中国传统文化(英文)

AmazingLand,China,ScenicspotsinChina,TheImperialPalace,TheGreatWall,Taishan,TheHuangdiMausoleum,BeautifulChina,ChinaisoneoftheFourAncientCivilizations(alongsideBabylon,IndiaandEgypt),accordingtoChinesescholarLiangQichao(1900).Itboastsavastgeographicexpanse,3,600yearsofwrittenhistory,aswellasarichandprofoundculture.ManyaspectsofChineseculturecanbetracedbackmanycenturiesago.Chinesecultureissodiverseandunique,yetharmoniouslyblended,andpresentsitselfaninvaluableassettotheworld.,ChineseCivilization,Oracle,oneoftheoldestlanguageintheworld,DescendantsoftheDragon,ChineseArtsandCraftsItiscommonknowledgethatChinahasalonghistoryandgloriousl:ris(光荣的)historyinbothartsandtraditionalcrafts.Chineseart,likeChineseliterature,goesbackmanycenturies.Earlythemesweredevelopedfromreligiousrilids(宗教的)andsupernatural(超自然的)beliefsorfromthenaturalenvironmentandlandscape.Theartsandcraftsarenotonlytheembodimentimbdimnt(体现)ofthepeopleslongingforaesthetici:setik(审美的)beautyforthemselvesandasgiftsforothers,butalsogreattreasuresforChinaandtherestoftheworld.,ChinesePaintingisdividedintothreegenres(流派)-figures,landscapes,andbirds-and-flowersandeachtypehasitsdistinctivecharacteristics.Inaddition,difficultskillsarerequiredtothepaintersofChinesepainting.ThetoolsusedintraditionalChinesepaintingarepaintbrush(毛笔),ink,traditionalpaintandspecialpaperorsilk.,BathingHorsesbyZhaoMengfu(赵孟頫),ChinesePotterymaybetheoldestartwork（艺术品)ofhumanbeings.AsfarbackastheNeolithic,ni:uliikAge(新石器时代)(morethan8,000yearsago),peoplebeganmixing(v.混合)clayandwaterthenbakingituntilithelditsshape.Ancientpeopleattachedthewordpotterytotheirdiscoveryandusedittocreatevariousvessels(容器)andtoolstoimprovethequalityoflife.Overthecourseofthousandsofyears,potterybecamedominantdminnt(支配的)waresinpeoplesdailylife:usedtocook,tostorethings,andtoholdcuisineorwatersasdishes.,Abasinwiththepatternofhumanfaceandfish,NeolithicAge,Astimepassed,thetechniquebecamemoreandmoreconsummate(至上的).Differentkindsofpotteryappearedindifferenttimesandregions.YangshaoCulture,5,000-7,000yearsagototoday,developedatechniqueforpaintedpottery.QujialingCultureandLongshanCulture,datingbackabout4,000yearsago,wereknownfortheirblackpottery.DuringtheShangDynasty(16th-11thcenturyBC)bronzevesselsgrewintosomewhat(几分)ofastatussymbol(社会地位象征);commonpeople,though,stillusedtraditionalclaypottery.Workshopsofgreyandwhitepotterstooktheartisticfeaturesofbronzewares(商品)anddecoratedtheirarticlesornately.,apotteryfromYangshaoCulture,Paper-cutingisaverydistinctivevisualart(视觉艺术)ofChinesehandicrafts(手工艺).Itoriginatedfrom(发源于)the6thcenturywhenwomenusedtopaste(张贴)goldenandsilverfoil(银箔)cuttingsontotheirhairatthetemples,andmenusedtheminsacredrituals（神圣的仪式）.Later,theywereusedduringfestivalstodecorategatesandwindows.Afterhundredsofyearsdevelopment,nowtheyhavebecomeaverypopularmeansofdecorationamongcountryfolk,especiallywomen.,Themaincuttingtoolsaresimple:paperandscissorssizz（剪刀）oranengravinginreivi（雕刻）knife,butcleveranddeft（灵巧的）craftspeopleareremarkably（显著地）goodatcuttinginthethemeofdailylife.Whenyoulookatitemsmadeinthismethodcarefully,youwillbeamazedbythetruetolifeexpressionsofthefiguressentimentandappearance,orportrayalp:treil（描绘）ofnaturalplantsandanimalsdiversegestures（姿态）.Patternsofchrysanthemumdisplaythecurlingpetals（卷曲的花瓣）,piedmagpies（喜鹊）showtheirtinyfeathersandotherssuchasamarrieddaughterreturningtoherparentshome,oryoungpeoplepayingaNewYearcalltotheirgrandparents.,PekingOperaandLocalOperas,Chinaboasts（以有而自豪）morethan300formsoftraditionalopera,ofwhichPekingOperaisthemostpopular.Pekingoperawasevolvedfrom（由进化）theKunquOpera,anevenmoreancientartofdrama.Thelatterwaslistedamongthefirstbatchofmankindsrepresentativeworksoforalandnonmaterial,nnmtiril（非物质的）heritageheritid（遗产）bytheUNESCOju:nesku（联合国教科文组织）inMay2001.PekingOperaasauniqueartcombiningsinging,music,chanting（念咒）,dancingandmartialartsintoone,tookshapeintheearly19thcenturyinBeijing.Intheover200yearsofperformancepractice,PekingOperahasdevelopedcharacteristictypesofmeterinmusicandstylizedstailaizd（风格化）movementsofperformers,aswellasmorethan1,000routines（惯例）intherepertoirereptw:（全部节目）.,Succeeding（随后的）agroupofoutstandingPekingOperaactorsandactresses,includingMeiLanfang,ChengYanqiu,MaLianliang,ZhouXinfangandDuJinfang,youngartistsareconstantlybreathingnewlifeintoPekingOpera.Theemergenceim:dns（展露）ofyoungactorsandactresseswithbeautiful,elegantstageappearances,suchasWangRongrongandYuKuizhi,sincethe1990shasdemonstrated（证明）thatPekingOperahasqualifiedsuccessors（合格的继承人）,Localoperashavemadecontinuousreformsonthebasisofkeepingtheirbasictraditions.PopularlocaloperasincludeYueju(ShaoxingOperafromZhejiang),Huangmeixi(fromAnhui),Chuanju(SichuanOpera),Yuju(HenanOpera),andYueju(GuangdongOpera).TibetanOperahasareligioustinge（宗教的味道）andisimbuedwith（灌输）Tibetanethnicenik（种族的）folklorefukl:（民间传说）.Itisbold（大胆的)andunconstrained(不受约束的),andisbecomingmoreandmorepopularbothathomeandabroad.,Inaddition,moderndramaintroducedfromforeigncountrieshasbeendevelopedconsiderablyoverthepastfewdecades.Teahouse,createdandperformedbytheBeijingPeoplesArtTheater,hasbecometherepresentativeworkoftheChinesemoderndrama,arousing(激发)wideattentionbothathomeandabroad.,Chinesefoodculture,Chinacoversalargeterritory(领土)andhasmanynationalities,SoChinesefoodhavedifferentbutfantasticandmouthwatering(令人垂涎的)flavors.Chineselocaldisheshavetheirowntypicalcharacteristics,generally,Chinesefoodcanberoughlydividedintoeightregionalcuisines,whichhasbeenwidelyacceptedaround.Certainly,therearemanyotherlocalcuisinesthatarefamous,suchasShanghaiCuisineandBeijingCuisine.,EightcuisinesinChina,1.ShandongCuisine2.Jiangsucuisine3.Hunancuisine4.AnhuiCuisine,5.SichuanCuisine6.GuangdongCuisine7.FujianCuisine8.ZhejiangCuisine,Shandongcuisine,ShandongcuisineisconsistedofJinancuisineandJiaodongcuisine,Itischaracterizedbyitsemphasisemfsis(着重于)onaroma,freshness,crispness(易碎)andtenderness.Shallotandgarlicareusuallyusedasseasoningssi:zniz(调味品),soShangdongdishestastespungent(辛辣的)usually.SoupsaregivenmuchemphasisinShangdongdishes.Jinancuisineisadeptatdeep-frying,grilling,fryingandstir-frying,whileJiaodongcuisineisfamousforcookingseafoodwithfreshandlighttaste.,Dezhoubraisedchicken,Shandongisalargepeninsulapininsjul（半岛）surroundedbytheseatotheeastandtheYellowRivermeandering（曲折的）throughthecenter.Asaresult,seafoodisamajorcomponentofShandongcuisine.ShandongsmostfamousdishistheSweetandSourCarp（糖醋鲤鱼）.AtrulyauthenticSweetandSourCarpmustcomefromtheYellowRiver.Thedishesaremainlyclear,freshandfatty,perfectwithShandongsownfamousbeer,QingdaoBeer.,TheShandongcharacteristicsnack,Sweatandsourcarp,Shandongisthebirthplaceofmanyfamousancientscholars（学者们）suchasConfuciousandMencius.SothehistoryofShandongcuisineisasoldasConfucioushimself,makingittheoldestexistingmajorcuisineinChina.,SichuanCuisine,SichuanCuisineisoneofthemostfamousChinesecuisinesintheworld.WhichisCharacterizedbyitsspicyandpungentflavor,Itemphasizesontheuseofchili.Besides,garlic,ginger（姜）andfermentedsoybean（豆瓣酱）arealsousedinthecookingprocess.Wildvegetablesandanimalsareusuallychosenasingredients（材料）,whilefrying,fryingwithoutoil,picklingandbraisingareappliedasbasiccookingtechniques.ItcannotbesaidthatonewhodoesnotexperienceSichuanfoodeverreachesChina(没有品尝过四川菜的人不算来过中国）.,HotPot火锅,Mapotofu麻婆豆腐,GuangdongCuisine,Guangdongcuisinetastesclear,light,crisp脆的andfresh.Itusuallychoosesraptorsandbeaststoproduceoriginative（有创作力的）dishes.Itsbasiccookingtechniquesincluderoasting,stir-frying,deep-frying,braisingandsteaming.Amongthemsteamingandstir-fryingaremorecommonlyappliedtopreservethenaturalflavor.Guangdongchefsalsopaymuchattentiontotheartisticpresentationofdishes.,Slicedcoldchicken白斩鸡,RoastedSucklingPig烤乳猪,JiangsuCuisine,JiangsuCuisine,alsocalledHuaiyangCuisine,ispopularinthelowerreachoftheYangt