新四级汉译英段落翻译技巧

新四级汉译英段落翻译解题技巧,题型简介基本要求翻译技巧,题型简介,自2013年12月考次起，全国大学英语四级考试的翻译部分将由原单句汉译英调整文段落汉译英，翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等题材。,140160词,30分钟,15分/100分,基本要求,要求考生以词、句的翻译为基础，扩大到对整体段落的翻译的把握，段落内容相对完整、结构相对独立。翻译时要把整个段落当作一个有机的语篇，注意各句子之间的衔接和段落间的过渡。,翻译技巧,(一) 词的翻译(二) 句的翻译(三) 段落翻译,(一) 词的翻译,1. 词义选择2. 词类转换3. 词的增补4. 词的省略5. 词的替代,1.词义选择,(1)语境词汉语有些词语的含义会因语境而发生微妙的变化，称之为“语境词”，应紧 密结合上下文译成相应的词，不能按照原词的字面意思来译。原文：手机刷新了人与人的关系。译文：Cell phone have altered the relationship among people.分析：“刷新”此处实际是指“改变”，而并非是我们平常所指的含义，因此不宜译成refurbish或renovate，翻译为alter或 change更恰当。,(2) 表意模糊的词原文：这所全国重点大学为社会输送了大批的人才。译文：The national key university has prepared batches of qualified graduates for the society.分析：“输送”在句中是一个模糊笼统的词，具体说来是指“培养出”。“人才”笼统，译为qualified graduates比较确切。(3) 比喻词汇汉语有许多比喻词汇，表面意义和喻指含义完全不同，英译时应跳出机械对应的思维定式，动态地译出其潜在含义。原文：老师答应给这几个学生“吃小灶”。 译文：The teacher has promised to give these students special tuition. 分析：“吃小灶”在这里指的是“个别辅导”。,2.词类转换,(1)动词名词 英语动词受到形态变化规则的严格限制，大量本应该由动词 表达的概念，常需借助于名词，因为名词不受形态规则的束 缚，使用相对灵活、方便。 原文：吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。 译文：Youll be full of praise while eating the first two main courses. 分析：英语中有大量抽象名词表示行为或动作意义 advice,agreement,inheritance,knowledge,praise,use等。 以上例句借助抽象名词表达了特定的行为动作，译文也 显得较为地道。,(2)动词介词 介词与名词密切相关，英语名词的广泛使用使得介词也频 繁出现，而且英语中有些介词本身就是由动词演变来的。 汉译英时，有些动词可以用介词来表达。 原文：人们常用剪纸美化环境。 译文：People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings.(3)动词形容词 汉语的一些动词常常用形容词来表达，这些形容词通常是 与动词同源的词（如dreamful,doubtful,sympathetic 等），这样的译文有时会更地道、 标准。 原文：在明朝和清朝时期特别流行。 译文：It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.,(4) 形容词或副词名词 由于语法结构的修辞的需要，汉语的形容词和副词也可以 转译成英语的名词。 原文:.只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。 译文：.leaving these living things to enjoy this moment of dusk with full ease and freedom.(5) 名词动词 汉语的名词由英语的动词表达，此时汉语中修饰名词的形 容词也随之改为英语中作状语使用的副词。 原文：大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。 译文：People, poor or rich, are equally favored by Nature.,（,3.词的增补,(1)语法需要 由于汉英两种语言的差异，汉译英时往往需要补充汉语里省去的词语或没有的词类，使译文符合英语语法的要求。增补的词多为冠词（英语所特有）、代词或名词（充当句子的主语、宾语、定语等成分）、连词和介词等。原文：农业社会的人比工业社会的人享受差得多，因此欲望也小得多。译文：People in the agriculture society enjoyed far less than people in the industry society, thus their desires are far less either.分析：英语中用的最多的介词有at, by , for, from, in, of, on, to和with九个。这些介词是连接英语句子的重要纽带，在英语中起着极其重要的作用。汉译英时，要根据上下文搭配灵活地选择介词。,(2)意思表达需要原文：这是黄河滩上的一幕。译文：This is a scene taking place on the shore of the Yellow River.分析：增译taking place 短语，使译文更为生动贴切。(3)文化背景解释的需要中西文化差异的存在使得英语和汉语包含着许多文化色彩浓厚且不易为译文读者所理解的词语。在翻译过程中需要使用增词译法把相关文化背景知识翻译出来。原文：三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮。译文：The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses that of Zhuge Liang, the master mind.,4.词的省略,把原文中一些仅为语法需要而存在的词、词组加以适当省略，达到译文通顺、 意思完整、句子精练的目的。原文：于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。译文：Then happiness turns to anger, praise to scolding and nit-piking, and head-nodding to head-shaking.(删除重复的谓语动词),5.词的代替,汉译英时可用替代的方法来避免重复，英语中主要有三种替代现象：名词成分替代、谓语成分替代和分句替代。 (1) 名词成分替代 用代词替代重复出现的名词 原文：有水有鱼的地方大都是有好环境的，好环境便会给人好心情。 译文：A place with water and fish is necessarily blessed with a nice setting, which in return keeps people in good mood., 用名词性替代词替代重复出现的名词 可用于替代的此类名词包括enough, half, the same, the kind, the sort, the former, the latter, the issue 等。原文：你最喜欢哪个男孩？ 最高的那个男孩。 译文：-Which boy do you like best? -The tallest one. 同义词替代 同义词替代指用不同名词来表示同一个人或事物，常是概括词（generic term）和下属词（specific word）之间的替换。如用the furniture 替代table， 用vehicle 替代car，用the animal 替代horse 等，以免重复。原文：另外一种方法是化学方法。译文：Another method is the chemical approach.,(2) 谓语成分替代 可用于代替重复出现的动词，或整个谓语部分。此类替代词包括do 及其搭 配do so, do it, do that, do this, do the same 等，替代句型包括so do/be/will+主语、so+主语+do/be/will、as be+主语等。原文：我不愿为占用你的时间而道歉，我占用你的时间是有道理的。译文：I will not apologize for trespassing on your time. I have a good reason for doing so/that. 原文：他说他很勤奋，他确实很勤奋。译文：You say he is diligent, so he is. 原文：成绩有两重性，错误也有两重性。译文：Achievement has a dual character, and so do mistakes.,（3）分句替代 用替代词so/ not 来替代充当宾语的that 从句；用 if so 或if not 替 代条件状语从句；用so 代替整个从句。 原文；明天会下雨吗？ 我想不会/会下雨。 译文：-Will it rain tomorrow? -I guess not/so. 原文：你会来出席会议吗？假如不出席会议，请及早 通知我们。 译文：Will you come to attend the meeting? If not, please notice us as soon as possible.,(二) 句的翻译,1. 确定主干2. 语序调整3. 正反转换4. 语态对译5. 长句翻译6. 无主句,1.确定主干,汉译英时，不管句子多么复杂，首先要考虑英语的基本框架。组织句子时，始终不脱离“主-谓”主干这一总的框架，然后再进行相应的时态变化、语态变化、句式转换（肯定式、否定式、疑问式、强调句式及倒装句式等），增加定语、状语修饰成分、插入语等。(1)确定主语原文：这个地区雨水较多。译文1：It rains a lot in this area.译文2：This area sees much rain.译文3：There is much rain in this area.分析：汉语主语的角度变化很少，而英语则变化较多。例题原文的主语只能由“这个地区”担当，但在译成英语时就有了多种选择。同时还可以使用There be 结构和It 作主语。,(2)确定谓语原文：在人际关系上我们不要太浪漫主义。译文: We shouldnt be too romantic about human relationships.分析：汉语中名词可充当谓语，英译文中转为系表结构。原文：当他活着一天，总要尽量多工作、多学习，不肯虚度年华，不让时间白白地浪费掉。译文：As long as they are alive, they always work and study as hard as possible, unwilling to dream their life away, let alone waste even a single moment of their lives.分析：汉语谓语动词时态、情态及语态是隐性的，英译文中应变为显形，译文补充出汉语中隐藏的时态。,（1）定语的位置 汉语的定语通常在修饰词之前；英语的定语位置分两种：前置和后置。单词 充当定语通常放在被修饰的中心词前；而短语和从句作定语则多置于所修饰的中心语之后。原文：它所展示的是工业文明带来的各种阶段性结果。 译文：which present the fruits achieved by industrial civilization at various stages. 原文：钓鱼是一项能够陶冶性情的运动，有益于身心健康。译文：Fishing is an outdoor sport that can help cultivate your mind and it is good for our mental and physical health.,2. 语序调整,（2）状语的位置 原文：我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世 界，一片喧闹。 译文：Without being noticed, I lifted the curtain in my small room, only to spy the bustle of a kaleidoscopic world down in the garden. （状语前置） 原文：中华民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切。 译文：Chinese people has never regarded human being as the highest creature among everything else since ancient times. （状语后置） 原文：我吃了晚饭后出去散步。 译文：I went out for a walk after I had my dinner. / After I had my dinner, I went out for a walk. 分析: 汉语按事情发生先后叙述，而英语中时间状语从句可 在主句前，也可在主句后。,原文：他本来在天津开会，会议一结束，他就上北京去度假了，昨天才坐飞机回来。译文：He had flown yesterday from Beijing where he spent his vacation after finishing the meeting he had taken part in Tianjin. 分析：多个时间状语出现时，汉语按时间先后顺序排列，而英语中状语的顺 序则比较灵活。原文：他是1970 年5 月20 日在北京朝阳区出生的。译文：He was born in Chaoyang District of Beijing on May 20, 1970. 分析：汉语中时间状语在地点状语之前，时间状语与地点状语按从大到小的 顺序排列，而英语中地点状语在时间状语之前，时间状语与地点状语按从小到大的顺序排列。,（3）汉英语言叙事重心不同 汉语先叙事，而后表态或评论，以突出话题，这种句子被称为主题句。汉译 英时有时会译为掉尾句，即先表态或进行评论，后叙事，以突出主句。 原文：下次会议要讨论什么，你给我们透透风吧。 译文：Will you give us some idea of what will be taken up at the next meeting? 原文：万一有什么困难，请给我们一个信。 译文：Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.,（4）强弱词语的顺序不同 表示感情色彩的轻重、强弱时，汉语将重的内容、强的词语放在前面；英语将语义轻的内容、弱的词语放在前面，基本原则是前轻后重，前简后繁。 原文：一霎时，一阵被人摒弃，为世所遗忘的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起 来。 译文：In no time, I was thrown into a feeling of sorrowful anger at being forgotten and abandoned by the rest of the world and could not help crying my heart out. 分析：原文中，感情色彩较重的词“摒弃”在前，相对较弱的词“遗忘”在后，但在英译文中却应调整。,（5）否定的转移 原文：他要等你答应帮助他后才肯走。 译文：He wont go away until you promise to help her. （6）习惯用法 原文：衣食住行是老百姓关心的大问题。 译文：Food, clothing, shelter and transportation are the biggest concern of the common people. 原文：他饥寒交迫，吃了不少苦。 译文：He suffered a great deal from cold and hunger.,3. 正反转换,人们在叙述同一事物或表达同一思想时，可以正说，也可以反说，汉语如此，英语也如此。例如：他是外乡人。他不是本地人。通常情况下，汉译英采用对应译法，即正说正译，反说反译。原文：花在许多人家里开放着。译文：In many little gardens flowers were in bloom。原文：黄鼠狼给鸡拜年，不怀好心。译文：The weasel goes to pay respects to the hen without the best of intentions.The weasel pays a courtesy visit to the hen with evil intent.,但是由于汉英两种语言表达习惯不同，在很多情况下会出现正说反译，反说正译的情况。(1)正说反译原文：我完全同意。译文：I cant agree with you more.原文：你们大错特错了。译文：You couldnt be more mistaken.原文：他为这件事竭尽全力。 译文： He spared no pains/efforts in doing this.,(2)反说正译在汉译英中，反说正译的情况非常普遍，这是由于英语中有大量表达否定意义的词汇可以替代汉语的否定表达。名词： absence, failure, refusal, ignorance, neglect, exclusion 等等。他开车时心不在焉，几乎闯祸。 His absence of mind during the driving nearly caused an accident.我们完全不知道他的计划。 We are in complete ignorance of his plan.他未能履行诺言，我们大家都很失望。 His failure to carry out his promise has disappointed everyone of us.,动词：fail, miss, lack, ignore, refuse, neglect, deny, overlook, exclude等等。使我们失望的是他不顾大局。 To our disappointment, he failed to take the overall situation into account.他上火车站去接他的朋友，可是未能在人群中见到他。He went to the station to meet his friend, but he missed him in the crowd.,形容词和形容词短语：free from, far from, safe from, few, little, short这次演出根本没有失败，而是十分成功。The show was far from being a failure; it was a great success.他的作文几乎没有语法错误。There are few grammatical mistakes in his composition.据悉敌军给养不足。It is reported that the enemy troops are short of supplies.144015293,副词和副词短语：otherwise, little, tooto等等。他显然有不同的想法。 He evidently thinks otherwise.我根本不知道他会遇到什么麻烦。I little knew what trouble he was going to have.他兴奋得说不出话来了。He was too excited to speak.,连词：unless, before, until, rather than, or 等等。 不了解这一点，就不能得到起码的知识。 Unless we grasp this point we shall never be able to acquire even elementary knowledge.部队宁可绕道走，也不踩庄稼。The troops would rather take a roundabout way than tread on the crops.他宁愿饿死，不愿行窃。 He will die of hunger before he steals.,介词和介词短语： above, except, beyond, instead of, in place of, out of等等。我要铅笔，不要钢笔。 I want a pencil instead of a pen.你早晨来看我的时候，我还没有起床。When you called on me this morning, I was still in bed.他只顾自己，不顾别人，使得大家都很生气。His lack of consideration for the feelings of others angered everyone present. 是重力使我们不至于从地球上抛出去。 (keep sb from doing )It is gravity that keeps us from falling off the earth.,4. 语态对译,指主动语态与被动语态的转换。汉语中被动句的使用范围相当窄，而英语中被动句表现能力强，使用频率高。汉译英时，必要时应改变句子的语态，以适应表达的需要。原文：大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。译文：People, rich or poor, are equally favored by Nature. 原文：我国历代的劳动人民以及大政治家、大思想家等等莫不如此。译文：Such examples have been set a lot by Chinese laboring people, great politicians and thinkers of past dynasties. 分析：原文主语太长，可用被动句表达。,5. 长句翻译,（1）原序对译即顺译法。这种方法多用于单一主语的长句，但要分清句中的信息重心。原文：当他活着一天，总要尽量多工作、多学习，不肯虚度年华，不让时间 白白地浪费掉。译文：As long as they are living, they always work and study as hard as possible, unwilling to dream their life away, let alone waste even a single moment of their lives.,（2）分句合译 汉译英时，汉语中教高层次的单位译为英语中层次较低一 级的单位。 原文：他们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。译文：Hardly any of them cares to look up and throws a glance at the beautiful twilight. 原文：一个人的生命究竟有多大意义，这有什么标准可以衡量吗？译文：Could there be any standard to evaluate the meaning of ones life? 原文：求学是一件艰苦的事情，许多人不能忍受那必经的艰苦，所以不能成功。译文：To learn, actually, is to experience the indispensable pain and those who can not get it over with can not become learned.分析：合译为一个并列句。,（3）断句分译 汉语多流水句，一个长句可能有多个主语，英语一句话只能有一个主语，因此，应当把长句拆开来翻译。原文：一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集， 笑语四溢。 译文：One spring evening, my parents held a banquet in the garden where all sorts of flowers were in full bloom. Instantly, a crowd of their guests collected and their laughter was heard all over there. 原文：这次到台湾访问交流，虽然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，访了旧 友，交了新知，大家走到一起，谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21 世纪的强盛。译文：The current visit to Taiwan for exchange, brief and cursory as it is, has enabled us to see many places, to visit old friends while making new acquaintances. An important topic for discussing at our gatherings was the prosperity of Chinese nation in the 21st century.,（4）主次信息句 在汉语中，有时两个或两个以上的不同主语的句子在表面上是并列的，没有主从或偏正关系，但实际上有内在的逻辑关联和主次之分，因此不宜断句分译， 而应把主要信息译为完整的句子，把次要信息以独立结构的形式体现。 原文：很难说他什么时候回家，我得上床睡觉了。 译文：There being no telling when hell be home, I have to go to bed now. 原文：这位民族英雄没有死，他的故事照亮了千百万人的心。译文：This national hero lives on, his story lighting up the hearts of millions of people. 原文：在得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道。译文：Before I became ill, I was much petted by my parents, doing everything at will in the home.,6. 无主句,汉语有很多无主句，这符合汉语意合的思维习惯。而英语则多重形合，句子一般都需要主句。汉译英时，就需要补出省略的主语，或改变句型结构。原文：但是，大体上看一个人对生命的态度是否严肃认真，看他对待工作、生活的态度如何，也就不难对这个人的存在意义做出适当的估计了。译文：However, if we,on the whole, can find out whether his attitude towards his life is serious or not and what is .,(三)段落翻译,1. 段落的衔接2. 段落的连贯3. 新四级翻译样卷,段落的衔接(cohesion),也称段落的粘合，是指段落中各部分在语法和词汇方面的关系，即段落的各个部分的排列和连接要符合逻辑。衔接手段：逻辑关系、时间关系、空间关系翻译策略：添加连接词，增强连贯性。,1.段落的衔接,逻辑关系先后或列举：first, second; in the second place; nest/then; for one thingfor another; furthermore/moreover/in addition/ besides;finally/last; and等。因果：consequently/ as a result/ hence/ accordingly/ thus/so/therefore; because/since/for等。特例或举例：in particular; specifically; for instance/ for example; that is /namely等。引出结论：in conclusion/finally/all in all/ to sum up；evidently/ clearly/ actually; of course等。But/however/yet/nevertheless; on the contrary; on the other hand; neithernor等。,时间关系表示频率：frequently/often; occasionally/ now and then; day after day; again and again等。表示阶段：during; briefly; for a long time; for many years等。表某一时刻：then/ at that time/ in those days; last Sunday; next Christmas; in 2005; at the beginning go Sep; at six oclock; two months ago等。表示开端：at first/ in the beginning; before then; in the preceding weeks等。表示其间：in the meantime/ while this was going on/ meanwhile/ as it was happening/ at the same time/ simultaneously等。表示结束：eventually/ finally/ at last/ in the end 等。,空间关系表示近：close to/near; next to/ alongside / adjacent to; facing等。表示远：in the distance/ far/ beyond/ away/ on the far side; there等。表示方向：up; down; forward(s); backward(s); sideways; along; across; to the left/right; in front of/ behind; above/ below; inside/outside等。,英语语篇的衔接I tried to get to sleep. My neighbour owns an acoustic guitar and an electric guitar. He likes to play the electric guitar. I had to get up at the crack of dawn for work the next day. The other neighbour and his wife must be more tolerant than me. I dont know what his other neighbour thinks about it. I dont know what his wife thinks about it. My neighbour plays the guitar quite badly. I wish my neighbour would take up another hobby.Im trying to get to sleep but hes at it again, my neighbour, playing the guitar. He actually owns two guitars, a simple acoustic one and an expensive electric one. But he seems to prefer to play the electric one late at night when Im trying to get to sleep and have to get up at the crack of dawn for work the next day. I dont know what his other neighbour thinks about it, or his wife for that matter. They must be more tolerant than me. The problem is, not only does he play the guitar very loudly, but he also plays it quite badly. I really wish he would take up another hobby altogether, or at least find a quieter musical instrument to play.,2. 段落的连贯,段落的连贯(coherence)指的是内容情节的串联，或者 逻辑关系上的贯通，总得来说就是有完整的语义关系。a text can be linguistically cohesive but incoherent, as the example illustrates:My father bought a Lincoln convertible. The car driven by the police was red. That color doesnt suit her. She consists of three letters. However, a letter isnt as fast as a telephone call. A: Thats the telephone B: Im in the bath A: O.K,汉英段内连贯对比：替代、重复和省略英语：重 代词、同义词近义词、代替句型 的替代作用汉语：相同词语的重复翻译策略：少重复，多替代英语：按语法形式要求进行省略（所有格、形容词及介