会计英语 unit 1 Accounting.ppt

AccountingEnglish,UnitOne,LearningObjectivesUnitOne,todescribetheinformationsystemofaccounting;todescribetheprofessionofaccounting;tostatetheaccountingequation;todescribefinancialstatements;todescribeprofessionalethicsinaccounting.,Whatisaccounting?Isaccountingimportanttoyou?Yes,accountingisimportantinyourpersonallifeaswellasyourcareer,eventhoughyoumaynotbecomeanaccountant.,Warming-upUnitOne,VocabularyUnitOne,accountingaccountantbookkeepingenterprisebusinessdecisionmakingtransactioninvestorcreditorasset,会计，会计学会计师，会计从业人员簿记企业商业，企业制定决策交易，经济业务投资者债权人资产,VocabularyUnitOne,liabilityownersequity/capitalrevenueexpenseincomedouble-entrysystemAmericanInstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountants(AICPA)ChineseInstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountants(CICPA),负债所有者权益收入费用收益复式记账美国注册会计师协会中国注册会计师协会,VocabularyUnitOne,financialaccountingmanagerialaccountingtaxaccountingaccountingequationbusinesstransactionethicsofaccounting,财务会计管理会计税务会计会计等式经济业务会计执业道德,accounting会计,accountn.账户；账目savingaccount储蓄账户accountfor(比例)占.Itaccountsfor15%ofalltheaccidents.,keepadiary写日记enterprisern.企业家,businessn.businessmann.商人Itisnoneofyourbusiness.businessmanager业务经理,makeadecsion做决定investv.investmentn.,creditorn.债权人贷方debtorn.债务人借方creditn.信用（金融）贷款creditcard信用卡,fixedasset固定资产totalasset总资产,liabilityn.负债；责任；债务,liableadj.有责任的，有义务的(responsible)beliablefor对有义务；对应负责任,ownern.所有者equityn.公平，公正；抵押资产的净值;权益（equaladj.）Stockholdersequity股东权益capitaln.资金资本humancapital人力资本;Capitalmarket资本市场,annualrevenue年营业收入Travelingexpense旅游消费personalincometaxenterv.certificaten.,financen.managev.equationn.方程式，等式；相等(equal)ethicsn.伦理道德,Topics,1.1Accounting:aninformationsystem1.2Accountinganditsprofession1.3Accountingequation1.4Financialstatements1.5Professionalethicsinaccounting,1.1Accounting:aninformationsystem,Accountingisaninformationsystemnecessitatedbythegreatcomplexityofmodernbusiness.Indevelopinginformationabouttheactivitiesofabusiness,everyaccountingsystemperformsthefollowingbasicfunctions:Interpretandrecordtheeffectsofbusinesstransactions.Classifytheeffectsofsimilartransactionsinamannerthatpermitsdeterminationofthevarioustotalsandsubtotalsusefultomanagementandusedinaccountingreports.Summarizeandcommunicatetheinformationcontainedinthesystemtodecision-makers.,1.1Accounting:aninformationsystem,Accountingsystemsaredesignedtoprovideinformationthatmanagersandoutsiderscanuseindecision-making.Accountingisasystemofgathering,summarizing,andcommunicatingfinancialinformationforabusinessfirm,government,orotherorganizations.Accounting,alsocalledaccountancy,enablesdecision-makerstointerpretfinancialinformationanduseresultsinplanningforthefuture.Forexample,suchdatatellexecutiveswhichproductsordepartmentsaredoingwellorpoorly.,1.2Accountinganditsprofession,Accountinghasalonghistory.Inthefifteenthcentury,LucaPacioli,anItalian,establishedasystemofrecordkeepingwhichcametobecalled“doubleentry”.“Itisoneofthemostbeautifulinventionsofthehumanspirit,andeverygoodbusinessmanshoulduseitinhiseconomicundertakings,”saidGoethe,theGermanpoet.Double-entry-systemisthefoundationofthemodernaccounting.Duringtheeighteenthcentury,theIndustrialRevolutionbroughtmanysocialandeconomicchanges.Thespecializedfieldofcostaccountingemergedtomeettheneedfortheanalysisofvariouscostsandforrecordingtechniques.,1.2accountinganditsprofession,Inthenineteenthcentury,thegrowthofcorporationsspeededthedevelopmentofaccounting.Moreandmoreindividualsandinstitutionslookedtoaccountantstoprovideinformationabouttheseenterprises.Thedevelopmentofcorporationalsocreatedanewsocialneedtheneedforanindependentaudittoprovidesomeassurancethatmanagementsfinancialrepresentationswerereliable.IntheUnitedStates,AmericanInstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountants(AICPA)isthelargestprofessionalorganizationofaccountants,equivalenttoChineseInstituteofCertifiedPublicAccountants(CICPA)inChina.,1.2accountinganditsprofession,Computershaverevolutionizedaccountingrecently.Accountingpracticesareinthreemainfieldsfinancialaccounting,managerialaccounting,andtaxaccounting.Pleasenoticethatthisillustrationdoesnotincludenot-for-profitaccounting,whichisperformedforhospitals,universities,andothernot-for-profitagencies.,1.2accountinganditsprofession,Figure1.1,1.2accountinganditsprofession,Accountantscanalsobecategorizedbasedonthekindsoforganizationstheyworkin.Privateaccountantsnormallyworkforoneemployerandofferservicessuchasaccounting,budgeting,andinternalauditing.Publicaccountantsworkformanyclientsandofferauditing,managementadvisory,andtaxservices.Governmentaccountantsaudittaxreturnsandaccumulatefinancialinformationforfederal,provincial,andmunicipalagencies.,1.3accountingequation,Therearesixelementsinaccounting:assets,liabilities,ownersequity,revenue,expenseandprofit.Thereexistwell-organizedquantitativerelationsamongthesixaccountingelements.Thetotalamountofassetswillalwaysequaltotheclaimrightsoftheseassetsbycreditorsandownersequity.,1.3accountingequation,Accountingequationaccountsforthecommonquantitativerelationamongaccountingelements:Assets=Liabilities+OwnersEquityRevenue-Expense=ProfitThebalanceofprofitdistributionaftertaxisaccumulatedin“retainedearning”accountswhichisaniteminownersequity.Therefore,thetwoequationsabovecanbeconsolidatedas:Assets=Liabilities+OwnersEquity+(Revenue-Expense),1.3accountingequation,Attheendofanaccountingyear,thebalanceofprofitdistributionaftertaxistransferredinto“retainedearnings”throughaccountingcalculation.Theequationrestoresto:Assets=Liabilities+OwnersEquityAccountingequationisthebasisfordouble-entryrule.Thesetofaccountingitemsandtheestablishmentofaccounts,therecordofbusiness,thepreparationofreportandthecalculationofalleconomicindexareallbasedonaccountingequation.,1.4financialstatement,Aftertransactionshavebeenrecordedandsummarized,reportsarepreparedforusers.Theaccountingreportsthatprovidethisinformationarecalledfinancialstatements.Theprincipalfinancialstatementsofaproprietorshiparetheincomestatement,thestatementofownersequity,thebalancesheet,andthestatementofcashflows.Theorderinwhichthestatementsarenormallyprepared,1.4financialstatement,IncomeStatements-Asummaryoftherevenueandexpensesforaspecificperiodoftime,suchasamonthorayear.StatementofOwnersEquity-Asummaryofthechangesintheownersequitythathaveoccurredduringaspecificperiodoftime,suchasamonthorayear.BalanceSheet-Alistoftheassets,liabilities,andownersequityataspecificdate,usuallyatthecloseofthelastdayofamonthorayear.StatementofCashFlows-Asummaryofthecashreceiptsandcashpaymentsforaspecificperiodoftime,suchasamonthorayear.,1.5Professionalethicsinaccounting,Ethicsisessentiallythestudyofrightandwrong,andhasbeenaprominentandsensitiveissueintheaccountingprofessionforyears.Ethicalcodesserveasafoundationfordevelopingethicalbehaviorinprofessions.Theyalsoprovideaframeworkforethicalpractice.Inrecentyearstherehasbeenwidespreadinterestinaccountingethics,duepartlytowidemediacoverageofeventsinvolvingahostofmisdeeds,suchasinsidertrading,taxevasion,auditfailure,andfraud.Reportsofunethicalbehaviorareathreattopublicconfidenceintheaccountingprofession.,1.5Professionalethicsinaccounting,Itisnottooearlytointroducesomebasicethicalstandardsthatareexpectedofprofessionalaccountants.Fourkeystandardsarebelow:Integrity.Accountantshavearesponsibilitytoreportfavorableaswellasunfavorableinformationandtorefrainfromtakingactionswhichundermineanorganizationslegitimateandethicalobjectives.Integrityimpliesthataccountantsshouldnottakeunfairadvantageofinformationandshouldactintheinterestsnotonlyoftheirclientsbutofotherindirectusers.Accountantsshouldalsodisassociatethemselvesfromanyattemptstodisclosemisleadinginformation.,1.5Professionalethicsinaccounting,Confidentiality.Accountantshaveadutytorefrainfromdisclosingconfidentialinformationunlesslegallyobligatedtodoso.Theworkoftheaccountantregularlyinvolvesdealingwithconfidentialfilesaboutthepersonalandbusinessaffairsoftheirclients.Decisionsmadeoninformationprovidedbyaccountantscanmateriallyaffectthelivesofclientsandothers,oftenreferredtoasthirdparties,whichincludeemployees,creditors,investors,suppliers,customers,government,andthegeneralpublic.,1.5Professionalethicsinaccounting,Competence.Accountantshaveadutytoperformtheirprofessionaldutiesaccordingtohighstandardsandtoensurethattheystaycurrentwithchangesintheprofession.Usersofaccountinginformationmaynothaveaccountingexpertise.Thus,membersoftheaccountingprofessionenjoyapositionofpower.Tobeworthyofuserconfidence,accountantsmustnotabusethispowerandmustactaccordingtoahighethicalstandard.Accountantshaveanethicalobligationtomaintainbothtechnicalcompetenceandmoralcompetence.,1.5Professionalethicsinaccounting,Objectivity.Accountantsmustfullydiscloseallrelevantinformationthatassistsuserstounderstandfinancialreports.Businesses,governments,andthepublicatlargedependontheaccountingprofessiontoprovidefairfinancialreportingandbusinessadvisoryservices.Accountants,therefore,areobligatedtoprovideinformationthatisobjectivesothatuserscanrelyonitsaccuracywhenmakinginvestmentandcreditdecisions.,NotesUnitOne,Classifytheeffectsofsimilartransactionsinamannerthatpermitsdeterminationofthevarioustotalsandsubtotalsusefultomanagementandusedinaccountingreports.按照一定的方法将相似商业交易的影响进行分类，该方法允许各类不同的加总或部分加总的计算，以便提供给管理层和编制会计报告。Thedevelopmentofcorporationalsocreatedanewsocialneedtheneedforanindependentaudittoprovidesomeassurancethatmanagementsfinancialrepresentationswerereliable.同时，公司的发展产生了一项新的社会需求，即需要独立审计针对企业管理部门所呈报的财务报表是否可靠提供相应的鉴证。,NotesUnitOne,CertifiedPublicAccountant(CPA)注册会计师。他们是有资格执行审计业务的专业人员，一般需满足三个方面的条件才能获得这种资格：（1）接受过专业教育，通常要有本科学历，有的国家甚至要求更高的学历;(2)具有一定期限的会计或审计工作经验；（3）通过由专业会计团体举办的统一考试。注册会计师在英国及英联邦国家称为CA，即特许公认会计师CharteredAccountant.AmericanInstituteofCertifiedAccountants美国注册会计师协会，简称AICPA，是美国全国性的民间会计专业团体，负责制定会计师执业标准和规则，进行会计方面的科学研究并出版一些会计学刊物，组织并为会员提供继续教育的机会，组织一年两度的注册会计师统一考试，在国际上有较大影响。,NotesUnitOne,Thesetofaccountingitemsandtheestablishmentofaccounts,therecordofbusiness,thepreparationofreportandthecalculationofalleconomicindexareallbasedonaccountingequation.会计科目的设置和账户的建立，经济业务的记录，报告的编制，以及各经济指标的计算等等，都是以会计等式为依据的。Accountantshavearesponsibilitytoreportfavorableaswellasunfavorableinformationandtorefrainfromtakingactionswhichundermineanorganizationslegitimateandethicalobjectives.会计有责任报告与企业相关的全部信息，包括有利的和不利的信息，同时要抵制那些破坏企业的合法性和道德宗旨的行为。,NotesUnitOne,Decisionsmadeoninformationprovidedbyaccountantscanmateriallyaffectthelivesoflivesofclientsandothers,oftenreferredtoasthirdparties,whichincludeemployees,creditors,investors,suppliers,customers,governmentandthegeneralpublic.会计决定披露哪些信息可能对企业客户或其他人（我们称之为第三方）的生活产生重大影响。第三方包括雇员、债权人、投资者、供应商、顾客、政府和公众。Assets:currentassets,non-currentassets;fixassets,intangibleassets,etc.资产可以分为流动资产和非流动资产；固定资产和无形资产等。,ExercisesUnitOne,II.TermStudy.MatchthetermsincolumnAwiththedefinitionsincolumnB.,ExercisesUnitOne,III.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.WriteTfortrueandFforfalse.()1.Accountingisasystemofgathering,summarizingandcommunicatingfinancialinformationforabusinessfirm,governmentorotherorganization.()2.Accountingpracticesareintwomainfieldsfinancialaccountingandmanagerialaccounting.()3.Accountingequationaccountsforthecommonquantitativerelationamongaccountingelements:Assets=Liabilities+OwnersEquity()4.Accountantshaveanethicalobligationtomaintainonlymoralcompetence.,T,T,F,F,ExercisesUnitOne,IV.Choosethebestanswer.1.Whichofthefollowingdescribeaccounting?A.islanguageofbusinessB.isaninformationsystemC.isusefuldecisionmakingD.alloftheabove2.Accountingisaninformationsystemthat_.A.measuresbusinessactivitiesB.processesinformationintoreportsC.communicatesfindingstodecision-makersD.alloftheabove3.Accountinginformationisusedby_.A.businessesB.governmentregulationagenciesC.laborunionsD.alloftheabove,ExercisesUnitOne,4.Aproceduralelementofaccountingis_.A.planningB.controlC.bookkeepingD.auditing5.Purposesofanaccountingsystemincludeallofthefollowingexcept_.A.interpretandrecordtheeffectsofbusinesstransactionsB.classifytheeffectsoftransactionstofacilitatethepreparationofreportsC.summarizeandcommunicateinformationtodecisionmakersD.dictatethespecifictypesofbusinesstransactionsthattheenterprisemayengagein6.Anaccountingprocessincludesallofthefollowingstepsexcept_.A.analyzingB.planningC.classifyingD.summarizing,ExercisesUnitOne,V.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.1.会计的作用是为决策提供财务信息。Thefunctionofaccountingisdesignedtoprovidefinancialinformationfordecisionmaking.2.会计系统是管理信息系统的重要组成部分。Accountingsystemsaretheveryimportantpartofmanagemen