英语词汇学(第一讲)

EnglishLexicology,主讲人：许宁云,博士,副教授,英语词汇学,上海海事大学外国语学院,Lecture1,Language,LinguisticsandLexicology,Differentwaysofgreetingpeople,Akiss,Abow,Afirmhandshake,Alovinghug,Doyouknowtheraiseddotsbelow?,Braille,Haveyoueverbeenshockedbythemagnificentperformance?,Othermeansofcommunication,Emotion+icon=emoticon,Communicationwithpeopleseyes,amovementofthehands,armsorhead,etc.toexpressanideaorfeeling,Feelingsarereflectedonthefaces,Guessthemeaningoftheeachfollowingemoticons,:-),=,:-(,=sadness,:-O,=surprise,:-D,=greatjoy,:-P,=makingaface,:-(,=crying,8-),=Amanwhoiswearingglassesissmiling.,Gesturesbyhand,Thumbsup!,Thumbsdown!,Ok!,Victory/win,Applause,Callme!,(InAmericanSignLanguage),Iloveyou.,Guessthemoodfromthefacialexpressions,confused,sad,angry,happy,tired,ExamplesofIQTestItems,IQIssues,IQscoresareinfluencedby:Socioeconomicstatus:middleclasskidstendtodobetterthanlowerclasskidsLanguagestatus:childrenfromthedominantculturetendtodobetterAge:IQscoresontimedteststendtodeclinewithageHeredity:IQscoresofidenticaltwinsraisedapartarequitesimilar,StatisticalNormsforIQ,MentalRetardation,Mentalretardationusuallyreflectsbelowaverageintellectualfunctioning(IQislessthan70)Peoplecanberetardedinmostareasyetaverageorgiftedinothers,Usethesesuppliestomountthecandleonawall,SolutiontoCandleProblem,Communicationbetweenanimals,Animallanguage,Likehumanbeings,animalsneedtocommunicatewitheachothertosurvive.Theydonotspeaktoeachotherinthesamewayaswedo;insteadtheyusemanydifferentsoundsandactionstoexpressthemselves.Forexample,beesmakeabuzzingnoise,lionsandbearsgrowls,catsmiaow,anddogsbark.Ifyouseeacatstandingwithitsbackarched,headloweredorlegsbent,itcouldbescared.Ifadoggrowlsatyou,itprobablyisangryandyoushouldbecareful.Animallanguageissimplerthanhumanlanguage,butitshowshowintelligentanimalsare.,Beesdancefortheirhoney,Whenbeesfindanewfoodsourcetheygobacktothehiveanddoadancethattellstheotherbeesthedirectionanddistanceofthefood.,Everymovementhasmeaning,Toindicateafoodsourcethatistoodistantfromthehivetobesmelledorseen,thescoutbeedancesonthehoneycombinthehive.Ifthefoodsourceiswithinabout50meters(160feet)ofthehive,thebeedoesacirculardanceonthehoneycomb.Thedirectionandanglethedancingbeecutsacrossthediameterofthecirclerevealthedirectionofthefood.Ifshewigglesacrossthecirclestraightup,thewatchingbeesknowtheycanfindthefoodbyflyingtowardsthesun.Ifthedancingbeecutsacrossthecircleatanangle,theothersknowtheymustflytotherightorleftofthesunatthesameanglethedancermovedtotherightorleftofanimaginedverticalline.,Dolphin,很久以前，渔民和海员们就发现，海豚会发出“的答”声、“咪咪”声、“啸啸”声等多种声音。据说海豚能发出7000赫兹至12万赫兹的多种波长的高频超声波。,Dolopinsusesoundtohelpthemfindtheirway,lookfortheirfoodandtalkwitheachother.Soundisjustliketheireyesandmouths.,Howmanylanguages?5000-70005651（德语言学家1979）2796（法科学院）2500-3500（国际辅助语协会）6809（人类学家）,I.Whatislanguage?,DefinitionfromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia,Languageisatermmostcommonlyusedtorefertoso-called“naturallanguages”thespokenformsofcommunicationubiquitousamonghumankind.Alanguageisasystemofsigns(symbols,indices,icons)forencodinganddecodinginformation.,WebstersNewWorldDictionary1).A.humanspeechB.theabilitytocommunicatebythismeansC.asystemofvocalsoundsandcombinationsofsuchsoundstowhichmeaningisattributed,usedfortheexpressionorcommunicationofthoughtsandfeelingsD.thewrittenrepresentationofsuchasystem2).A.anymeansofexpressingorcommunicating,asgestures,signs,oranimalsoundsB.aspecialsetofsymbols,letters,numeral,rulesetc.usedforthetransmissionofinformation,asinacomputer,Languageissystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.SystemArbitraryVocalSymbolsHumancommunication,II.DistinctiveFeaturesofHumanLanguage,1.ArbitrarinessByarbitrariness,wemeanthereisnonaturalrelationshipbetweensoundsandmeaning.Howeverthereseemstobedifferentlevelsofarbitrariness.1)morphemic(word)level,语音理据拟声词（onomatopoeia)Splash;cuckoo;mew语音象征（soundsymbolism)glide;glisten;glimmer;glittergl,bright,“吧吧”（bb），“吧嗒”(bd),“吧唧”(bj),“哔哔”(bbi),“嚓嚓”（cc），“嘀嗒”(dd),“叮咚”（dngdng）“叮当”(dngdng),“咕哝”(gnng),“咕咚”(gdng),“轰隆”(hnglng),”呼呼”(hhu),“呼拉”（hl),咔吧（kb），”咔嚓”（kch），“噼啪”(pp),“扑哧”(pch),“扑嗤”(pch),“扑扑”（pp）,“扑通”(ptng),“飒飒”(ss)，“瑟瑟”(ss),“沙拉”(shl)，“刷拉”(shul)，“唰唰/刷刷”(shushu),“咝咝”（ss），“飕飕”(susu)，“簌簌”(ss)，“索落”（sulu）“籔籔”(susu),，索索(susu)，等等。,以ang结尾的音韵更多地表示强壮，主要，繁盛，宽敞，长，多和芬芳等意义，昂(ng),盎(ng),棒(bng),昌(chng),长(chng),常(chng),敞(chng),畅(chng,),创(chung),芳(fng),放(fng),刚（gng),纲(gng),吭(hng),况(kung),沆(hng),皇(hung,emperor),光(gung),广(gung),奖（jing）,芒(mng),强(qing),壮(zhung),洋(yng)，扬(yng),糖(tng),堂(tng),等。,当“w”声母处于字的音节之首，往往具有负面的或不存在的意义，如无(w),勿(w),毋(w),完(wn),亡(wng),忘(wng),罔(wng),伪(wi),未(wi).以“f”起首的字表示否定，如反(fn),犯(fn),非(fi),匪(fi),诽(fi),菲(f),费(fi),废(fi),坟(fn),焚(fn),否(fu),弗(f),语形,MountainSnakeStraight?,train,bed,breakfastbreak+fastholidayholy+day,Iceland,休,罢休,“境”,“婚”,卡,词法理据speakermovement椅语义理据山头；山腰原义,衍生义,隐喻,词义的理据性semanticmotivation,晦暗词（opaquewords）Themeaningofopaquewordscannotbederivedfromtheirconstituents.butterfly；blackmail;jailbird,透明词（transparentwords)Themeaningoftransparentwordscanbeinferredbytheirconstituents.buttermilk（酪乳）;airmail,hummingbird(蜂鸟）,2)Arbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevel,Syntax:howwordsareorganizedtoformintoasentence.Thereislessarbitrarinessatthesentencelevel.Eg.(payattentiontothesequenceofactions)Hecameinandsatdown.Hesatdownandcamein.Johnputonhiscapandwentout.Johnwentoutandputonhiscap.,Whatthenisthelinkbetweenalinguisticsign(sound)anditsmeaning?Itisamatterofconvention(F.deSaussure)战国末期荀况（公元前335255年）曾在其正名篇中指出：“名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜，异于约则谓之不宜。名无固实，约之以命，约定俗成谓之实名。”由此可见，早在春秋战国时期，我国学者就持有与“约定俗成派”相类似的观点。Howaboutanimalssystem?(cocks,bees,forinstance),3)ArbitrarinessandConvention,2.Duality,“ByDualityismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization”(Lyons,1982:20)Soundsvswords(soundvsmeaning)Advantageofduality:greatproductivepowerofhumanlanguage48soundstensofthousandsofwordsunlimitedsentencesWhereas,manyanimalscommunicatewithspecialcalls,whichhavecorrespondingmeanings.Theprimaryunitscannotbefurtherdividedintoelements.,3.Creativity,Bycreativitywemeanwecanutterasentencethathasneverbeenspokenorheardbefore.Eg.Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonmyhand.Anothersenseofcreativityoflanguageliesinitspotentialtocreateendless(embedded)sentences.Eg.Theboysfatherlivesinasmallvillagewhichwasneararailwaystationwhichwasbuiltinavalley.Communicationsystemofanimals,asweknow,birds,bees,crabs,isseverelylimitedandconfinedtoasmallsetofmessages.,Everyfarmerwhoownsadonkey,beatsit.,4.Displacement,Displacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.Inotherwords,wecanbreakdownthebarriersoftimeandspaceincommunicationwithlanguage.Animalcommunicationsystemsareunderimmediatestimuluscontrol,whilehumanlanguagesarestimulusfree.Eg.Tiger,bee,Threeturtlesrestedonafloatinglogandafishswambeneaththem.,III.FunctionsofLanguage,PhaticFunctionInformativeFunctionPerformativeFunctionEvocativeFunctionDirectiveFunctionInterrogativeFunction,IV.Language,societyandthought,1.LanguageandsocietyLanguageisamirrorreflectingthecultureofasociety.Vehicle;Kinshipterms囧雷山寨人肉搜索,Lexicalization,英语的词汇化程度远大于汉语giveastrongbadsmellstinkthedeathofthe/anemperor崩坟冢陵林,体力负运：拉挑荷扛担背驳顶挎拎负等烹调：煎炒烹蒸煨馇烀炸燔炖烧汆炮腌薰炙烩熘涮炝酱煮焖烙焯熬煲等驹：两岁的马；骊：深黑色的马骥：千里马；驽：劣马；骏：良马驷：同时驾车的4匹马；骄：身高6尺的马牛（18），猪（13），羊（11），犬（10），鸡（6）,2.Languageandthought,Mansthoughtisindispensibletolanguagejustaslanguageisinseperablefromsociety.,V.Linguistics,1.Definition:Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.Thestudyofhumanspeechincludingtheunits,nature,structure,andmodificationoflanguage.,2.TheScopeofLinguisticsUnits:phonetics,phonology,morphology,lexicology,syntax,discourseMethodology:generallinguistics,descriptive,contrastive,comparativeRegions:sociolinguistics,psycholiguistics,computational,corpus,neurolinguistics,etc.,VI.Lexicology,1.DefinitionThescienceofwordsLexicologyisthebranchoflinguisticsconcerned