第八课时句子简化题

Cheney张炳臣,IBT阅读,上节回顾指代题句子插入题指代题破题原则1答案多出现在代词之前2所有格的代词经常指代前面位置最接近的名词3主从句中，后半句的代词主语经常指代前半句话的名词主语(有时也为宾语）4并列动词中的指代5利用平行结构6关系代词的指代7数格一致,句子插入题找代词变形句子首尾分析承上启下衔接手段词汇逻辑语法本节内容句子简化题长难句拓展训练作业讲解,sentencesimplificationquestion,句子简化题最新题型最有价值题小树修剪枝干提问方式Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentence?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.,sentencesimplificationquestion,a考查目的考正确全面地paraphrase考察实质语义和逻辑的完美结合的同意改写=答案,a解题原则1、不需要大量阅读，精读一句话2、原句谈论的主体不变3、正确答案只表达了主要信息4、原句逻辑关系不变,解题步骤a.寻找给定句子及句子中的逻辑关系b.寻找与逻辑相关的语义c.选择与题干逻辑和语义对等的选项四种主要逻辑关系,主要四种句子逻辑关系因果关系比较关系最高级否定关系,因果关系because,becauseof,since,for,as,dueto,owingto,inthat,so,sothat,asaresult,therefore,thereby,hence,consequently,accordingly.,因果逻辑关系,隐含因果关系：leadto,cause,result,resultin,giveriseto,render,produce,make,support,support,stimulate,spur,spark,fuel,motivate,prompt.表示由而来的:comefrom,resultfrom,originate,derivefrom,initiatefrom,stemfrom,beattibutableto,beresponsiveto.表示反映,体现的:reflect,present,suggest,show,imply,demonstrate.表示考虑到,依赖:give,considering,onaccountof,inviewof,thanksto,accordingto,relyon,dependon,resortto.,条件逻辑关系,表示条件关系的if,when,while,as,assoonas,aslongas首先表示变化的:change,vary,alter,modify,revise,increase,decrease,crect,destroy,develop,improve,progress,advance,grow,degenerate,continue,remain,stay,stable,still.还有表示差异的:same,different.最后还有表示超越的:surpass,exceed,transcend,excel.,本身含有最高级含义的词汇:maximum,minimum,outstanding,extreme.等程度较深的词有surprisingly,amazingly,prohibitively,否定逻辑关系,明显否定关系的特色词汇有:no,not,none,never,neither,deny，再有隐含否定关系的特色词汇:failto,absentfrom,lack,lackof,refuse,few,little,做题练手,句子简化题例题：Inatypicalbusinessconference,associatesmeettodiscusspolicyortosolveproblems.theaverageparticipantsdonotdomuchspecificpreparing;theirbackgroundandthinkingusuallyformulatetheircontribution.Butitisbestifallparticipantsknowinadvancethepurposeoftheconference.Somegeneralpreparationmaybeinorder,andparticipantsmaywanttotakeintotheconferencematerialsordatathatmightbeusefulifamattercomesup.,请简化句子somegeneralpreparationmaybeinorder,andparticipantsmaywanttotakeintotheconferencematerialsordatathatmightbeusefulifamattercomesup.,1,Whichsentencebelowbestexpresstheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?A,Althoughparticipantscannotbeexpectedtodotoomuch,theyshoulddosomegeneralpreparation.B,Theconferenceleadershouldprepareallofthematerialsanddatathatwillbeusedintheconference.C,Thereisageneralordertomostconferences,withparticipantscontributingideasandinformation.D,Asgeneralpreparation,participantscanbringmaterialsordatathatmightbeapartofthediscusson,例二：Paragraph2:TheseKinetoscopearcadesweremodeledonphonographparlors,whichhadprovensuccessfulforEdisonseveralyearsearlier.Inthephonographparlors,customerslistenedtorecordingsthroughindividualeartubes,movingfromonemachinetothenexttoheardifferentrecordedspeechesorpiecesofmusic.TheKinetoscopeparlorsfunctionedinasimilarway.EdisonwasmoreinterestedinthesaleofKinetoscopes(forroughly$1,000apiece)totheseparlorsthaninthefilmsthatwouldberuninthem(whichcostapproximately$10to$15each).Herefusedtodevelopprojectiontechnology,reasoningthatifhemadeandsoldprojectors,thenexhibitorswouldpurchaseonlyonemachine-aprojector-fromhiminsteadofseveral.,“Herefusedtodevelopprojectiontechnology,reasoningthatifhemadeandsoldprojectors,thenexhibitorswouldpurchaseonlyonemachine-aprojector-fromhiminsteadofseveral.”Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentencefromthepassage?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.A.Edisonwasmoreinterestedindevelopingavarietyofmachinesthanindevelopingatechnologybasedononlyone.B.Edisonrefusedtoworkonprojectiontechnologybecausehedidnotthinkexhibitorswouldreplacetheirprojectorswithnewermachines.C.Edisondidnotwanttodevelopprojectiontechnologybecauseitlimitedthenumberofmachineshecouldsell.D.Edisonwouldnotdevelopprojectiontechnologyunlessexhibitorsagreedtopurchasemorethanoneprojectorfromhim.,作业讲解CanadianEnglishCanadianEnglishisaregionalvarietyofNorthAmericanEnglishthatspansalmosttheentirecontinent.CanadianEnglishbecameaseparatevarietyofNorthAmericanEnglishaftertheAmericanRevolution,whenthousandsofLoyalists,peoplewhohadsupportedtheBritish,lefttheUnitedStatesandflednorthtoCanada.ManyLoyalistssettledinsouthernOntariointhe1780s,andtheirspeechbecamethebasisforwhatiscalledGeneralCanadian,adefinitionbasedonthenormsofurbanmiddle-classspeech.,1.Accordingtothepassage,howdidCanadianEnglishbecomeadistinctvarietyofNorthAmericanEnglish?A,LinguistsnoticedthatCanadiansspokeauniquedialect.B,AlargegroupofLoyalistssettledinoneregionatthesametime.C,Growthofthemiddleclassledtoastandardschoolcurriculum.D,CanadiansdeclaredtheirlanguagetobedifferentfromU.S.English.2.Theword“norms”inparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto_.A.patternsB.historyC.wordsD.ideas.,ModernCanadianEnglishisusuallydefinedbythewaysinwhichitresemblesanddiffersfromAmericanorBritishEnglish.CanadianEnglishhasagreatdealincommonwiththeEnglishspokenintheUnitedStates,yetmanyAmericansidentifyaCanadianaccentasBritish.ManyAmericanvisitorstoCanadathinktheCanadianvocabulary-soundsBritishforexample,theynoticetheBritishtapandbracesinsteadoftheAmericanfaucetandsuspenders.Ontheotherhand,manyBritishpeopleidentifyaCanadianaccentasAmerican,andBritishvisitorsthinktheCanadianshavebecomeAmericanized,sayinggasandtruckforpetrolandlorry.,3.Thephrase“agreatdealincommonwith”inparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto_.A,differentwordsforB,thesameproblemsasC,manysimilaritiestoD,easierpronunciationthan4.Inparagraph2,whatpointdoestheauthormakeaboutCanadianEnglish?A,CanadianEnglishismoresimilartoAmericanthantoBritishEnglish.B,AmericanandBritishvisitorsdefineCanadianEnglishbytheirownnorms.C,CanadianEnglishhasmanywordsthatarenotinothervarietiesofEnglish.D,CanadiansspeakEnglishwithanaccentthatAmericanscannotunderstand,3PeoplewholiveoutsideNorthAmericaoftenfinditdifficulttohearthedifferencesbetweenCanadianandAmericanEnglish.Therearemanysimilaritiesbetweenthetwovarieties,yettheyarefarfromidentical.CanadianEnglishisinstantlyrecognizabletootherCanadians,andoneCanadianinacrowdedroomwilleasilyspottheotherCanadianamongtheNorthAmericans.,4ThereisnodistinctiveCanadiangrammar.Thedifferencesaremainlyinpronunciation,vocabulary,andidioms.Canadianpronunciationreflectstheexperienceofapeoplestrugglingfornationalidentityagainsttwostronginfluences.About75percentofCanadiansusetheBritishzedratherthantheAmericanzeeforthenameofthelastletterofthealphabet.Ontheotherhand,75percentofCanadiansusetheAmericanpronunciationofschedule,tomato,andmissile.ThemostobviousanddistinctivefeatureofCanadianspeechisprobablyitsvowelsound,thediphthong/ou/.InCanada,outispronouncedlikeoatinnearbyU.S.accents.ThereareotheridentifyingfeaturesofCanadianvowels:forexample,cotispronouncedthesameascaughtandcollarthesameascaller.,5AnimportantcharacteristicofthevocabularyofCanadianEnglishistheuseofmanywordsandphrasesoriginatinginCanadaitself,suchas“kerosene”and“chesterfield”.SeveralwordsareborrowedfromNorthAmericanIndianlanguages,forexample,“kayak,”“caribou,”“parka,andskookum.ThenameofthecountryitselfhasanIndianorigin;theIroquois(ylk)wordkanataoriginallymeantvillage.Anumberoftermsforicehockeyface-off,blue-line,andpuckhavebecomepartofWorldStandardEnglish.,6SomefeaturesofCanadianEnglishseemtobeuniqueandareoftendeliberatelyidentifiedwithCanadianspeakersinsuchcontextsasdramaticandliterarycharacterizations.AmongtheoriginalCanadianidioms,perhapsthemostfamousisthealmostuniversaluseofeh?asatagquestion,asinThatsagoodmovie,eh?Ehisalsousedasafillerduringanarrative,asinImwalkinghomefromwork,eh,andImthinkingaboutdinner.Ifinallygethome,eh,andtherefrigeratorisempty.7ThetraditionalviewholdsthattherearenodialectsinCanadianEnglishandthatCanadianscannottellwhereotherCanadiansarefromjustbylisteningtothem.Thelinguistsoftodaydisagreewiththisview.WhilethereisagreaterdegreeofhomogeneityinCanadianEnglishcomparedwithAmericanEnglish,severaldialectareasdoexistacrossCanada.LinguistshaveidentifieddistinctdialectsfortheMaritimeProvinces,Newfoundland,theOttawaValley,southernOntario,thePrairieProvinces,theArcticNorth,andtheWest.,ModernCanadianEnglishisusuallydefinedbythewaysinwhichitresemblesanddiffersfromAmericanorBritishEnglish.CanadianEnglishhasagreatdealincommonwiththeEnglishspokenintheUnitedStates,yetmanyAmericansidentifyaCanadianaccentasBritish.ManyAmericanvisitorstoCanadathinktheCanadianvocabulary-soundsBritishforexample,theynoticetheBritishtapandbracesinsteadoftheAmericanfaucetandsuspenders.Ontheotherhand,manyBritishpeopleidentifyaCanadianaccentasAmerican,andBritishvisitorsthinktheCanadianshavebecomeAmericanized,sayinggasandtruckforpetrolandlorry.,5.Thephrase“thetwovarieties”inparagraph3refersto_.A,PeoplewholiveoutsideNorthAmericanB,CanadianEnglishandAmericanEnglishC,GeneralCanadianandNorthAmericanD,BritishEnglishandCanadianEnglish6.Theword“spot”inparagraph3isclosestinmeaningto_.A,DescribeB,IgnoreC,PreferD,find,3PeoplewholiveoutsideNorthAmericaoftenfinditdifficulttohearthedifferencesbetweenCanadianandAmericanEnglish.Therearemanysimilaritiesbetweenthetwovarieties,yettheyarefarfromidentical.CanadianEnglishisinstantlyrecognizabletootherCanadians,andoneCanadianinacrowdedroomwilleasilyspottheotherCanadianamongtheNorthAmericans.,7.Whichsentencebelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationintheunderlinedsentenceinparagraph4?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.A,CanadianEnglishhasbeenstronglyinfluencedbybothBritishandAmericanEnglish.B,Canadaistheonlynationwherepeoplecandeliberatelychoosewhichpronunciationtheyprefer.C,Canadianshavetriedtodistinguishthemselvesasanation,andthiseffortisshownintheirpronunciation.D,ManynewcomerstoCanadamustworkhardtomasterthenationalstyleofpronouncingEnglish.,Canadianpronunciationreflectstheexperienceofapeoplestrugglingfornationalidentityagainsttwostronginfluences.,8.AllofthefollowingwordsoriginatedinNorthAmericanIndianlanguagesEXCEPT_.A,KeroseneB,ParkaC,CanadaD,Kayak,5AnimportantcharacteristicofthevocabularyofCanadianEnglishistheuseofmanywordsandphrasesoriginatinginCanadaitself,suchas“kerosene”（meiyou)and“chesterfield”(“sofa”).SeveralwordsareborrowedfromNorthAmericanIndianlanguages,forexample,“kayak,(chuan)”“caribou(xunlu),”“parka（pizhidayi),andskookum(strong).ThenameofthecountryitselfhasanIndianorigin;theIroquois(ylk)wordkanataoriginallymeantvillage.Anumberoftermsforicehockeyface-off,blue-line,andpuckhavebecomepartofWorldStandardEnglish.,9.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph5aboutvocabulary?A,VocabularyisthemostdistinctivefeatureofCanadianEnglish.B,WorldStandardEnglishhasaverylargevocabulary.C,CanadiansusemoreNorthAmeric