2017届高三英语人教版一轮复习课件：阅读微技能 词义推测的六条线索

在阅读中我们常常会遇到生词或虽是熟词但用原来学过的意思去理解却不通，这时就需要根据上下文，也就是语境，去理解，有的也可以根据构词法去理解。高考阅读理解题中也常常要求考生推测词义。这里着重谈谈根据语境理解时的几条具体线索。,词义推测的六条线索,1.根据转折对比关系根据上下句之间表示转折或对比关系的连接性词语来推测词义。如表示转折的词有but,however,otherwise,or,though等,表示对比关系的标志性词语有unlike,while,ontheotherhand,inspiteof,incontrast等；另外,分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。,例1Timeissomethingfromwhichwecantescape.Evenifweignoreit,itsstillgoingby,tickingaway,secondbysecond,minutebyminute,hourbyhour.Sothemainissueinusingyourtimewellis,“Whosincharge?”Wecanallowtimetoslipbyandletitbeourenemy.Orwecantakecontrolofitandmakeitourally.,Theunderlinedword“ally”mostlikelymeanssomebodyorsomethingthatis_.A.yourslaveandservesyouB.yoursupporterandhelpsyouB.underyourcontrolandobeysyouD.underyourinfluenceandfollowsyou解析：B本句由or引出，与前句意义相对，要求猜的ally显然与前句的enemy相对，即为“朋友”，朋友是支持和帮助我们的，故选B。,B,2.根据因果关系就是根据前后的因果关系来推断其中的某个生词或短语的意思。可能是由表示原因的句意推出表示结果的句子中的某个生词或短语的意思,即由因推果法；也可能是由表示结果的句意推出表示原因的句子中的某个生词或短语的意思，即由果推因法。表示因果关系的有because,sothat,so/such.that.等。,例2Pleasestayonpermittedpaths.Otherwiseyoumaydestroydesertplants.Packoutwhatyoupackin,soyouleavenosignsofyourvisit.Itisimportanttokeepinmindthatyouareinanationalparkwherewildlifeexists.,Whatdotheunderlinedwords“packoutwhatyoupackin”probablymean?A.Keepeverythingoutofcampgrounds.B.Takeawayeverythingyoubringin.C.Carryallthenecessaryfood.D.Lookafteryourpersonalbelongings.,解析：B句中so引出结果,由果推因,“不要留下任何参观的痕迹”,因此“要把带来的所有东西都带走”,故选B。,B,3.根据解释或修饰语根据后面的括号中、破折号后面、引号中的内容,或者后面的定语从句，以及namely和thatis等后面的解释性内容推测生词或短语的意思。,例3TheschoolsarereluctanttotaketimeoffeventeacherswithticketsfortheEngland-Argentinagamehadtroublegettingthedayoff.,Theunderlinedword“reluctant”mayprobablymean_.kindB.unwillingC.freeD.careless解析：B根据破折号后面的解释“即使是有英格兰和阿根廷比赛门票的老师也很难挤出一天的时间”，可见学校是“不愿意”放假的,故选B。,B,4.根据同义关系根据生词所处语境中的同义或近义词的意思来推测它的意思。有时有and或or等，我们可以根据前后两项或多项并列的内容在含义上是接近的或递进的关系，来确定同等或同类关系中的某个生词所属的义域，由此可推知其大致意思。,例4Itisobviousthatifstudentsvaluehighlytheirtestscores,thenagreatamountoftheirself-respectisputinthenumber.Studentswhoperformpoorlyontheexamareleftfeelingthatitisallover.Thelowtestscore,theythink,willmakeitimpossibleforthemtogetintoagoodcollege.Andwithoutadegreefromaprestigiousuniversity,theyfearthatmanyoflifesdoorswillremainforeverclosed.,“aprestigiousuniversity”ismostprobablymeans_.A.afamousuniversityB.atechnicaluniversityC.atraditionaluniversityD.anexpensiveuniversity解析:A根据上句可知，此句中的prestigiousuniversity就是上句中的goodcollege，也就是prestigious与good或famous同义，故选A。,A,5.根据语境关联由上下文语境的描述猜测出某个词语的意思。例5(2013广东)WhileJenniferwasathometakinganonlineexamforherbusinesslawclass,amonitor(监控器)afewhundredmilesawaywaswatchinghereverymove.,UsingawebcameraequippedinJennifersLosAngelesapartment,themonitorinPhoenixtrackedhowfrequentlyhereyesmovedfromthecomputerscreenandlistenedforthesecretsoundsofapossiblehelperintheroomInthebattleagainstcheating,thisisthecuttingedgeandakeytoencouragehonestyintheboomingfieldofonlineeducation.Thetechnologygivestrusttotheentiresystem,totheinstitutionandtoonlineeducationingeneral.,A.advancedtechniqueB.sharpeningtoolC.effectiveruleD.dividingline解析：A第一段总述Jennifer在家中考试，有监控器监视她的每一个动作；第二段具体描述监控器如何监视她；第三段开头，thisisthecuttingedge，句中this指代什么？就是指上文描述的为了防止网络教育中考试作弊所采用amonitor进行监控的先进技术，故选A。,Theunderlinedexpression“cuttingedge”isclosestinmeaningto_.,A,6.综合运用多种方法除上述方法外,还可以根据并列关系、同类关系、比喻关系、定义关系、所举实例、构词法和生活常识等多种方法推测生词的意义，有时需要综合运用多种方法，才可推测其意义。例6Thenewtypeofpineapplewassellingfast,andtheDelMonteGoldpineapplerapidlybecameafixtureintheshoppingbasketofthehealthyeater.,Theunderlinedword“fixture”probablyreferstosomething_.A.thatpeopleenjoyeatingB.thatisalwayspresentC.thatisdifficulttogetD.thatpeopleuseasagift解析：B这种新品种菠萝很畅销,当然成为了健康饮食人士购物筐中的“常客”。另外根据构词法知识可知,该词的词根是fix,含有“固定”之意。故选B。,B,1.Thephrase“bringingtheerrortotheclerksattention”means_AtellingthetruthtotheclerkBofferingadvicetotheclerkCaskingtheclerktobemoreattentiveDremindingtheclerkofthechargeditem,A由表示对比关系的incontrast可知，bringingtheerrortotheclerksattention应与前面的wedonttelltheclerk具有相反意义，即tellingthetruthtotheclerk，故选A。,A,2.Theunderlinedpart“thecoloursturnedthecustomersoff”meansthatthecolours_AattractedthecustomersstronglyBhadweakeffectsonthecustomersCtrickedthecustomersintoshoppingDcausedthecustomerstoloseinterest,D由因推果法。因为这些颜色使这些产品看起来没有药效(weakandineffective),所以这些颜色就会“使顾客对产品失去兴趣”。,D,Theunderlinedexpression“makeabigtodoover”means_A