成本与管理会计第13版 英文版课件

CHAPTER2,AnIntroductiontoCostTermsandPurposes,1,LEARNINGOBJECTIVES,DefineandillustrateacostobjectDistinguishbetweendirectcostsandindirectcostsExplainvariablecostsandfixedcostsInterpretunitcostscautiouslyDistinguishamongmanufacturingcompanies,merchandisingcompanies,andservice-sectorcompaniesDescribethethreecategoriesofinventoriescommonlyfoundinmanufacturingcompaniesDistinguishinventoriablecostsfromperiodcostsExplainwhyproductcostsarecomputedindifferentwaysfordifferentpurposesDescribeaframeworkforcostaccountingandcostmanagement,2,Learningobjective1Defineandillustrateacostobject,2-3,3,BasicCostTerminology,CostSacrificedresourcetoachieveaspecificobjectiveItisusuallymeasuredasthemonetaryamountthatmustbepaidtoacquiregoodsandservices.,2-4,4,BasicCostTerminology,ActualCostAcostthathasoccurred,(ahistoricalcost)BudgetedCostApredictedcostOpportunityCostThenextbestchoiceforegone.CostObjectAnythingforwhichaseparatemeasurementofcostsisdesired,2-5,5,CostObjectExamplesatBMW,6,CostAndCostTerminology,2-7,CostAccumulation,CostObject,CostObject,CostObject,CostAssignment,Tracing,Allocating,via,7,BASICCOSTTERMINOLOGY,CONTS.,CostAccumulationdescribestheprocessofaccumulatingcostsinsomeorganizedmannerthroughtheaccountingsystem.Followingaccumulation,costsareassignedtothechosencostobject.involvestracingandallocatingcostsTracing：accumulatedcostswithadirectrelationshiptothecostobjectAllocating：accumulatedcostswithanindirectrelationshiptothecostobject,8,Learningobjective2Distinguishbetweendirectcostsandindirectcosts,2-9,9,DirectCostsandIndirectCosts,Directcostsofacostobjectarethosethatarerelatedtoagivencostobject(product,department,etc.)andthatcanbetracedtoitinaneconomicallyfeasibleway.Includes:PartsAssemblylinewagesCost-Tracingdescribestheassignmentofdirectcoststotheparticularcostobject.,10,IndirectCosts,IndirectCostsCannotbeconvenientlyoreconomicallytraced(tracked)toacostobject.Insteadofbeingtraced,thesecostsareallocatedtoacostobjectinarationalandsystematicmannerIndirectCostsIncludes:ElectricityRentPropertytaxes,2-11,11,Typesofproduct(manufacturing)costs,DirectMaterialsCanbephysicallyanddirectlyassociatedwithmanufacturingthefinishedproduct.DirectLaborTheworkoffactoryemployeesthatcanbephysicallyanddirectlyassociatedwithconvertingrawmaterialsintofinishedgoods.IndirectManufacturingfactorycostsNottraceabletotheproduct.knownasManufacturingOverheadcostsorFactoryOverheadcostsBasicallyeverythingbutdirectmaterialsanddirectlabor.,2-12,12,2-13,13,severalfactorsthataffecttheclassificationofcostsasdirectorindirect.P25Materialityofthecost.Thesmallertheamountofthecost,thelesslikelythatitiseconomicallyfeasibletotracethatcosttoaparticularcostobject.,DirectandIndirectCosts,conts.,14,Severalfactorsthataffecttheclassificationofcostsasdirectorindirect.P25Easeofgatheringtheinformation.bar-codetechnologyhasmadeitpossibletotracejustaboutanymaterialusedinthemanufacturingprocessDesignofoperations.Acostusedexclusivelyforaspecificcostobjectcanbereadilytraced.,DirectandIndirectCosts,conts.,15,Learningobjective3Explainvariablecostsandfixedcosts,2-16,16,CostbehaviorandClassifications,2-17,Costbehaviormeanshowacostwillreacttochangesinthelevelofbusinessactivity.Totalvariablecostschangewhenactivitychanges.Totalfixedcostsremainunchangedwhenactivitychanges.,17,18,Costbehavior,Variablecostsareconstantonaper-unitbasis.Ifaproducttakes5poundsofmaterialseach,itstaysthesameperunitregardlessofwhetherone,ten,orathousandunitsareproduced.Fixedcostschangeinverselywiththelevelofproduction.Asmoreunitsareproduced,thesamefixedcostisspreadovermoreandmoreunits,reducingthecostperunit.,2-19,19,FIXEDCOSTSANDVARIABLECOSTS,CONTS.,VariableCosts,P26,20,VariableCosts,y=bx,wherey=totalcost,b=variablecostperunitandx=numberofunits.Coststhatvaryproportionatelywithchangesinthecostdriver.,21,TotalVariableCostExample,Yourtotallongdistancetelephonebillisbasedonhowmanyminutesyoutalk.,MinutesTalked,TotalLongDistanceTelephoneBill,MinutesTalked,PerMinuteTelephoneCharge,VariableCostPerUnitExample,Thecostperlongdistanceminutetalkedisconstant.Forexample,5centsperminute.,22,FIXEDCOSTSANDVARIABLECOSTS,CONTS.,FixedCosts,P27,23,FixedCosts,y=a,whereaistheyinterceptandrepresentsthecostlevelregardlessofvolume.Eg,depreciation,rates&executivesalaries.,FixedCostPerUnitExample,NumberofLocalCalls,MonthlyBasicTelephoneBillperLocalCall,Theaveragecostperlocalcalldecreasesasmorelocalcallsaremade.,24,Costbehaviorsummarized,2-25,25,FIXEDCOSTSANDVARIABLECOSTS,CONTS.,Acostdriveriswhatcausesacosttobeincurred.P28Statedanotherwaythereisacause-and-effectrelationshipbetweenthelevelofactivityofthecostdriverandthecostincurred.,26,FIXEDCOSTSANDVARIABLECOSTS,CONTS.,Relevantrangeistherangeofactivitywithinwhichcostsbehaveaspredicted.P28Costsarefixedorvariableonlywithrespecttoaspecificactivityoragiventimeperiod.Outsidethislevelofactivity,costsbehavedifferently.Thisisnotaconceptthatcanbedeterminedfromatextbook.Observationoftheactualcostsmustbedoneinordertodeterminethisrange.,27,2-28,28,MultipleClassificationofCosts,Costsmaybeclassifiedas:Direct/Indirect,andVariable/FixedThesemultipleclassificationsgiverisetoimportantcostcombinations:Direct&VariableDirect&FixedIndirect&VariableIndirect&Fixed,29,2-30,30,Learningobjective4Interpretunitcostscautiously,2-31,31,UNITCOSTSANDTOTALCOSTS,Unitcosts(alsocalledaveragecosts)arenormallyusedinmakingdecisionssuchasproductmixandpricing.P30However,managersshouldusuallythinkintermsoftotalcostsformostdecisions.Fixedcosts,whenexpressedonaunitbasiscanbemisleading.,32,33,UNITCOSTSANDTOTALCOSTS,CONTS.,Avoidusingthehigherunitcostwhenproductionlevelchanges.,33,Learningobjective5Distinguishamongmanufacturingcompanies,merchandisingcompanies,andservice-sectorcompanies,2-34,34,DIFFERENTTYPESOFFIRMS,Manufacturing-sectorcompaniespurchasematerialsandcomponentsandconvertthemintofinishedproducts.p32Merchandising-sectorcompaniespurchaseandselltangibleproductswithoutchangingtheirbasisform.Thesecompaniesareknownasretailers.Service-sectorcompaniesprovideservices(intangibles).However,thereisfrequentlyatangibleaspecttotheservice.,35,Manufacturing,2-36,Manufacturingcompaniespurchasematerialsandcomponentsandconvertthemintofinishedgoods.,Amanufacturingcompanymustalsodevelop,design,market,anddistributeitsproducts.,createandselltheirownproducts,36,Merchandising,2-37,Merchandisingcompaniespurchaseandthenselltangibleproductswithoutchangingtheirbasicform.,productresellers,37,Service,2-38,Servicecompaniesprovideservicesorintangibleproductstotheircustomers.,Laboristhemostsignificantcostcategory.,38,Learningobjective6Describethethreecategoriesofinventoriescommonlyfoundinmanufacturingcompanies,2-39,39,TypesofInventory,InventoriableCosts,andPeriodCosts,TypesofInventoryDirectmaterialsinventoryWork-in-ProcessinventoryFinishedgoodinventory,40,Typesofinventories,2-41,Resourcesinstockandavailableforuse,Productsstartedbutnotyetcompleted.OftenabbreviatedasWIP,Productscompletedandreadyforsale,41,Typesofinventories,Merchandisingcompaniespurchaseproductsintheircompletedformanddonotmakechangesintheirbasicform.AninventoryaccountforamerchandisingcompanyiscalledMerchandiseInventory,orsimplyInventory.,2-42,42,Learningobjective7Distinguishinventoriablecostsfromperiodcosts,2-43,43,INVENTORIABLECOSTSANDPERIODCOSTS,Inventoriablecostsareallcostsofaproductthatareconsideredassetsonthebalancesheet.P33Thesecostsaredirectmaterials,directlabor,andfactoryoverhead.Theybecomeapartofthecostoftheproductandareassetsuntilsold,whentheybecomecostofgoodssold.Thesearealsoknownasproductcosts.Thesecostsarecapitalizedasassets(inventory)untiltheyaresoldandtransferredtoCostofGoodsSold.,44,INVENTORIABLECOSTSANDPERIODCOSTS,CONTS.,Periodcostsareallcostsontheincomestatementotherthancostofgoodssold.P33Periodcostsaretreatedasexpensesoftheperiodinwhichtheyareincurred.havenofuturevalueandareexpensedasincurred,45,CostFlows,Threekindscondition,46,CostFlows,Periodcostsareallcostsintheincomestatementotherthancostofgoodssold.,47,48,InventoriableCostsandPeriodCosts,conts.,48,Illustration1-4,BeginningWorkInProcessInventory+TotalCurrentManufacturingCosts=TotalCostOfWorkInProcess,TotalCostOfWorkInProcess-EndingWorkInProcessInventory=CostOfGoodsManufactured,FormulaOfCostFlows,49,50,51,CostOfGoodsManufactured,2-52,CalculatesthecostofDirectMaterialsUsed,Accumulatesthethreeproductcostsforthecurrentperiod,Adjuststhecurrentperiodmanufacturingcoststoaccountforunitsactuallycompleted,52,IncomeStatement,2-53,FigurecarriesforwardfromtheScheduleofCostofGoodsManufactured,PeriodCostsareexpensedasincurred,53,54,55,PRIMECOSTSANDCONVERSIONCOSTS,Primecostsisatermusedtodescribealldirectcostsordirectmaterialsplusdirectlabor.P38Primecosts=$76000+$9000=$85000Conversioncostsisdirectlaborplusfactoryoverhead.itisthecostofconvertingthematerialsintoafinishedproduct.Conversioncosts=$20000+$9000=$29000,56,Measuringcostrequiresjudgment,TwotypicalcostOvertimepremiumOvertimepremiumofdirectlaborasoverheadcostratherthandirectcostforitsrandom.Ifovertimenotrandom,regardasdirectcost.IdletimeOverheadcostsiswagespaidforlackoforders,machinebreakdowns,materialshortages,poorschedulingandsoon.,57,Learningobjective8Explainwhyproductcostsarecomputedindifferentwaysfordifferentpurposes,2-58,58,2-59,Mayusea“super”costapproach(comprehensive),Veryspecificdefinitionsofcostfor“costplusprofit”(mark-up)contracts,GAAP-drivenproductcostsonly,Differentdefinitionsofcostfordifferentapplications,59,2-60,60,Learningobjective9Describeaframeworkforcostaccountingandcostmanagement,2-61,61,THREECOMMONFEATURESOFCOSTACCOUNTINGANDCOSTMANAGEMENT,Calculatingthecostofproducts,services,andothercostobjects.Managersusethisinformationinavarietyofwaystoformulatestrategyandmakevariousdecisions.,62,THREECOMMONFEATURESOFCOSTACCOUNTINGANDCOSTMANAGEMENT.CONTS.,Obtaininginformationforplanningandcontrolandforperformanceevaluation.Budgetingisthemostcommonlyusedtoolforplanningandcontrolandforcesmanagersto:LookaheadTranslatestrategyintoplansCoordinateandcommunicatewithintheorganizationProvideabenchmarkforevaluatingperformance,63,Analyzingtherelevantinformationformakingdecisions.Managersmustunderstandwhichrevenuestoconsiderandwhichtoignoreinthedecision-makingprocess.Managementaccountingcanassistmanagersindeterminingwhichcostsarerelevant.,THREECOMMONFEATURESOFCOSTACCOUNTINGANDCOSTMANAGEMENT.CONTS.,64,Question:FinancialStatementsforManufacturingCompanies,ChairsPlusisasmallfurnituremanufacturingcompany.Beginninga