英语词汇学_Unit_04_Word_meaning

EnglishLexicologyUnit4,WordMeaning,Contents,ThemeaningofwordsThemotivationofwords词的理据ClassificationofwordmeaningsAnalysisofwordmeanings,Themeaningofwords,Whatis“meaning”?philosophy,logic,linguisticsWhatis“semanticmeaning”?SentencemeaningandwordmeaningWhatis“wordmeaning”?ThreeconceptionsofwordmeaningSemantictriangle,Whatis“meaning”?,Aneasyquestion,buthardtoanswer.一个有意义的活动意义=value,purpose,importanceWhatisthemeaningofthisword?meaning=theideaorsensethatthewordrepresentsThemeaningof“meaning”couldbeexploredfromtheaspectsofphilosophy,logic,linguistics,etc,withdifferentaims.,Differencebetweenlinguisticstudyandotherstudiesonmeaning,Thelinguisticapproachaimstostudythepropertiesofmeaninginasystematicandobjectiveway,withreferencetoaswidearangeofutterancesandlanguagesaspossible,thusbroaderinscope.Logiciansandphilosophershavetendedtoconcentrateonarestrictedrangeofsentences(typically,statements,orpropositions)withinasinglelanguage.,Ogdenearthquake:starquake,Classificationofwordmeanings-GeoffreyN.Leech,conceptualmeaning概念意义connotativemeaning内涵意义socialmeaning社会意义affectivemeaning情感意义reflectivemeaning联想意义collocativemeaning搭配意义thematicmeaning主题意义,Conceptualmeaning-Denotation,Thedenotativemeaningisalsocalledtheconceptualmeaning.Itisthedenotativeinthatitisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitdenotes,orrefersto.,Thelinguisticsymbol:HOUSE,房子，case,Thereferent:,Thethingisthedenotationoftheword,Connotation,Theconnotativemeaningreferstotheemotionalassociationawordcarries.Forexample,mother,denotingafemaleparent,isoftenassociatedwithlove,care,tenderness,warmth,support,etc.Theseconnotationarenotgiveninthedictionary,butassociatedwiththewordinthemindofreadersorspeakers.,Thedenotationofawordisthethingintherealworldthewordislinkedto.Theconnotationofawordreferstotheemotionalassociationsthatawordmaycarry.,DenotationandConnotation,Thedenotationofhomeisaplacewhereonelives.,Theconnotationofhome:Whereweloveishome,aplacewhereourfeetmayleave,butneverourheart.,wordsthatcarryemotionhonesty,courage,traitor,deceitlove,hate,fear,joy,sorrow,damn,shitsincere,hypocritical,wonderful,skinnywordsthatdonotcarryemotionin,on,at,withinso,but,since,because,thougha,an,thehe,she,my,minebook,lamp,desk,window,dooradd,subtract,swim,run,read,Wordswith/withoutEmotion,Connotativemeaning,NegativeThereare2,000vagrantsinthecity.NeutralThereare2,000peoplewithnofixedaddressesinthecity.PositiveThereare2,000homelessinthecity.Allthreeoftheseexpressionsrefertothesamepeople,buttheywillinvokedifferentemotiveassociationsinthereadersmind:avagrantisapublicnuisance,whileahomelesspersonisaworthyobjectofpityandcharity.,SocialorStylisticMeaning,Socialmeaningisthatwhichapieceoflanguageconveysaboutthesocialcircumstanceofitsuse.Underdifferentsocialcircumstances,wehavedifferentstyles.MartinJoos(1967)recognizedfivedifferentstylesusingthecriterionofformalityFrozen，Formal，Consultative，Casual，Intimate,StylisticMeaning,Thefrozenandformalstylesoccurinwrittenreport.Consultative,casual,andintimatestylesoccurineverydayuse.Consultativestyleisapoliteandfairlyneutralstyle,usedwhenwearetalkingtoapersonwhomwedonotknowwell.Casualandintimatestylesareusedinconversationbetweenfriends.Wecansimplifythestylesintothreelevels:formal,neutral,andinformal,AffectiveMeaning,Affectivemeaningisconcernedwiththeattitudesofthespeakerorwriter.InEnglish,somewordscanexpressthespeakersapprovalordisapprovalofthepersonsorthingsheistalkingabout.Wordsthatshowspeakersapprovalarepurrwords.Wordsthatshowspeakersdisapprovalaresnarlwords.,AffectiveMeaning,Snarlwordsaremarkedderog.(=derogatory).Purrwordsaremarkedapprec.(=appreciatory).,Reflectivemeaning,Reflectivemeaningisthemeaningwhicharisesincasesofmultipleconceptualmeanings,whenonesenseofawordformspartofourresponsetoanothersense.Itistheproductofpeoplesrecognitionandimagination.Thus:Taboowords(禁忌词)avoidedEuphemism(委婉语)needed.passaway,bathroom,seniorcitizens,Collocativemeaning,Collocativemeaningconsistsoftheassociationsawordacquiresonaccountofthemeaningofwordswhichtendtooccurinitsenvironment.pretty:girl,boy,woman,flower,garden,color,villagehandsome:boy,man,car,woman,overcoat,typewriter,Thematicmeaning,Themeaningarisingoutofthewayinwhichthewriterorspeakerorganizeshismessageiscalledthematicmeaning.sentencesequence,emphasis,focusofinformation(1)TomorrowIplantohaveanouting.(2)Iplantohaveanoutingtomorrow.(1)and(2)seemtoanswerdifferentquestions:S1Whenwillyouhaveanouting?S2Whatwillyoudotomorrow?,Analysisofwordmeanings,ComponentialAnalysis(语义成分分析法)SemanticFieldTheory(语义场理论),ComponentialAnalysis,Alllexicalitemscanbeanalyzedintoasetofsemanticfeaturesorsemanticcomponentswhichmaybeuniversal.ThissemantictheoryiscalledComponentialAnalysis(CA).,SemanticFeatures,Inmakingcomponentialanalysis,itisimportanttofocusonthedefiningfeatures,i.e.featureswhichcandistinguishonewordfromanother.horse,cat,machine,chair+/-animateroad,house,thought,philosophy+/-concretewater,gas,stone,tree+/-countsit,cry,read,give+/-transitive,CAofEnglishmotionverbs,FORWARD,HURRIED,NATURAL,ONEFOOTALWAYSONGROUND,walk+-+march-+run-+-limp-+,SemanticFieldTheory,Semanticorlexicalfieldisasetofwordswithanidentifiablesemanticconnection.fruits（水果）语义场-apple、pear、peach、apricot、date、mango、pineapple、orange、lemonkinship（亲属关系）语义场-grandfather、grandmother、father、mother、uncle、aunt、son、daughter、son-in-law、daughter-in-law、brother、sister、brother-in-law、sister-in-law、grandchildren,Semanticfieldtheoryapplication,Averylargenumberoflexemescanbegroupedtogetherintofieldsandsubfieldsinafairlyclear-cutway.Ithasprovedhelpfultopresentlearnerswithsetsofrelatedlexemes,ratherthanwithaseriesofrandomlychosenitems.Psychologyhasalsoshownthatyoungchildrenlearnmuchoftheirvocabularybybringinglexemestogetherinthisway.,Exercises:,Thesteelplanthastakenover300extrahands.Thecoupleboughtasecond-handcarfortheirtrip.Thelittlegirlgotabunchofflowersinherrighthand.Mygrandmahasadexteroushandatknitting.Pleasejusthavearestandletmehaveahand.Theelderlyladywritesagoodhand.Dontblametheboytoomuch.Heisanewhand.Thereissometningwrongwiththeminutehand.,9.youjustgostraightonandtakethesecondturnontherighthand.10.Thebookisnolongerinmyhands.11.Thepresidentsenthishandtoagovernmentdocument.12.Thehandofourenemyhasbeenatworkatpresent,soweshouldbefullyawareandverycareful.13.Marysingssonice.Letsgiveherabighand.14.Youaresoluckytohaveagoodhandforthegame.,Attain,achieve,obtain,secure,gain,1.Theyoungman_theworldfamebyhisperformanceintheOlympicGames.2.Herdancewassobeautifulthatit_forherthereputationofafirst-classactress.3.Withouthardworking,onewillnotbeableto_anything.4.Theoldprofessorwasrecognizedasaworldfamousphysicistbythetimehehad_attheageof50.5.Thereisnomagicwandto_ajustpeace.6.Itsthefirsttimeweveeverhadthepowerto_knowledgeatourfingertips.,指出下列词的语义特征,1.Bachelor,man,son,paperboy,pope,chief2.Table,stone,pencil,cup,house,ship,car3.Mutton,milk,alcohol,rice,soup4.Idea,love,charity,sincerity,bravery,fear5.Walk,run,skip,jump,hop,swim6.Fly,skate,ski,ride,cycle,canoe,hang-glide7.Ask,tell,say,talk,converse8.Shout,whisper,mutter,drawl,murmur,Trueorfalsequestions,1.Motivationhasnothingtodowiththeexplanationforthereasonthataparticularformhasaparticularmeaning.2.Grammaticalmeaningreferstothepartofspeech,tensesofverbsandstylisticfeaturesofwords.3.Theconceptualmeaningo