1. Lexicology.ppt

AnIntroductiontoEnglishLexicology,SomeInterestingFacts,IwasdustingthemantelpiecewhenInoticedacrack.我在擦壁炉台的时候发现了一道裂纹。Dustthetopofthecakewithicingsugar.在蛋糕上撒些糖霜。,Dust：“擦去的灰尘”VS“在上撒上粉末”？,Heleftthehousebythebackdoor.Hisshoesleftmuddymarksonthefloor.,Yougetinandoutofacar,yetyougetonandoffabus.Andwhy,whenIwindupmywatch,Istartit,ButwhenIwindupthisessay,Iendit?Themotherisundergoingthejoyfulpainandthepainfuljoyofchildbirth.Womenhaveawonderfulsenseofrightandwrong,butlittlesenseofrightandleft.Weeatwhatwecanandwhatwecantwecan.,Englishisacrazylanguage,fullofwondersandattractions,thusmakingitaninterestingsubjectaswellasausefulone.,WhatisEnglish?,6,EnglishasaLanguage,Common/popularlanguage,Internationallanguage,Nativelanguage,Firstlanguage,Secondlanguage,Mothertongue,Foreignlanguage,Officiallanguage,Computerlanguage,Widely-usedlanguage,Influentiallanguage,Cosmopolitanlanguage(Esperanto),Universal/globallanguage,Businesslanguage,Scientificlanguage,Butwhatislanguage?Codesystem,linguisticrulescommunicativeabilities,7,EnglishasaTool,communication,Bridginggaps,internet,E-mail,Learning/studying,Howtomakethetoolusable/workable?,Itisamatterof“use”insteadof“usage”!,8,EnglishasSkills,Listeningskill,Speakingskill,Readingskill,Writingskill,Translatingskill,Howtolearn/command/developskills?,Itisamatterof“can”insteadof“know”!,9,EnglishasMeans,Conveythoughts,Expressfeeling,Findgoodjobs,Studyabroad,Surviveinthe“globalvillage”,Competewithrivals,Payattentiontoitsfunctionsandyourperformance!,10,EnglishasCultureBeattentive，whileactiveinthinking;Homeworkassignments,presentationandattendance:40%;Finalexam:60%.,1.Introduction:1.1RelationshipamongThree“L”s,LanguageLinguisticsLexicology(Words/Vocabulary),1.2Whatislanguage?,Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Itisaspecificsocialactionandacarrierofinformation.,“LanguageismanswayofcommunicationwithhisfellowmanandItislanguagealonewhichseparatehimfromtheloweranimals”,1.2Whatislanguage?,asocialactionandacarrierofinf.asystemofstructure.asocialphenomenon.aphysiologicalphenomenon.apsychologicalphenomenon.aphysicalphenomenon.Asystemofsymbolsbasedonphysiology,psychologyandphysics;asocialactionandacarrierofinformationusedforhumancommunicationinasociety.(赵世开)(rft.2/p.),1.3Whatislinguistics?,Generallyspeaking,linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Tobemoreexact,linguisticsstudiesthegeneralprinciplesuponwhichlanguagesareconstructedandoperateassystemsofhumancommunication.Itincludesastudyofphonology,syntax,semantics,phonetics,lexicology,stylistics,corpusappliedlinguistics.,1.4Whatislexicology?,ThetermlexicologywasborrowedfromtheFrenchwordlexicologie,whichcontainstwomorphemes:lexicon(Greek)andlogie（French）.Theformermeans“words(vocabulary)orwordbook”,andthelattermeans“thestudyorscienceof”.Sotheliteralmeaningofthetermis“thescienceofwords”.,1.4.1Whatdoeslexicologystudy?,Lexicologyisabranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththestudyofthevocabularyofagivenlanguage.Itdealswithwords,theirorigin,development,structure,formation,meaningandusage.Inshort,itisthestudyoftheapplicationandsignificationofwords.Withoutwords,therewouldbenolanguage,andwithoutlanguage,therewouldbenolinguistics.,1.4.2Subjectsrelevanttolexicologystudy,etymologystudiesthemeaning,origin,andhistoryofindividualwordsandtheirdevelopment.Historicallexicologystudiesfromahistoricalpointofviewthedevelopmentofvocabularyasawholeonthebasisofetymology.Phraseologymainlydealswithsetexpressionsoridioms.Lexicographyisconcernedwiththewritingandcompilationofdictionaries.,1.4.3MethodsofLexicologyStudy:Synchronicvs.diachronicstudy,Asynchronicapproachisanapproachtothestudyofalanguageatoneperiodoftimewhereasadiachronicapproachisanapproachtothestudyofthechangeinalanguagethattookplaceoveraperiodoftime.,Tosumup,EnglishLexicologyisatheoretically-orientedcourseaswellasapracticalone.EnglishlexicologyasatheoryofmodernEnglishmaybeusefulinvocabularystudybecauseitderivesfrompracticeandshouldguidepractice.,1.5ThreebasicelementsofEnglish(language):,speechsounds(phonetics)grammarvocabulary(lexicology),1.5.1Whatisaword?,Thedefinitionofawordcomprisesthefollowingpoints:1.aminimalfreeformofalanguage2.asoundunity3.aunitofmeaning4.aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentenceAwordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction.词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能，能独立运用的最小的语言单位。,1.5.2Whatisvocabulary?:,Broadlyspeaking,allthewordsinalanguagetogetherconstitutewhatisknownasvocabulary.Thetermvocabularyusuallyreferstoacompleteinventoryofthewordsinalanguageatagivenperiod.Butitmayalsorefertothewordsandphrasesthatapersonknows.Lexicologyvs.vocabulary?,1.5.3Apersonsvocabularygroups,Speakingvocabulary,Writingvocabulary,Reading/guessvocabulary,Activevocabulary,Negativevocabulary,Productivevocabulary,Receptivevo