第七章 非谓语动词之动名词和分词

Chapter7动名词heneveranswersletters.Itwasnicemeetingyou.Thereisnoholdingbackthewheelofhistory.,注意,适用于Itis以上结构的名词（短语）有：nouse,nogood,（great)fun,awasteoftime,等形容词有：useless,useful,nice,good,interesting,worthwhile,foolish,dangerous等。如：,从早到晚开车很累人。Itstiring_.2)学而不练是没有好处的。Itsnogood_.3）和他辩论下去是浪费时间。Itisawasteoftime_.4)被带去一个新地方很有意思。Itsfun_anewplace.,arguingwithhim,learningwithoutpractice,drivingfrommorningtillnight,beingtakento,3.句型Thereis往往用于说明不允许、禁止某种活动或是某件事情发生或存在。类似一种建议、命令等。1)Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters.2)ThereisnodenyingthefactthatChinahasmadearapidprogressineveryaspectsinceitwasfounded.毋庸置疑，中国自它成立以来已在各个方面都取得了飞速的发展。3)Thereisnolitteringabout.不许乱扔杂物。,2.作表语,Hishobbyis_.,collectingstamps,他的爱好是集邮,动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。,我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。,WhatIhatemostis_.,beinglaughedat,1）作动词的宾语，常见动词有：avoid,ban,confess,consider,delay，deny,dislike,enjoy,escape,fancy，finish,forbid,forgive,imagine,postpone,tolerate,mind,keep,practice,prevent,propose,recommend,resist,risk,suggest等。,3.动名词作宾语,带有逻辑主语的动名词叫做动名词的复合结构,注意,1）动名词复合结构作主语时一般用名词所有格或形容词性的物主代词。例如：NixonsvisitingChinamarkedanewyearbetweenU.S.andChinadiplomaticrelations.Herbeinglateforclassagainirritatedtheteacher.2）在口语和非正式语体中，如果不在句首，动名词复合结构中的逻辑主语可采用名词通格或人称代词宾格。例如：Thedoctordoesnotmindme/myeatingalittlemeatoccasionally.ImgladatTom/Tomscoming.3）无生命的事物名词或不定代词作逻辑主语时一般采用通格形式Thesuggestionofthemeetingbeingputoffwasnotadoptedbythechairman.4)集合名词、单复数同形的名词或变化不规则的复数名词作逻辑主语并同动名词一起作宾语时，一般用通格。例如：Iwassurprisedatthechildrenplayinginthestreetyesterday.,Isthereanyhopeof_?(你们队赢得比赛）Theboywasalarmedby_thedoor.(某人在敲门）,Doyouobjectto_thephysicsgroup?（李平参加物理小组）_mademeworried.(我姐姐病了）,yourteamwinningthematch,someoneknockingat,LiPingsjoining,Mysistersbeingill,Wearelookingforwardto_tospeaktous.(那位专家的到来）Idontlike_eachotherinpublicplaces.(汤姆和杰克互相说坏话）Heleftthecity_（我们都不知道。,theexpertscoming,TomandJackspeakingillof,withoutourknowingit,既可接动名词又可接不定式的常用动词有：remember,forget,regret,mean,try等，但表达的意义不同。Irememberseeingheratthehotel.我记得在宾馆见过她。(动作发生了)Iwillremembertoseeheratthehotel.我记着要去宾馆见她。(动作尚未发生),注意,1remember/forget,todo动作尚未发生,doing动作已经发生,2.try,todo设法、努力去做，尽力,doing试试去做（看有何结果）,3.mean,todo打算做（主语一般是人）,doing意味着（主语一般是物）,4.regret,todo对将要做的事抱歉,doing对已经发生的事感到后悔,5.stop,todo停下去做另外一件事,doing停止做手头的事情,Practice：Hedidnotmean_(hurt)you.Thisillnesswillmean_(go)tohospital.Hestopped_(listen),buttherewasnomoresound.Iremembered_(give)thebooktoLiLei,buthesaidIdidnt.Weregret_(inform)youthatweareunabletoofferyouthejob.Ishallneverforget_(see)theAlpsforthefirsttime.Try_(do)moreexercises;youllsoonloseweight.,tohurt,going,tolisten,giving,toinform,seeing,doing,2)作介词的宾语Wearethinkingofmakinganewplanforthenextterm.Hewaslateagainbecauseofgettinguplate.Lockthedoorsandwindowsbeforegoingout.What/Howaboutthetwoofusplayinggames？,注意,在一些动名词（短语）作介词in的宾语的结构中，介词in可以省略。这些结构有：1）difficultytroubleS+have+problem+(in)doing.agood/hardtimefun2)Thereisnopoint(in)doingsth.3)bebusyS+losenotime+(in)doing.wastenotime4)S+spendtime/money(in)doingsth.,Theyarebusy(in).他们忙于准备考试Doyouhaveanydifficulty(in)?你听懂英语口语有困难吗？Ispenttwohours(in).我花了两个小时写作文Helostnotime(in).他立即把这个好消息告诉了我,preparingfortheexamination,understandingspokenEnglish,writingmycomposition,tellingmethegoodnews,Practice:,注意：to在下列短语中是介词，常跟动名词作宾语。be/getusedtolookforwardtogetdowntopayattentiontodevoteoneselftoleadtobeopposedtobeaddictedtoobjectto（反对）sticktowhenitcomestoLetsgetdowntopreparingfortheexam.Eachnationhasitsownpeculiaritieswhenitcomestodoingbusiness.,Thereisaswimmingpoolinourschool.Hisfatherworksinaprintingshop.Ourteacherusesaverygoodteachingmethod.,4.作定语动名词作定语表示性质或用途,选择题：,1.Mywatchneeds_,butIhavenotimetogototowntohaveit_.torepair;repairedB.toberepaided;repairingC.repairing;repairedD.beingrepaired;repaired2.Youshouldapologizetoyoursisterfor_herthetruth.tellingB.nottellingC.tellingnotD.nottell3.-Thelightintheofficeisstillon.-Oh,Iforgot_itoff.A.turningB.turnC.toturnD.havingturned,4.Hearingthebadnews,themothercouldnthelp_.tocryB.cryingC.cryD.cries5.Ourteachertoldustospendsometime_Englisheveryday.topractisespeakingB.practisingspeakingC.topractisetospeakD.practisingtospeak6.Itisnouse_withoutdoing.topromiseB.promisingC.promiseD.tobepromised,分词有关用法,一.分词可分为:(以do为例),(doing),(done),二.现在分词与过去分词区别：,区别区别,语态,时态,现在分词过去分词,现在分词()过去分词(),现在分词()过去分词(),主动,被动,正在进行,已经完成,Exercises:,1.Welivedinthehouse_(我舅舅们修建的).2.Anymedicine_(服用)withouttheadviceofadoctorcancausetrouble.3.Wespenttwohoursdiscussingtheplan_(她制定的).4._(开水),builtbymyuncles,taken,madebyher,boiledwater,abrokencup,5.Mostofthepeople_(被邀请参加宴会的)werefamousscientists.6.Lessons_(易学的)aresoonforgotten._(易学的)lessonsaresoonforgotten.7.Thecomputercenter_(开办)lastweekispopularwiththestudents.,invitedtotheparty,learnedeasily,opened/started,Easily-learned,8.A)Thebuilding_nowwillbearestaurant.B)Thebuilding_nextyearwillbearestaurant.C)Thebuilding_lastyearisarestaurant.(build),beingbuilt,tobebuilt,built,1.作时间状语Whentheyheardthenews,theycouldnthelpcrying.=Hearingthenews,theycouldnthelpcrying.,Afterhe(had)finishedhishomework,hebegantowatchTV.=Havingfinishedhishomework,hebegantowatchTV.,2.作原因状语AsIthoughthemightbeathome,Itelephonedhim.Thinkinghemightbeathome,Itelephonedhim.,Becausetheywerepoorinthosedays,theycouldntsendtheirchildrentoschool.Beingpoorinthosedays,theycouldntsendtheirchildrentoschool.,3.作条件状语Ifyoustayhereforsometime,youwillfindthepeopleherearefriendly.Stayinghereforsometime,youwillfindthepeopleherearefriendly.,Ifyouworkhard,youwillsucceed.Workinghard,youwillsucceed.,4.作方式或伴随状语ShesatinsofaandwatchedTV.ShesatinsofawatchingTV.他又唱又跳地走进了房间。Hecameintotheroom,singinganddancing.,5.作结果状语Itrainedheavily,(thus)causingfloodinthatarea.这位作家小说没写完就突然去世了。Thewriterdiedsuddenly,leavingthenovelunfinished.,6.作让步状语Workingashardashecould,hedidntpasstheexamination.Althoughheworkedashardascould,hedidntpasstheexamination.,现在分词作状语时，要注意下列几种情况：1.用分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致，否则分词前面必须有自己的主语。Beingill,WangLindidntattendthemeeting.BeingSunday,wedidntgotoschool.ItbeingSunday,wedidntgotoschool.2.可用with(without)+名词(或代词宾语)+分词表伴随情况。Heoftensleepswiththelampburning.,独立主格结构,现在分词的否定形式。现在分词的否定式:not+v.ing完成式的否定式:not+havingdone由于很久没有收到儿子的来信，这位母亲很担心。Nothavingheardfromhersonforalongtime,themotherworriedagreatdeal.,分词固定用语某分词固定用语不遵循其逻辑主语与句子主语一致的原则。Judgingfrom/bythereport,thedamagewasnotserious.Generallyspeaking,thelivingcostsareusuallyhighincities.Speakingoftheseabottom,itisirregular.Talkingoftheworldresources,theyareverylimited.,Grammar过去分词作状语ThePastParticipleastheAdverbial,2.过去分词作状语表示_/或_的动作,相当一个状语从句。3.过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语与主句的主语要保持一致。,过去分词作状语,被动,完成,summary,1.过去分词在句子中可以作时间状语、原因状语、伴随状语、条件状语和让步状语等。,_fromthehill,thecitylookslikeabiggarden.,如果句子的主语和分词是主动关系,用_，句子的主语和分词是被动关系，用_。,现在分词,过去分词,重难点辨析（一）：主语一致,_fromthehill,youwillfindthecitylookslikeabiggarden.,Seen,Seeing,1.从上面看,体育场好像一个鸟巢。_fromthetop,thestadiumlookslikeabirdnest.A.SeeingB.Seen2.从太空看,宇航员看不到长城。_fromthespace,theastronautcannotdiscovertheGreatWall.A.SeeingB.Seen,若分词主语与句中主语不一致,则可以用其他方法来修正:,给分词添加自己的主语,构成独立主格结构或改变语态。用with复合结构等。改为相应的状语从句来表达。,判断正误。Hearingthenews,tearscameintohereyes.Whenheheardthenews,tearscameintohiseyes.Hearingthenews,heburstintotears.,比较：1.asleepingchildasleepingcar2.Mymothergoesshoppingeveryday.Mymotherdoesshoppingeveryday.3.Beingacollegestudentishard.Beingacollegestudent,Imustworkhard.4.Thesituationisexciting.Seeingisbelieving.,现在分词,现在分词,现在分词,现在分词,【独立主格结构的概念】,独立主格结构是一种特殊的结构，可以理解为一个在句中做的短语，用于修饰整个句子。其位置灵活，可位于句前、句中或句末，常由逗号将其与句子分开。独立主格结构主要有两部分构成：逻辑主语和逻辑谓语。作为逻辑主语；现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语等作为逻辑谓语。,状语,名词或代词,(一)非谓语动词独立主格结构逻辑主语+非谓语动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词),1.“名词/代词+不定式”结构,由不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的动作或状态，在句中常作，偶尔作。,e.g.Hisfriendstocometonight,heisbusypreparingthedinner.,e.g.Noonetowakemeup,Imightbelateforthefirstclass.如果没人叫醒我，我会错过第一节课的。,原因状语,条件状语,2.“名词/代词+现在分词”结构,该结构在句中常作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、方式或伴随状语等。,(1)作时间状语：_,theteacherbeganhisclass每个人都坐好后，老师开始上课。(相当于时间状语从句:Wheneveryonehadsatdown),(2)作原因状语：_,wehadnotroublegettingoutoftheforest.由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就走出了森林。(相当于原因状语从句:Becausetheboyledtheway),Everyonehavingsatdown,Theboyleadingtheway,2.“名词/代词+现在分词”结构,(3)作条件状语：_,Iwillworkfarintothenight.我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于条件状语从句：Ifmyhealthallows）,(4)作方式或伴随状语：Thestudentsarewalkingintheschoolhappily,_.学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。,Myhealthallowing,eachwearingacardinfrontofhischest,3.“名词/代词+过去分词”结构,该结构在句中常作时间状语、原因状语、方式或伴随状语、条件状语等。,作时间状语：_,wellhaveoursummervacation.考试结束以后，我们将开始暑假了。,(2)作原因状语：_,Nickfeltonedge.上千只眼睛看着他，尼克感到紧张。,Thetestfinished,Thousandsofeyesfixeduponhim,(3)作方式或伴随状语：Whenintrouble,Samwouldsitalone,_.萨姆遇到麻烦时，总是独自坐着，头低着。,3.“名词/代词+过去分词”结构,(4)作条件状语：_,wecanfinishthework.如果给我们更多的时间，我们就能完成这项工作。,headbent,Moretimegiven,1.Darkness_in,theyoungpeoplestrolledonthestreets.A.setB.settingC.hassetD.wasset2.Anewtechnique_,theproductionincreasedby20percent.A.tohavebeenworkedoutB.havingworkedoutC.workingoutD.havingbeenworkedout3.Therearevariouskindsofmetals,each_itsownproperties(特性).A.hasB.hadC.tohaveD.having,【当堂检测】,4._,Illgotherewithyoutomorrowafternoon.A.TimepermitsB.IftimepermittingC.TimepermittingD.Timespermitting5._,weallwenthomehappily.A.GoodbyewassaidB.GoodbyehadbeensaidC.GoodbyesaidD.Whengoodbyesaid6.Shestoodthere,_fromhercheeks.A.tearsrollingdownB.tearsrolleddownC.withtearsrolleddownD.tearsrollingdown,【当堂检测】,（二）无动词独立主格结构,英语中常用的还有一类无动词独立主格结构。这种结构往往看作是“名词/代词+being+表语”结构中省略了being,主要有如下几种情况：,1.逻辑主语+名词Manypeoplecometovisitthecity,.很多人来参观这个城市，其中大多数是外国人。IreceivedmanyChristmasgifts,.我收到了很多圣诞礼物，其中一些是书籍。,2.逻辑主语+形容词Heturnedtome,hiseyessleepy.他睡眼惺忪地转向我。Thelittlegirlenteredtheroom,withcold.小女孩走进了房间，她的脸冻红了。,mostofthemforeigners,someofthembooks,herfacered,1.with/without+名词/代词+形容词，theoldmanfeltunhappy.由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。,2.with/without+名词/代词+副词，shehadtostayathomealone.因为她姐姐出去了，她只能独自待在家里。,3.with/without+名词/代词+介词短语Hestoodatthedoor,.他站在门旁边，手里拿着一台电脑。Theoldman,_,isapianist.这位带深度眼镜的老人是一位钢琴家。,（三）“with/without”引导的独立主格结构,Withhissonsodisappointing,Withhersisterout,withacomputerinhishand,此句中的with复合结构作什么成分？。,定语,withthickglassesonhisnose,（三）“with/without”引导的独立主格结构,4.with/without+名词/代词+不定式,theboylookedupset.没有任何游戏可玩，小男孩看起来很沮丧。,5.with/without+名词/代词+现在分词，Istoleintotheroom.没有人注意，我偷偷地溜进了屋子。,6.with/without+名词/代词+过去分词Withhishomeworkdone,Peterwentouttoplay.Theboywascrying.玩具坏了，那男孩在哭。,Withoutanygametoplay,Withoutanyonenoticing,withhistoybroken,Exercise,1._productionupby60%,thecompanyhashadanotherexcellentyear.A.AsB.ForC.WithD.Through2.Withalotofwork_,Ihavetosituptonight.A.doB.doingC.doneD.todo3.Johnreceivedaninvitationtodinner,andwithhisworkhegladlyacceptedit.A.finishedB.finishingC.havingfinishedD.wasfinished,作业完成后,孩子们出去踢足球了。（brain-storming),Afterthey(had)finishedtheirhomework,thechildrenwent.(状语从句）Afterfinishingtheirhomework,thechildrenwentouttoplayfootball.(现在分词作状语)Havingfinishedtheirhomework,thechildrenwentouttoplayfootball.(现在分词完成形式)Theirhomeworkfinished,thechildrenwentouttoplayfootball.(独立主格结构)Withtheirhomeworkfinished,thechildrenwentouttoplayfootball.(with的复合结构),2，由某些动词后面加-ed转化来的形容词也具有此用法。如：frightened,satisfied,tired,disappointed等。Lost/Absorbedindeepthought,hedidnthearthesound.Surprisedatwhathadhappened,Tomdidntknowwhattodo.,1，有些过去分词因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表被动而表主语的状态。,lost(迷路);seated(坐);hidden(躲);lost/absorbedin(沉溺于);born(出身于);dressedin(穿着);,重难点辨析（二）：不表被动的特殊情况,_inthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.A.LosingB.HavinglostC.LostD.Tolose2.If_thesametreatmentagain,hessuretogetwell.A.givingB.giveC.givenD.beinggiven3._in1636,HarvardisoneofthemostfamousuniversitiesintheUnitedStates.A.FoundedB.ItwasfoundedC.BeingfoundedD.Founding,Practicemakesperfect,4._withthesizeofthewholeearth,thebiggestocean