小学英语语法.ppt

小学英语语法,一、名词（可数名词和不可数名词）二、人称代词三、冠词四、动词五、介词六、数词七、形容词和副词,八、therebe结构九、句式1.肯定句2.否定句3.疑问句4.祈使句十、时态：1.一般现在时2.一般过去时3.现在进行时4.一般将来时十一、“wh”的特殊疑问句,一、名词,英语语法中，名词有两种数的形式：1）单数（表示一个人或事物）；2）复数（表示多于一个的人或数）。只有可数名词才有复数形式。,名词的数：,名词复数形式的构成,不规则名词的复数,由元音字母的变化构成：man-men,tooth-teeth,foot-feet,mouse-mice,woman-women2.有些名词的复数形式与单数的形式一样：sheep,deer,fish(但也可以是fishes)有些名词变成复数时加-en:child-children,ox-oxen,Practise,peach_2.zoo_3.glass_4.fox_5.lady_6.policewoman_7.house_8.photo_9.monkey_10.wife_11.rose_12.path_13.judge_14.map_,peaches,zoos,glasses,foxes,ladies,policewomen,houses,photos,monkeys,wives,roses,paths,judges,maps,二、人称代词,主格：Iweyousheheitthey宾格：meusyouherhimitthem形容词性物主代词：myouryourherhisitstheir名词性物主代词：mineoursyourshershisitstheirs,第一人称,第二人称,第三人称,后跟名词,能够在句子中独立作主语、宾语或表语,Practise,_(他)ismybrother.2.Ihadaletterfrom_(她).3.Itsallright;itsonly_(我).4.Today_(我们)wentin_(我们的)car;tomorrow_(我们)aregoingin_(他们的).5._(我)lend_(我的)booksgladlyto_(我的)friendsandto_(你的).6.Canyouhelp_(我)with_(我的)English.7.When_(你)gotosee_(你的)father,pleasetakethesebooksto_(他).8._(他们)found_(它)difficulttolearnGerman.,He,her,me,we,our,we,theirs,I,my,my,yours,me,my,you,your,him,They,it,所有格,所有格的形式单数人称名词末尾加schild-childs以-s结尾的单数人称名词末尾加swaitress-waitresss不规则的复数人称名词末尾加schildren-childrens以-s结尾的复数人称名词末尾加girls-girls以-s结尾的一些人名末尾加sJames-Jamess,下列情况一般用“of”结构：东西(没有现成的复合名词时):thebookofthefilm2.东西的一部分:thebottomofthebox3.抽象的概念:thepriceofsuccess4.当of短语中的名词被另一个短语或从句修饰时：Cantyoulookatthebookoftheboybehindyou?,双重,s结构也可以用于“of”结构之后，如：afriendofmyfathers,出现这种情况是因为在一个名词前通常只用一个限定词，又如：thissonofmine,afriendofyours,acousinofhers等等。IsntFrankafriendofyours?ThatsillyuncleofTomshastoldmethesameJokefivetimes.,冠词,不定冠词a,an,定冠词the,只能用于单数可数名词之前,单数可数名词复数可数名词不可数名词,零冠词,名词前可不用冠词,不定冠词的用法：表示“一”，“任何一个”或“不管哪一个”的意思。Ihaveasisterandtwobrothers.2.在某些度量表示法中：WehavePElessonsthreetimesaweek.3.用在单数的表语名词前，以表示职业、行业、宗教、等级等。Georgewantstobeanengineer.4.在以what引导的感叹句中，单数的可数名词前。Whataprettygirl!5.一些常用短语中。haveagoodtime,halfanhour,haveaheadache.,定冠词的用法：用来表示“独一无二”的意思。Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.2.表示“说话的人刚刚提到过的人或事物”。Thereisaboatintheriver.Theboatismadeofwood.3.用在后面跟有限定性介词短语的名词前。theletterfromAmerica,thefourteenthofApril4.用在泛指的乐器名词前。Heplaysthepiano.5.一些常用短语。bytheway,inthemorning,Whatsthematter?,零冠词的用法：泛指的抽象名词前。Lifeisveryhardforsomepeople.2.泛指的物质名词前。Waterisveryuseful.3.泛指的复数名词前。Booksaremybestfriends.4.泛指的“餐”名前。Cometohavedinner/breakfastwithme.5.大多数的专有名词前。HecomesfromFrance.6.语言的名词前。ShecanspeakFrench.7.在季节和节日的名词前。Winteristhebesttimeforskating.8.当名词前已有一些代词修饰时。Mybrotherisasoldier.9.在体育项目的名词前。playbasketball10.一些常用短语。athome,gotoschool,atnight,1.Thereis_notebookonmydesk.Iuse_notebooktokeepadiary.2.Thereis_bottleonthetable._waterinitissweet.3.Wangsmotheris_Englishteacher.Sheteachesin_primaryschool.4.Chinais_ancientcountrywith_longhistory.5.Chinahas_populationof12hundredmillion._Chinesepeopleare_greatpeople.6.Hermotheris_universityteacher.Sheis_honestwoman.7.Noneof_booksshouldbetakenoutof_roomwithout_permissionof_librarian.8._Partyalwaysteachesustoworkfor_peopleheartandsoul.9.Shestudiesat_No.3MiddleSchool.Shegoesto_schoolby_buseveryday.10.Myeldersisteris_studentof_English.Shestudiesat_college.11._Mondaybefore_SpringFestivalwasverycold.12.Haveyouhad_dinner?,Practise,a,the,a,The,an,the,an,a,the,The,/,a,an,the,the,the,/,The,/,/,/,/,/,a,a,The,/,/,四、动词,动词主要表示动作，其次表示状态或性质，有时态、语态、语气等形式的变化。,小学阶段所涉及的动词主要有：实义动词、be动词、情态动词can等。,Be动词,am,is,are,was,were,been,Practise,1.He_verygoodatEnglish.2.MyfatherandI_goingtoBeijingnextmonth.3._youondutythedaybeforeyesterday?4.Mr.King_inLondontwoweeksago.5.There_manykindsofanimalsinthezoo.6.What_thedateyesterday?7.Look!Alittlegirl_flyingakite.8.Who_notatschoollastMonday?9.Haveyouever_toJapan?10.I_notanurse.Iworkasadoctor.,is,are,Were,was,are,was,is,was,been,am,动词的基本形式,第三人称单数现在式,动词be和have的第三人称单数现在式分别是is和has。,动词的过去式,现在分词,has,had,having,gives,gave,giving,gets,got,getting,reads,read,reading,sweeps,swept,sweeping,plays,played,playing,carries,carried,carrying,Practise,五、动词的时态,动词时态是表示动作或状态发生或存在的时间和表示方式的一种动词形式。,小学阶段所学的时态有：一般现在时：work/works2.现在进行时：am/is/areworking3.一般过去时：worked4.一般将来时：am/is/aregoingtowork,一般现在时,通常表示经常发生的或习惯性的动作或目前的状态。常与时间副词连用：always,often,usually,every,onSundays,twiceaweek等。,基本结构,现在进行时,通常表示说话时或现阶段正在发生或进行着的动作。它所表示的动作具有持续性、暂时性和未完成性。常见的与现在进行时有关的词有：now,thesedays,look,listen等。,基本结构,一般过去时,通常表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，其中也包括习惯性动作。常与表示过去的时间状语连用：yesterday,last,ago,justnow,in1998等。,基本结构,一般将来时,表示将来发生的动作或情况。常与一些表示将来的时间状语连用：tomorrow,next,Begoingtodo表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事；也可以表示“预见”，即现在已有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生某种情况。,基本结构,Peter_(play)basketballtwiceaweek.2.Doyoubelievewhathe_(say)justnow?3.Look!Thelazycat_(sleep)inthesofa.4.There_(be)abookandtwopensonthedesk.5._you_(see)afilmtomorrowmorning?6.She_(notplay)theguitaratthemoment.7.What_hisfatherusually_(do)intheevening?8.They_(have)ameetingnextweek,arentthey?9.BothheandI_(be)teachers.10.I_(notfeel)verywellyesterday.11.Heputonhiscoatand_(go)out.12.LeiFengoften_(help)othersandhewashelpful.NextSunday,we_(clean)upthepark.14.Hurry!Yourmother_(wait)foryouattheschoolgate.,Practise,plays,said,issleeping,is,Are,goingtosee,isntplaying,does,do,aregoingtohave,are,didntfeel,went,helps,aregoingtoclean,iswaiting,六、介词,介词在句子中表示名词或代词等与其他词之间的关系。不能单独作句子成分，常位于名词或代词（或与之相当的其他词类、短语、从句）前面构成介词短语。介词后面的成分作介词的宾语。,方位介词,in,on,at,under,to,behind,beside,near,before,infrontof,nextto,between,时间介词,in,on,at,after,before,fromto,past,between,其它,of,by,with,into,outof,for,Practise,1.Look_thepicture.Itspicture_myschool.2.Thereisaschoolbuilding_myschool.Ithasfivefloors._theschoolbuilding,thereisabigplayground._school,thechildrenalwaysplayballgamesthere.3.Myclassroomis_thefifthfloor.Itsbigandclean.4.MissLiisourclassteacher.Shecomes_schoolearlyeverymorning.Shecomes_bicycle.Thenshedoesmorningexercises_us.Shelikessports.Tomorrowisherbirthday.Wewillmakeacard_her.Weloveherverymuch.5.Therearesomeapples_thetree.6.Wheresyourstudy?Itsnext_mybedroom.7.Thecar_thetreeisJacks.8.Theballis_thedoor,soyoucantseeit.9._thehouse,therearemanytrees.10.Listen!Someoneisknocking_thedoor.11.Thereissomethingwrong_mycomputer.,at,of,in,Near,After,on,to,by,with,for,on,to,under,behind,Infrontof,at,with,七、数词,表示数目的词称为基数词表示数目顺序的词称为序数词,112的基数词：one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve1319的基数词：thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen2090的基数词：twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninety2129的基数词：twenty-one,twenty-two,twenty-three,twenty-four,twenty-five,twenty-six,twenty-seven,twenty-eight,twenty-ninethirty-nine,forty-eight,fifty-seven.,-teen,-ty,十位数和个位数之间要加连字符号“-”,2.百位数：onehundred,twohundred,threehundred,fourhundredfivehundredandeight-six,sixhundredandninety-nine,sevenhundredandeight,eighthundredandone3.千位数：onethousand,fourthousand,seventhousandonehundredandfive,百位数和十位数之间加and。,注意,英语中没有“万”这个单位，所以常用thousand来表示。,tenthousand,thirtythousand,fifteenthousandonehundred,fivehundredandonethousandfourhundredandthirty-two,英语序数词第1-19除了first,second与third有特殊形式外，其余的都由基数词加后缀-th构成。注意：fifth,eighth,ninth和twelfth的拼法。2.十位数的序数词的构成方法是：先把十位数的基数词的词尾ty中的y变为i，然后加后缀-eth,如：twentytwentieth,fortyfortieth3.十位数的序数词如果含有1-9的个位数时，十位数用基数词，个位数用序数词，中间用“-”连字符。如：twenty-fourth,ninety-fifth4.百、千、万等的序数词由hundred,thousand,million等加-th,前面加有关的基数词构成。如：onehundredth,onethousandth注意：序数词前的one不能用a代替。onehundredandtwenty-first,Practise,1.Thereare_daysinayear.A.threehundredssixty-fiveB.threehundredsandsixty-fiveC.threehundredandsixty-fiveD.threehundredandsixtyfive2._peoplevisitthismuseumeveryday.A.HundredB.HundredsC.HundredofD.Hundredsof3.Therearetwo_peopleinthemeetingroom.A.hundredB.hundredsC.hundredsofD.hundredof4._treeshavebeenplantedinourschoolinthepast10years.A.ThousandsofB.TwothousandsC.ThousandofD.Twothousandof5.Mybrotherisin_.A.ThreeClass,OneGradeB.ClassThree,GradeOneC.GradeOne,ClassThreeD.classthree,gradeone6.Wearegoingtolearn_thisterm.A.booksixB.sixbookC.thebooksixD.BookSix7.Wecansaythenumber78,645inEnglishlikethis_.A.seventy-eightthousandandsixhundredandforty-fiveB.seventy-eightthousandsixhundredandfortyfiveC.seventy-eightthousandsixhundredandforty-fiveD.seventyeightthousandsixhundredandforty-five,C,D,A,A,B,D,C,8.Theyear1999shouldbereadTheyear_.A.nineteenandninety-nineB.nineteenninety-nineC.onethousandninehundredandninety-nineD.nineteenhundredandninety-nine9.Hewillcomehere_tomorrowmorning.A.atfifthB.attenC.ontwoD.tilltenth10.Everydayhebeginstodohishomework_.A.attenpastsevenB.atsevenpasstenC.ontenpastseventhD.untilten11.Wealllikethe_boy.A.oftenyearsoldB.ten-year-oldC.attenoldD.ofageoften12.Thereare_monthsinayear.Decemberisthe_monthoftheyear.A.twelve;twelveB.twelve;twelfthC.twelfth;twelveD.twelve;twelveth13.During_century,theworldpopulationhasalreadyreached6billion.A.twentyB.thetwentiethC.twentiethD.thetwenty14.Jennywasborn_.A.onJuly10,1987B.inJuly10,1987C.in1987,July10D.on1987,July10,B,B,A,B,B,B,A,八、形容词和副词,形容词是用来描写或修饰名词（或代词）的词。,副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句的词。,Heisagoodstudent.2.Thefilmisveryinteresting.3.Thereissomethingwrongwiththebike.4.LucyisolderthanHelen.,Theproblemisverydifficult.2.Hewrotetheletterscarefully.,方式副词：carefully,quickly,suddenly2.地点副词：here,there,up,down3.时间副词：yesterday,today,now4.程度副词：very,quite,much,just,形容词和副词的比较级和最高级,比较级的用法,1.用来把彼此独立的事和人进行比较，表示“比更一些”的意思，通常用一个由从属连词than引导的状语从句来表示和什么相比。为了避免重复，从句中有些成分可以省略。如：HelenistallerthanLucy.HegotmoreinformationthanIdid.HerunsfasterthanI.,2.如果我们要说两个东西在某一方面是一样的，我们就可以用“as+形容词/副词+as”,形容词不用比较级而用原级。在作否定比较时，可以用notasas,notsoas,也可以用lessthan，如：Jimmyisastallashisfather.Idontwriteas/sowellasHelen.Thisfilmislessinterestingthanthatone.,比较级的用法,3.为了表示持续不断的变化，我们可以用“双重比较”的方法，这种结构后面不可跟than引导的比较状语从句。如：Heiscryingharderandharder.Ourcountrygetsmoreandmorebeautiful.Computersaregettingsmallerandsmaller,andcomputingfasterandfaster.,4.表示两个变化是一起发生的，可以把比较级形式和the一起用，表示“越，就越”的意思。如：Thehigherthemountainis,thethinnertheairis.Theearlieryoustart,thesooneryouwillbeback.,Practise,1.Shanghaiis_thanBeijing.Itis_cityinourcountry.(large)2.Billisntas_asMike.Tomis_thanMike.Whois_ofthethreeboys?(old)3.Marydrawsas_asBill,andsheismuch_thanhimatsinging.(well,good)4.Springiscoming.Theweatherisgetting_and_.(warm)5.Tom,JonandIboughtacomputereachlastweek.Johnscomputerismuch_thanTomsandmine.Itis_ofthethree.(expensive)6.Itisalittle_todaythanyesterday.(wet)7.MrsBrownismuch_thanshewastwoyearsago.(healthy)8.Whichdoyoulike_,basketball,volleyball,orfootball?(well),larger,thelargest,old,older,theoldest,well,better,warmer,warmer,moreexpensive,themostexpensive,wetter,healthier,best,Beijingersaretrue_totheworld.(friend)2.Look!How_Kittyislaughing!(happy)3.IthinkJulyis_thananyothermonthinourcountry.(hot)4.Shealwayslistenstotheteacher_inclass.(care)5.Theparkisoneofthe_parksinBeijing.(beautiful)6.ShespeaksEnglish,butnotas_ashisbrother.(good)7.Iwas_bythe_sound.(frightened,frightening)8.Themusicsounds_.(beautiful,beautifully)9.Dontmakesomuchnoise,oryouwillwakeupthe_boy.(sleeping,asleep)10.Yesterdaysconcertwaswonderful.Iveneverheardsuchan_onebefore.(excited,exciting),Practise,friendly,happily,hotter,carefully,mostbeautiful,well,frightened,frightening,beautiful,sleeping,exciting,Therebe的结构,肯定句：Thereis/wasaThereare/were一般疑问句:Is/Wasthere?Yes,thereis/was.No,thereisnt/was.Arethere?Yes,thereare/were.No,therearent/werent.否定句：Thereisnt/wasnt.Therearent/werent.,Therebe表示“存在有”,即当我们告诉某人某事存在(或不存在)常用这种结构。其中there是引导词,本身无词义;be为谓语动词,后面跟的是名词,也就是主语,也就是说therebe结构的运用也就是倒装的具体运用。其真正的主语在therebe之后。,Therebe的结构,Some和any一般情况下，some用于肯定句中，any用于否定句中。如：Thereissomemilkinthebottle.Therearentanypicturesonthewall.Isthereanythingnewintodaysnewspaper?,3.特殊疑问句：Whatsinthebasket?Therearesomeeggsinit.2)Howmanystudentsarethereinyourclass?Therearefiftystudents.,2.Be动词与后面所跟名词的就近原则：Thereisapenandtwopencilsinthebox.Therearesomestudentsandateacherintheclassroom.,Practise,1There_noteainthecupAisBareChasDbe2There_inthenextroomAisTomBaresomeboysCaretheyDistheboy3Thereissome_ontheplateAappleBbreadCbananaDsandwich4There_somepaperandapenonthedeskAisBareChaveDhas5Theresgoingto_intomorrowsnewspapersAhavesomethingnewBhavenewsomethingCbesomethingnewDbenewsomething6Thereissomemilkinthebottle，_？AisntthereBarentthereCisntitDarethere7_isthereonthetable？AHowmanyapplesBHowmuchbreadCHowmuchbreadsDHowmanyfood8Thereis_oldwomaninthecarABaCtheDan,A,B,B,A,C,A,A,D,9Theres_orangetreebehind_houseAan；theBa；aCthe；the10Thereis_mapintheclassroom_mapisonthewallAa；ABthe；TheCa；TheDthe；A11Thereis_“f”and_“u”intheword“four”Aan；aBa；aCan；anDa；an12There_notanywaterintheglassAhasBisCare13There_anappleandtenbananasinthebasketYoucantakeanyofthemAareBisChasDhave14_anyflowersonbothsidesofthestreet？AIsthereBArethereCHasDHave15Thereislittlewaterintheglass，_？AisntthereBisntitCisitDisthere16There_somewaterinthebottleAareBisChasDhave17Howmany_arethereinyourclassroom？AdesksBdeskCchairDdoor,A,C,A,B,B,B,D,B,A,“Wh”的疑问句,What1)Whatsthis/that?2)Whatsyourname?3)Whatareyoudoing?4)Whatdoyoulike/need?5)Whatdidyoudo?6)Whatishisjob?7)Whatdoyouusuallydoattheweekends?8)Whatareyougoingtodo?9)Whatcolourisit?10)Whatstheweatherlike?