american+literature美国文学讲义

LectureOne,EarlyLiterature,THECOLONIALPERIOD(1620-1763),HistoricalBackground,nativeinhabitants:IndiansImmigrantsmostlyfromEurope:Spanish;Dutch;FrenchFirstgroup:1580s-1600sEnglishimmigrantledbyJohnSmith,settlinginJamestown,Virginia,1607(NewEngland),aimingatwealthandhappierlife,HistoricalBackground,SecondGroup:1610s-1620sPre-puritansasradicalmembersofChurchofEnglandMayFlowerin1620;PlymouthColony;WilliamBradfordasgovernorThirdGroup:after1620sJohnWinthrop;Puritans;MassachusettsBayColony;themostinfluentialimmigration,Generaldescription:Documents(utilitarian)otherthanLiteraryCreationDesireforidentity:description/definitionofanAmericannessCulturaldiversity:theNorthvs.theSouth“CittyuponaHill”vs.“valeofplenty”:twoearliestversionsoftheAmericandream,TheSouthernColoniesincluded:Maryland(MD),Virginia(VA),NorthCarolina(NC),SouthCarolina(SC),andGeorgia(GA).,TheMiddlecoloniesincluded:NewYork(NY),NewJersey(NJ),Delaware(DE)andPennsylvania(PA).,Thenortherncoloniesincluded:NewHampshire(NH),Massachusetts(MASS),RhodeIsland(RI),andConnecticut(CONN),Theoriginalnortherncoloniesincluded:ProvidenceofNewHampshire,MassachusettsBayCompany,ProvidencePlantations,ColonyofRhodeIsland,andConnecticutColony,06/04/2006,8,06/04/2006,9,OutlinebyRegion,NewEnglandCongregationalistsRhodeIslandBaptistsMiddleColoniesQuakersMennonitesMoraviansLutheransPresbyteriansMarylandRomanCatholicSouthC,NY,etc.Anglican,TheSouth:Planters,CameforEconomicReasonsReligions:mainlyAnglican,BaptistFormedlargeplantations,often100peoplelivingonthem.Literature:moredescriptive,lessreligiousinnatureOralliteratureofAfricanAmericans,PlanterEliteoftheSouth,ownersofthegreatplantationstherichest/mostpowerfulmeninthecoloniesElegantestatesrivaledthemansionsoftheEnglisharistocracyprivilegedcircledifficulttoenterPlanterelite:narrowandexclusive;manycharacteristicsofanaristocracy,MountVernon,NorthernSociety,WealthyclassalsodevelopedinthenorthMainlymerchantsinvolvedininternationaltradelesswealthythansouthernplantereliteeasiertoenterHardworking,alittleluck,rightcontacts,andalotofdriveandnerve,Bostonmerchant,TheFrontier,heavilyforested,claimedbyIndians,andfarfromprotectionofcolonialgovernmentsthechancetomanytobecomeanindependentfarmera“criticalsafetyvalve”forthediscontentedanddissatisfiedCreatedAmericantraditionofmovinginordertofindbetteropportunities,GENERALFEATURES,PropagandisticandutilitarianJohnSmith:TheGeneralHistoryofVirginiaSt.JeanCrevecoeur:LettersfromanAmericanFarmerPuritanicalelementsAnneBradstreet:ToMyDearandLovingHusbandEdwardTaylor:PreparatoryMeditationsJonathanEdwards:SinnersintheHandofanAngryGodIndian-Europeanconflict,PURITANLITERATURE,TheschismsoftheChristendom,MaxWeber:TheProtestantEthicandtheSpiritofCapitalism,PuritanismlivingforglorifyingGod;Believing:predestination（命运天定)originalsin(原罪)totaldepravity(人类是完全堕落的，所以人要处处小心自己的行为，要尽可能做到最好以取悦上帝)limitedatonementhewasasoldierofJehovahwhocameoutonthelosingsideofabargain.hewasapracticalidealist.HecametoNewEnglandtofoundtheperfectsocietyandthekingdomoftheelectandneverexpectittobeperfect,butonlythebestthatfalliblemencouldmake.HiscreedwastherevealedwordofGodandhislifewastheruleofmoderation.Hisbeliefswerehandeddownonhighandhisconductwasregulatedbyexpediency.Hewasadoctrinaireandanopportunist”(PerryMiller),AmericanPuritanism,FeaturesofAmericanPuritan,idealist,dream,theywouldbuildthenewlandtoanEdenonearth.,morepractical,tougher,thesevereconditions,struggleforsurvival,preoccupiedwithbusinessandprofits,acodeofvaluesaphilosophyoflifeapointofview,AmericanPuritanism,1.BasisofAmericanliterature,wentintothemakingofAmericanliterature,dreamedoflivingunderaperfectorderworkedwithcouragehopedtobuildanEdenofGardenonearthfacedtheworstoflifewithoptimism,AllliteratureisbasedonamythgardenofEden.,Enduringshapinginfluenceonliterature,AmericanPuritanism,2.ContributingtothedevelopmentofSymbolism:atechnique,widelyused,Puritansthoughtthatallthesimpleobjectsexistingintheworldconnoteddeepmeaning.,Enduringshapinginfluenceonliterature,AmericanPuritanism,3.Influencingthestyleofliterature:simple,fresh,anddirect(Protestantaestheticism)(GenevaBiblevs.KJV),WithoutunderstandingofPuritanism,therecanbenogoodunderstandingofAmericancultureandliterature.,Enduringshapinginfluenceonliterature,PuritanWriting:ThePurposeofLiteratureistoEdify,OfPlymouthPlantation:PuritansinMass.IsraelitesledbyMosesGodsprovidentialworkamongthecolonistsReminderofreligiousmission,“AModelofChristianCharity”thehistoricalbackgroundofthefoundationoftheUnitedStateshope,courage,joyfulness,confidence“Cittyuponthehill”(notextendedtoIndians!),AnneBradstreet(1612-1672),thefirstnotedpoetessincolonialperiod,AnneBradstreetsWorks“SomeversesontheBurningofOurHouse”“TheSpiritandtheFlesh”TheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmericaTwomajorgroups:Domesticpoems:naturalexpressionofhumanemotionsMeditations:instructiveemblemsinnatureanddailyexistence;divineprovidenceineverything,thefirstcollectionpublishedbyEnglishcolonistslivinginAmerica,Example,ContemplationsbyAnneBradstreet(1612-1672)Iheardthemerrygrasshopperthensing.Theblack-cladcricketbearasecondpart;Thenkeptonetuneandplayedonthesamestring,Seemingtogloryintheirlitterart.ShallcreaturesabjectthustheirvoicesraiseAndintheirkindresoundtheirMakerspraise,WhilstI,asmute,canwarbleforthnohigherlays?,Whatsthethemeoftheexcerpt?,Example,ToMyDearandLovingHusbandIfevertwowereone,thensurelywe.Ifevermanwerelovdbywife,thenthee;Ifeverwifewashappyinaman,Comparewithmeyewomenifyoucan.IprizethylovemorethanwholeMinesofgold,OralltherichesthattheEastdothhold.MyloveissuchthatRiverscannotquench,Noroughtbutlovefromthee,giverecompence.ThyloveissuchIcannowayrepay,TheheavensrewardtheemanifoldIpray.Thenwhilewelive,inloveletssopersever,Thatwhenwelivenomore,wemayliveever.,Whatsthethemeoftheexcerpt?,EdwardTaylor(ca.1642-1729),Thepoetof“wildernessbaroque”generallyunknownduringhislifetime.joyousnessinthesensoryexperiencevs.Puritanattitudeofpoetryasmoralinstructiononlydiscoveredinthe1930:amajorliteraryfindofthetwentiethcentury.Representativework:“Huswifery”(thehouseholdtaskofmakingclothwiththegiftofGodssalvation),JonathanEdwards(1703-1758),“ThelastPuritan”BridgebetweenPuritanAmericaandmodernAmerica“SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod”TheGreatAwakening:Religiousrevivalthatspreadthroughoutthecoloniesinthelate1700s,Mainworks:TheFreedomoftheWillTheGreatDoctrineofOriginalSinDefendedTheNatureofTrueVirtueMainfeatures:Representspiety,religiouspassionandidealismbeautyofnature:amanifestationofspiritualexcellence.Everythingisanimageorshadowofthedivine.,JonathanEdwards(1703-1758),LITERATUREAROUNDTHEREVOLUTIONOFINDEPENDENCE(1764-1820),Outline,CausesofAmericanRevolution:politicalEconomicalIdeologicalIndustrialrevolutionRepresentativewriters:,CausesoftheAmericanRevolution,TheEnlightenment:PoliticalTheories,SocialcontractFederalism,GovernmentforpeopleAm.RevolutionNaturalrights-life,liberty,propertyDeclarationofIndependence,Tolerance,reason,freedomofreligionandspeechBillofRights,SeparationofPowers-Constitution,ReligiousFreedom-BillofRights,GeneralEnlightenmentBeliefs:,For:Freedom,DemocracyandReason.Against:Tyranny,IntoleranceandSuperstition.,TheIndustrialRevolution,Thebirthofthemodernworld:SteamPower.Manufacturing.Textiles.Pollution?,M