哈佛《幸福课》

1504:BasicPremises,ThePremises,BridgebuildingVs.DivisionandseparationChangeispossibleVs.ChangeisillusiveInternalfactorsprimarilydeterminehappinessVs.HappinessisprimarilyafunctionofexternalcircumstancesHumannaturemustbeobeyedVs.HumannaturemustbeperfectedHappinessisandoughttobetheultimateendVs.Happinessshouldbeasecondarypursuit,PREMISE1:BridgebuildingVS.Divisionandseparation,BridgingIvoryTowerandMainStreet,“Thecarefulshieldingofauniversityfromtheactivitiesoftheworldaroundusisthebestwaytochillinterestandtodefeatprogress.Celibacydoesnotsuitauniversity.Itmustmateitselfwithaction.”AlfredNorthWhitehead,TheNeedforPracticalIdealists,ThedesiretomakeadifferenceFalsestereotypesGenerousHarvardiansGenerousAmericansInfluentialpositionsGoodwillandidealismnecessarybutnotsufficient,PsychologyCanHelp,Appliedresearchintheclassroomforincreasingself-esteembridgingmindandbodyinconflictresolutionTakingresearchseriouslyTakingresponsibility!,PREMISE2:ChangeispossibleVS.Changeisillusive,“Itmaybethattryingtobehappierisasfutileastryingtobetallerandisthereforecounterproductive.”LykkenandTellegan(1996),MinnesotaTwinStudies,ChangeisPossible,Counterevidence:PeopledochangeErroroftheaverageExceptionprovestheruleDetrimentalresearchStudyingthebest,Growing-TipStatistics,“Whatthiskindofresearchdesignmeansisachangeinourconceptionofstatistics,andespeciallyofsamplingtheory.WhatIamfranklyespousinghereiswhatIhavebeencallinggrowing-tipstatistics,takingmytitlefromthefactthatitisatthegrowingtipofaplantthatthegreatestgeneticactiontakesplace.”AbrahamMaslow,“Ifwewanttoknowhowfastahumanbeingcanrun,thenitisnousetoaverageoutthespeedofagoodsampleofthepopulation;itisfarbettertocollectOlympicgoldmedalwinnersandseehowwelltheycando.Ifwewanttoknowthepossibilitiesforspiritualgrowth,valuegrowth,ormoraldevelopmentinhumanbeings,thenImaintainthatwecanlearnmostbystudyingourmostmoral,ethical,orsaintlypeople.OnthewholeIthinkitisfairtosaythathumanhistoryisarecordofthewaysinwhichhumannaturehasbeensoldshort.Thehighestpossibilitiesofhumannaturehavepracticallyalwaysbeenunderrated.Certainlyitseemsmoreandmoreclearthatwhatwecallnormalinpsychologyisreallyapsychopathologyoftheaverage,soundramaticandsowidelyspreadthatwedontevennoticeitordinarily.”,Growing-TipStatistics,Elitist?DoesntexcludestudyingtheaverageEveryonebenefitsStudyofresilienceStudyofmeditationStudyofrelationshipsStudyofteaching,StudyingOurPersonalBest,Describeorprescribe,“Fewinnumberthoughtheybe,wecanlearnagreatdealaboutvaluesfromthedirectstudyofthesehighlyevolved,mostmature,psychologicallyhealthiestindividuals,andfromthestudyofthepeakmomentsofaverageindividuals,momentsinwhichtheybecometransientlyself-actualized.”AbrahamMaslow,ChangingtheWorld?,TheCambridge-SomervilleYouthStudyAfiveyearinterventionTwice-a-monthcaseworkersvisitAcademictutoringPsychiatricattentionBoyScouts,YMCA,etc.,MeasuringOutcome,Randomassignment40yearfollowupShockingresultsNodifferenceinjuvenileoffensesNodifferenceinadultoffensesNodifferenceonhealth,mortality,wellbeingSignificantdifferenceonalcoholismandjobstatus,INTHE“WRONG”DIRECTION,IsSocietalChangePossible?,ExceptionprovestherulePracticalidealistsunite!,“WhatIamsuggestingisManhattan-Project-typeattacksuponwhatIconsidertobethetrulyBigProblemofourtime,notonlyforpsychologybutforallhumanbeingswithanysenseofhistoricalurgency.”AbrahamMaslow,ThePowerofOne,Humannetworksasexponential,“Allhistoryisarecordofthepowerofminorities,andofminoritiesofone.”RalphWaldoEmerson,“Neverdoubtthatasmallgroupofthoughtful,committedcitizenscanchangetheworld.Indeed,itistheonlythingthateverhas.”MargaretMead,ExponentialGrowth,Weunderestimateourcapacitytoeffectchangebecauseweunderestimatethegrowthofanexponentialfunction.,PREMISE3:InternalfactorsprimarilydeterminehappinessVS.Happinessisprimarilyafunctionofexternalcircumstances,SubjectiveWell-BeingResearch,Affectiveforecasting(DanGilbert),Happinesslevels(EdDiener),Incomematterslittle,Nochangeacrossgenerations,Placeofresidenceirrelevant,SubjectiveWell-BeingResearch,Affectiveforecasting(DanGilbert),Happinesslevels(EdDiener),Incomematterslittle,Nochangeacrossgenerations,Placeofresidenceirrelevant,Democracy/oppressionmatter!,Ourreadinessandpotentialtoexperiencehappinessismostlydependentonourstateofmind,notonourstatusorthestateofourbankaccount.,IsChangeIllusive?,Focusontrans-formation,PREMISE4:HumannaturemustbeobeyedVS.Humannaturemustbeperfected,ConstrainedUnconstrainedVisionVision,HumannatureimmutableFlawsinevitableAcceptanceChannelnature,_,CanbeimprovedPerfectibleSolutionsexistChangenature,“Naturetobecommandedmustbeobeyed”FrancisBacon,“Itisforself-perfectioningthatdestinycallsus”BenjaminConstant,VisionofPsychology,Humannatureimmutable(constrained)Roleistounderstandnatureandmakebestuseofit,ThePermissiontobeHuman,UnconditionalAcceptance(Rogers,1961),RejectingournatureleadstounhappinessParadox:“IronicProcessing”(Wegner,1994)TheGreatDeceptionNotresignationActiveacceptanceTruetoreality,“God,grantmetheserenitytoacceptthethingsIcannotchange,thecouragetochangethethingsIcanchange,andthewisdomtoknowthedifference.”ReinholdNiebuhr,PREMISE5:HappinessisandoughttobeourultimateendVS.Happinessshouldbeasecondarypursuit,HappinessastheHighestEnd,“Happinessisthemeaningandpurposeoflife,thewholeaimandendofhumanexistence.”Aristotle,“Whetheronebelievesinreligionornot,whetheronebelievesinthisreligionorthatreligion,theverypurposeofourlifeishappiness,theverymotionofourlifeistowardshappiness.”DalaiLama,“Ifweweretoaskthequestion:Whatishumanlifeschiefconcern?oneoftheanswersweshouldreceivewouldbe:Itishappiness.Howtogain,howtokeep,howtorecoverhappiness,isinfactformostmenatalltimesthesecretmotiveofalltheydo,andofalltheyarewillingtoendure.”WilliamJames,WhatsGoodAboutPositiveEmotions?,ItfeelsgoodtofeelgoodBroadenandbuild(Fredrickson,2002),“Weshouldworktocultivatepositiveemotionsinourselvesandinthosearoundusnotjustasendstatesinthemselves,butalsoasameanstoachievingpsychologicalgrowthandimprovedpsychologicalandphysicalhealthovertime.Icallthisthebroaden-and-buildtheoryofpositiveemotionsbecausepositiveemotionsappeartobroadenpeoplesmomentarythought-actionrepertoiresandbuildtheirenduringpersonalresources.Throughexperiencesofpositiveemotionspeopletransformthemselves,becomingmorecreative,knowledgeable,resilient,sociallyintegrated,andhealthyindividuals.”,WhatsGoodAboutPositiveEmotions?,ItfeelsgoodtofeelgoodBroadenandbuild(Fredrickson,2002),OvercomingnegativeemotionsIncreasedcreativityIncreasedmotivationandenergySuccessPhysicalhealth,Butwhataboutothers?,BetterrelationshipsHelpingOurselvesHelpingOthers(Isen,2002)HelpingOthersHelpingOurselves(Lyubomirsky2006),“Thousandsofcandlescanbelightedfromasinglecandle,andthelifeofthecandlewillnotbeshortened.Happinessneverdecreasesbybeingshared.”Buddha,Happinessisapositivesumgame,SpreadingHappiness,“Bethechangeyouwanttoseeintheworld.”Gandhi,ThePremises,BridgebuildingVs.DivisionandseparationChangeispossibleVs.ChangeisillusiveInternalfactorsprimarilydeterminehappinessVs.HappinessisprimarilyafunctionofexternalcircumstancesHumannaturemustbeob