周定语从句及相关练习

定语从句一、有关的几个概念：（一）定语从句：一种形容词性从句。其作用相当于形容词，用来修饰句中的名词和代词。（二）先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。（三）关系词：引导定语从句的词叫做关系词。关系词有两种：关系代词、关系副词。,二、关系代词和关系副词：（一）关系代词：who/whom/whose/that/which/as等。1.关系代词在定语从句中的作用：1)引导定语从句；2)代指先行词的意思；3)在定语从句中做主语或宾语（whose例外，在句中做定语）。e.g.1)Hesthemanwho/thathelpedmeyesterday.2)Hesthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.3)Hesthemanwhosebookwaslostyesterday.,2.关系代词的具体用法：1)who:代替指人的先行词，在定语从句中充当主语或宾语；2)whom:代替指人的先行词，在定语从句中充当宾语；3)that:代替指人或指物的先行词，在定语从句中充当主语或宾语；4)which:代替指物的先行词，在定语从句中充当主语或宾语；,5)whose:代替指人或指物的先行词，在意义上，相当于一个名词所有格（即先行词s）若用来指物，可以同ofwhich互换。e.g.Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.b.Pleasepassmethebookwhosecoverisgreen.thecoverofwhichofwhichthecover,用关系代词who,whom,which,that,whose填空:Thestudents_broketheschoolruleswerepunished.Therearemanypeople_areplantingtreesoverthere.Thebook_IboughtyesterdayisHarryPotter.,who/that,who/that,that/which,4.Thetomatoes_wereonthetableweretakenawaybyTom.5.Thedoctor_thenurseistalkingtowillleaveforAfricanextweek.6.Thehouse_roof(房顶)wasbrokenhasbeenrepaired.,which/that,whom/who/that,whose,6)as:两种用法：a.引导非限制性定语从句。指代整个主句的内容；其位置：位于句首、句中均可；在从句中，as充当主语或宾语。e.g.Asisknowntoall,Einsteinis.Asweallknow,.b.用在thesameas;such/soas中，代指先行词的意思；在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语等。e.g.1)Illbuythesamedictionaryasyou(bought).,2)Thisissuchaninterestingbookaseverybodywantstoread.3)Thisissointerestingabookaseverybodywantstoread.注意：1.区分：thesameas:as为关系代词，引导定语从句，指同一类事物thesamethat:that为关系代词，引导定语从句，指同一件事物,e.g.1)YouhavethesamepenasI(have/do).你有一支和我的钢笔一样的钢笔。2)ThisisthesamepenthatIlostyesterday.这就是我昨天丢的那支钢笔。2.区分：such/soas:as为关系代词，引导定语从句；在定语从句中做主语或宾语。such/sothat:that引导结果状语从句，只起到引导作用，在从句中不做任何成分,e.g.1)Thepandaissucharareanimalasweshouldprotect.熊猫是我们应该保护的如此稀有的动物。2)Thepandaissucharareanimalthatweshouldprotectit.熊猫是如此稀有的动物，所以我们应该保护它。3)Thestoneissuchabigoneascantbelifted.3.当关系代词who/whom/that/which在定语从句中做宾语时，可以省略。,4.theway做先行词，其后面引导定语从句的关系词有三种形式，即：thatthewayinwhich/e.g.Thisisthewaythat/inwhich/IlearnEnglish.,完成下列suchthat/sothat/suchas句型:Friendshipissuchavaluablething_weshouldtreasure(珍惜)forever.Friendshipissuchavaluablething_weshouldtreasureitforever.,as,that,3.Itssuchafinepicture_hasbeensoldoutatasurprisingprice.4.Itssuchafinepicture_ithasbeensoldoutatasurprisingprice.,as,that,(二)关系副词：when/where/why等1.在定语从句中的作用：1)引导定语从句；2)在定语从句中做状语e.g.a.ThisisthehousewhereIoncelivedtwoyearsago.b.IllneverforgetthedayswhenIstayedinthecountryside.c.IdontknowthereasonwhyMarywaslateforclass.,2.关系副词在定语从句中使用的条件：1）定语从句中，主、谓、宾或者主、系、表结构完整（即定语从句为一个完整的句子）时；2）或者，定语从句中的动词为不及物动词，而且后面没有介词时；3）或者，定语从句中的语态为被动语态此时，表示时间为when;地点用where;原因用why.(例子见上),比较that,which,when,where,why填空:1)Thisistheplace_Ioncevisitedlastyear.Thisistheplace_Ioncelivedlastyear.Thisistheplace_Ioncelivedinlastyear.,which/that,where,which/that,2)Illrememberthedays_wespentinParis.Illrememberthedays_IvisitedParis.Illremembertheday_Iwaspraisedforthefirsttime.,which/that,when,when,3)Thatsthereason_Tomwasscoldedbytheteacher.Thatsthereason_Tomgaveforhisbeinglateforclass.,why,that/which,（三）注意：1.定语从句中的介词可前置到关系代词前面,但介词前置后，指物的关系代词只能用which;指人的关系代词，只能用whom.,介词前置的非限制性定语从句举例:1)Thepen,_whichhewaswriting,wasbroken.2)Herbag,_whichsheputallherbooks,hasnotbeenfound.3)ThestoriesaboutLeiFeng,_whichthisisoneexample,areverymoving.,with,in,of,4)TheoldOlympicgames,_whichthemodernOlympicgamescame,beganmanyyearsagoinGreece.5)Theadvancedworkers,_whomTomisone,willgoonatournextweek.,from,of,2.关系代词只用that的几种情况：1)先行词为不定代词，如：anything,nothing,everything,something,theone,all,much,few,little,any等时，定语从句只能用that引导。e.g.a.Allthatisneededisoil.(that代指all,做主语，不能省略)b.Therewasnothing(that)wecoulddoforhim.c.Hehasdonemuchthatisgoodforus.,2)先行词用theonly,thevery,justthe,no,all等修饰时，定语从句只能用that引导。e.g.a.Thereisnodifficultythatwecantovercome.b.Thisisjustthebook/theverybook(that)Ihavebeenlookingfor.c.Thesearealltheproblemsthathavebeensolved.d.Thisistheonlyoneofthegoodfilmsthathasbeenshownrecently.Thisisoneofthebestfilmsthathavebeenshownrecently.,3)先行词由序数词或最高级修饰时，定语从句只能用that引导.e.g.a.Thisisthebiggestlabthathasbeenbuiltinourcountry.b.Heisalwaysthefirstpersonthatcomestohisoffice.4)先行词既有人，又有物时，定语从句只能用that引导。e.g.Hetalksaboutthethingsandpersonsthatinterestedhim.,5)当先行词指人的职业、身份时，定语从句只能用that引导e.g.Hewillbecomeadoctorthathisfatherwantshimtobe.6)为了避免上下文重复e.g.Whichisthebookthatyouborrowedfromthelibrary?3.不用that的情况：1)that不能引导非限制性定语从句2)介词后面不能用that,三、定语从句的分类：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1.限制性定语从句：是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它，主句的意思会表达不明确、不完整；它与主句之间不能用逗号隔开。e.g.Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.2.非限制性定语从句：对先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思；它与主句之间要用逗号隔开e.g.Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.,非限制性定语从句举例：1)Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isveryexciting.2)Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.3)Shemadegreatprogress,whichmadeussurprised.4)Hisyoungsister,whois18yearsold,isacollegestudent.5)I,whoamyourgoodfriend,liketogowithyou.,6)Mr.Green,whosedaughterisanengineer,willcometovisitourschool.7)Thebird,whosewingshavebeenbroken,cantflyanymore.8)Youllhavetowaittwomoreweeks,whenourmanagerwillbeback.9)Qufu,wherethereistheConfuciusTemple,attractsalotofvisitors.,3.as/which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：1）as引导非限制性定语从句，可放于句首，也可放于句中；而which引导的定语从句，只能位于句中；2）as引导非限制性定语从句，可译为：“正如（那样）”；而which不能；3）as在非限制性定语从句中，代指整个主句的内容，可做主语（注意：as做主语时，从句中的谓语动词必须有be动词），或者宾语；而which在非限制性定语从句中，可以代指先行词的意思，也可指整个主句的内容。,4.常见的as引导的非限制性定语从句的结构:1)aswe/everyonecansee正如我们所看见的2)asweallknow/asisknowntoall众所周知3)ashasbeensaidbefore如上所述,4)asyouhavepointedall正如你所指出的5)ashasbeenpointedout正如已被指出的那样e.g.a.Aseveryonecansee,theelephantislikeasnake.b.Asweknow,theearthisround.,四、应用定语从句应注意的几个问题：1.切忌重复使用宾语：关系代词在从句中做宾语时，可以省略，但要在定语从句中留出其位置。e.g.ThebikeIhaditrepairedyesterdaywentwr