationswealth.,ImpactofIndustrialRevolution,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,ThenorthofEngland,untilthe18thcenturyabackwardregion,wasnowthemostadvancedinBritain;mechanizationdestroyedthelivelihoodofthosewhocouldnotinvestinit.,ImpactofIndustrialRevolution,Theworkingmenworkedandlivedinappallingconditions(e.g.theworkersinfactoriesweretreatedbadly,working15hourdaysinpoorlightanddeafeningnoise.).“Luddites”supposedlyledbyNedLuddattemptedtodestroythehatedmachines,butwereseverelypunishedbythegovernment.TheIndustrialrevolutioncreatedtheindustrialworkingclass,theproletariat,anditlaterledtotradeunionism.,ImpactofIndustrialRevolution,QueenVictoria,AlexandrinaVictoria24May181922January1901,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,GrandmotherofEurope,。,维多利亚女王的后代很多都与欧洲各国的王室成员联姻：维多利亚长公主成为德国腓特烈三世的皇后，她的一个儿子就是发动第一次世界大战的德国皇帝威廉二世，一个女儿是希腊王后；第二个孩子是后来即位的英国国王爱德华七世，他的一个女儿是挪威国王哈康七世的王后；第三个孩子爱丽丝成为德国西南黑森亲王路易四世的王妃，她的一个女儿是沙皇俄国末代沙皇尼古拉二世的皇后，另一个女儿是英国女王伊莉莎白二世丈夫菲利普亲王的外祖母；另外三个女儿其中两个是德国南部巴登堡和德国北部石勒苏益格荷尔斯泰因亲王的王妃。还有一个嫁给苏格兰的一位公爵，后来成为加拿大的总督。而儿子们则都是娶了丹麦、俄国和德国各地的公主、郡主们为妻。正因如此，维多利亚女王又被称为欧洲的祖母。女王在世时，曾有一张和这些著名的孙子辈亲戚们的全家福合影，更有趣的是第一次世界大战实际是在这些亲戚们之间打起来的。,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,ApopularsayingofthetimewasthatthesunneversetontheBritishEmpire,whichwassovast.TheVictorianAgewasmarkedbyagreatsenseofconfidencestemmingfromthecountryssupremepositioninworldaffairs.,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,Herreignof63yearsandsevenmonths,whichhadbeenlongerthanthatofanyotherBritishmonarchandthelongestofanyfemalemonarchinhistory,isknownastheVictorianera.(NowElizabethIIhasbrokenherrecord.)Itwasaperiodofindustrial,cultural,political,scientific,andmilitarychangewithintheUnitedKingdom,andwasmarkedbyagreatexpansionoftheBritishEmpire.ShewasthelastBritishmonarchoftheHouseofHanover.Hersonandsuccessor,EdwardVII,belongedtotheHouseofSaxe-CoburgandGotha,thelineofhisfather.,EhrenburgPalace,HallinEhrenburg,Victorianstyle,InteriorDecoration,Romanesquearchitecture,TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire(16881990)TheChartistMovement(1836-1848),1.Powerwasmonopolizedbythearistocrats.Inthe18thand19thcenturiestheLordshadfarmoreinfluencethanithastodayandtheCommonswerealsoreally“gentry”onedgeofaristocracy.Mostimportantministerswere“peers”(aristocratsandbishopsofChurch).TheCommonswereelectedonlybyaverysmallproportionofthepopulation.Thevotewasaprivilegeforasmallnumberofmalecitizens.Nofemaleswereallowedtovoteinnationalelectionsbefore1918.MembersofParliamentwerenotpaid.,ReasonsforParliamentaryReform,2.Representationoftownandcountry,andNorthandSouthwasunfair.Todaythecountryissplitintoequalsizedunitsforvoting.Inthe19thcenturytherewerecountyandboroughseats.Incountiesallwithpropertyworth40shillingsperannumcouldvoteand2membersofParliamentwereelected.Boroughvotingrightsvaried.Thesystemhadnotchangedsinceitbegan,yetlocationofmostpopulationhad.BignewcitieslikeManchesterhadnoseats.SomedesertedSouthernvillagesstillhad2each.TheSouthwestcontributedaquarterofallmembersofParliament.Itwasoverrepresented.,ReasonsforParliamentaryReform,3.Therewerealsovariousso-calledrottenorpocketboroughs.Rottenboroughshadbeenbusymarkettowns,andnowweredeserted,buttheycouldstillelectMPs.Inpocketboroughs,electionswerenotwonbypoliticalviewsbutbyinfluence.Atthattime,therewasnosecretba1lot.Voteswererecordedinpoll-booksforalltosee.Candidatescouldbuyofforbullyvoters.Sosomevoterswerealreadysointimidatedbythegreatlocallandownersthatevenbeforetheelectiontheseatwasalready“inhispocket”.,ReasonsforParliamentaryReform,ChartistMeeting,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,TheChartistMovementwasanindustrialworkingclassmovementthattookplaceinEnglandfrom1836to1848.In1836agroupofskilledworkersandsmallshopkeepersformedtheLondonWorkingMensAssociation.Theydrewupacharterofpoliticaldemands(knownasthePeoplesCharter)in1838.,TheChartistMovement,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,1.Thevoteforalladultmales2.Votingbysecretballot3.Equalelectoraldistricts4.AbolitionofpropertyqualificationsforMPs5.PaymentofMPs6.AnnualParliaments,withaGeneralElectioneveryJune,PeoplesCharter,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,Supportforthese6demandswasloudlyvoicedatmeetingsheldbothbydayandnightalloverthecountry.OtherworkingmenformedChartistgroupsthroughoutthecountrytopresstheParliamenttoacceptthe6points.ButtheParliamentrejectedthemthreetimes.Intheend,themovementfailed.,TheChartistMovement,EnglishSpeakingCountriesUnit5,Chartismfailedbecauseofitsweakanddividedleadership,anditslackofcoordinationwithtrade-unionism.Theworkingclasswasstillimmature,withouttheleadershipofapolitic