新视野大英3(4,5,6课原文加翻译)

Unit 4The Statue of Liberty 自由女神像In the mid-1870s, French artist Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was working on an enormous project called Liberty Enlightening the World, a monument celebrating US independence and the France-America alliance.19世纪70年代中期，法国艺术家弗里德里克奥古斯特巴托尔迪正在设计一个大项目，名为“自由照耀世界”。这是一座庆祝美国独立和美法联盟的纪念碑。At the same time, he was in love with a woman whom he had met in Canada.与此同时，他爱上了一位他在加拿大认识的女子。His mother could not approve of her sons affection for a woman she had never met, but Bartholdi went ahead and married his love in 1876. 他母亲不赞成自己的儿子和一个她没有见过的女子恋爱，然而巴托尔迪不为所动，和心中所爱于1876年结为伉俪。That same year Bartholdi had assembled the statues right arm and torch, and displayed them in Philadelphia.同年，巴托尔迪组装完雕像的右臂和火炬，并将它们陈列在费城。It is said that he had used his wifes arm as the model, but felt her face was too beautiful for the statue.据说，他用了妻子的手臂为模本，但觉得她的脸太漂亮，不适合做雕像模本。He needed someone whose face represented suffering yet strength, someone more severe than beautiful. He chose his mother.他需要这样一个女人：面容沧桑却不失坚定，庄重多于美丽。他选择了自己的母亲The Statue of Liberty was dedicated on an island in Upper New York Bay in 1886.1886年，自由女神像在纽约湾北部落成。It had his mothers face and his wifes body, but Bartholdi called it my daughter, Liberty. 雕像综合了他母亲的脸和他妻子的身材，不过巴托尔迪称之为“我的女儿，自由之神”。 芭比娃娃 BarbieBefore all the different types of Barbie dolls for sale now, there was just a single Barbie. Actually, her name was Barbara.在现今销售的各式各样的芭比娃娃之前，原本部门只有一种芭比娃娃。实际上，她的名字叫芭芭拉。Barbara Handler was the daughter of Elliot and Ruth Handler, co-founders of the Mattel Toy Company.芭芭拉汉德勒是马特尔玩具公司的联合创始人艾略特和鲁思汉德勒夫妇的女儿。Ruth came up with the idea for Barbie after watching her daughter play with paper dolls.鲁思是在见到女儿玩纸娃娃之后才想到做芭比娃娃的。The three-dimensional model for Barbie was a German dolla joke gift for adults described as having the appearance of a woman who sold sex.芭比娃娃的三维模特是一个德国洋娃娃，一个哄成年人开心的礼物，被描绘成具有“风尘女子”的模样。Mattel refashioned the doll into a decent, all-Americanalthough with an exaggerated breast sizeversion and named it after Barbara, who was then a teenager.马特尔公司将这个娃娃做了一番改造，变成了体面而地道的美国版本，尽管胸围有些夸张。它以当时10多岁的少女芭芭拉的名字命名。Since her introduction in 1959, Barbie has become the universally recognized Queen of the Dolls.自从1959年面世，芭比娃娃就成了全球公认的“娃娃女王”。Mattel says the average American girl owns ten Barbie dolls, and two are sold somewhere in the world every second.马特尔公司说，一般的美国女孩拥有10个芭比娃娃，全球每秒钟就有两个芭比娃娃售出。Now more than sixty years old, Barbarawho declines interviews but is said to have loved the dollmay be the most famous unknown figure on the planet.如今芭芭拉已有60多岁了，她拒绝接受采访，但据说她非常喜欢芭比娃娃。她可能是当今世上最著名的不为人知的人物了。Barbies boyfriend, Ken, was introduced in 1961 and named after Barbaras brother.1961年，芭比娃娃的男朋友面世，按芭芭拉的弟弟肯的名字命名。The real Ken, who died in 1994, was disgusted by the doll that made his family famous. I dont want my children to play with it, he said in 1993. 真正的肯于1994年去世。他对令自己全家名扬天下的娃娃极为厌恶。他在1993年说：“我可不想让我的孩子玩这洋娃娃。”美国哥特人 American GothicGrant Wood instantly rose to fame in 1930 with his painting American Gothic, an often-copied interpretation of the solemn pride of American farmers. 1930年，格兰特伍德因其画作美国哥特人一举成名。此画体现了美国农民庄严的自豪，常常被人复制。The painting shows a serious-looking man and a woman standing in front of a farmhouse.画面展示了一位神色严肃的男子和一位女子站立在农舍之前。He was strongly influenced by medieval artists and inspired by the Gothic window of an old farmhouse, but the faces in his composition were what captured the worlds attention.伍德深受中世纪艺术家的影响，他的灵感来自于一所古老农舍的哥特式窗户，但最令世界注目的是画中人物的脸。Wood liked to paint faces he knew well. For the grave farmer he used his dentist, a sour-looking man. For the woman standing alongside him, the artist chose his sister, Nan. He stretched the models necks a bit, but there was no doubt who posed for the portrait. 伍德喜欢画他熟悉的脸。为画神色严肃的农夫，他选择了他那表情木讷的牙医，至于站在他身边的农妇，他选择了自己的姐姐南。他把模特的脖子稍稍画长了一些，但无疑能看出谁是画像的原型。Nan later remarked that the fame she gained from American Gothic saved her from a very boring life.南后来说道，美国哥特人带给她的名誉使她摆脱了一种非常乏味的生活。野牛镍币 The Buffalo NickelToday, American coins honor prominent figures of the US governmentmostly famous former presidents.今天，美国的硬币都用来纪念美国政府的杰出人物，其中大部分是著名的前总统。But the Buffalo nickel, produced from 1913 to 1938, honored a pair of connected tragedies from the settlement of the American frontierthe destruction of the buffalo herds and the American Indians.但1913至1938年间发行的野牛镍币，却是为了纪念由美国拓居引起的两起相互关联的悲剧野牛群的灭绝和美洲印第安人的毁灭。While white people had previously been used as models for most American coins, famed artist James Earle Fraser went against tradition by using three actual American Indians as models for his creation.此前一直是白人被用作美国镍币上的模特，而著名的艺术家詹姆斯厄尔弗雷泽却反传统而行之，起用了三名真正的美洲印第安人作为自己创作的原型。For the buffalo on the other side, since buffalo no longer wandered about the great grasslands, Fraser was forced to sketch an aging buffalo from New York Citys Central Park Zoo.由于大草原上不再有野牛漫步，弗雷泽为了镍币另一面上的野牛，只好到纽约中央公园的动物园里素描一只老野牛。Two years later, in 1915, this animal was sold for $100 and killed for meat, a hide, and a wall decoration made from its horns. 两年后，即1915年，此牛以100美元的价格售出，然后被宰杀取肉、剥皮，牛角制成了墙上的装饰品。山姆大叔 Uncle SamFourteen-year-old Sam Wilson ran away from home to join his father and older brothers in the fight to liberate the American colonies from the British during the American Revolution.美国独立战争时期，14岁的山姆威尔逊离家出走，加入父亲和哥哥们的行列，为美国殖民地独立于英国而战。At age 23, he started a meat-packing business and earned a reputation for being honest and hard-working. 23岁时，他开始从事肉类加工业，并因为人诚实、工作勤奋而赢得声誉。During a later war in 1812, Wilson gained a position inspecting meat for US Army forces, working with a man who had signed a contract with the government to provide meat to the army.此后在1812年的战争中，威尔逊获得了一个职位，为美国军队检验肉食。他的合伙人和美国政府签订了一份合同，给军队提供肉食。Barrels of meat supplied to the army were stamped EA-US, identifying the company (EA) and the country of origin (US).送到军队的肉桶上面都印有EA-US标志，EA代表公司名，US代表原产国。According to one story, when a government official visited the plant and asked about the letters, a creative employee told him US was short for Uncle Sam Wilson. Soon soldiers were saying all Army supplies were from Uncle Sam.传说有一回，有个政府官员来参观加工厂，问及这些字母的含义，一个想象力丰富的雇员告诉他，“US”是“山姆大叔”威尔逊的缩写。很快，士兵们都说所有的军需品都来自“山姆大叔”。 After the war, a character called Uncle Sam began appearing in political cartoons, his form evolving from an earlier cartoon character called Brother Jonathan that was popular during the American Revolution.战后，政治漫画里开始出现一个名叫“山姆大叔”的人物。他的原型是一个早期漫画人物，名叫乔纳森大哥，此人在美国独立战争时期非常出名。Uncle Sam soon replaced Brother Jonathan as Americans most popular symbol.很快，山姆大叔就取代了乔纳森大哥，成了最受美国人欢迎的象征。The most enduring portrait of Uncle Sam was created by artist James Montgomery Flagg in his famous army recruiting posters of World Wars I and II.最令人难忘的山姆大叔的画像是由画家詹姆斯蒙哥马利弗拉格创作的，用在两次世界大战期间他画的很多著名的征兵招贴画上。That versiona tall man with white hair and a small white beard on his chin, a dark blue coat and a tall hat with stars on itwas a self-portrait of Flagg. 山姆大叔的形象是：高个子，白头发，下巴上有一小撮白胡子，身着深蓝色外套，头戴一顶高帽，上有星星点缀。这模样其实就是弗拉格的自画像。Unit 5Graceful HandsI have never seen Mrs. Clark before, but I know from her medical chart and the report I receivedfrom the preceding shift that tonight she will die.我从未见过克拉克夫人，但看过她的医疗记录和上一位值班医生交给我的报告后，我知道她今晚会去世。The only light in her room is coming from a piece of medical equipment, which is flashing its red light as if in warning. As I stand there, the smell hits my nose, and I close my eyes as I remember the smell of decay from past experience. In my mouth I have a sour, vinegar taste coming from the pit of my stomach. I reach for the light switch, and as it silently lights the scene, I return to the bed to observe the patient with an unemotional, medical eye. 她屋里唯一的光线来自一台医疗设备，它闪着红光，似乎在发出警告。我站在那里，一股怪味刺激着我的鼻子，我想起了过去闻到过的腐烂的气味，我闭上了眼睛。我嘴里有一股从胃里返上来的酸味。我伸手去开灯。灯静静地照亮了整个病房，我走回病床边，用无动于衷的、医生的目光观察着病人。Mrs. Clark is dying.She lies motionless: the head seems unusually large on a skeleton body; the skin is dark yellow and hangs loosely around exaggerated bones that not even a blanket can hide; the right arm lies straight out at the side, taped cruelly to a board to secure a needle so that fluid may drip in;the left arm is across the sunken chest, which rises and falls with the uneven breaths.克拉克夫人已奄奄一息了。她一动不动地躺着：骨瘦如柴的身体使她的头显得特别大；皮肤呈暗黄色，松松地裹在嶙峋的、连毛毯也遮掩不住的骨骼上；她的右臂平伸在床边，被无情地用胶带固定在一块板上，以便能固定针头使液体滴入；左臂横放在深陷的胸部，胸口随着不均匀的呼吸一起一伏。I reach for the long, thin fingers that are lying on the chest. They are ice cold, and I quickly move to the wrist and feel for the faint pulse. Mrs. Clarks eyes open somewhat as her head turns toward me slightly. I bend close to her and scarcely hear as she whispers, Water. Taking a glass of water from the table, I put my finger over the end of the straw and allow a few drops of the cool moisture to slide into her mouth and ease her thirst. She makes no attempt to swallow; there is just not enough strength.More, the dry voice says, and we repeat the procedure. This time she does manage to swallow some liquid and weakly says, Thank, you.我伸手去触摸她放在胸口的细长手指。冰凉冰凉的。我忙将手移到她的手腕，去感觉那微弱的脉搏。克拉克夫人将头稍稍转向我，微微地睁开眼。我俯过身去，勉强听见她微弱的声音：“水。”我从桌上拿起一杯水，用手指封着吸管的一端，滴了几滴凉凉的水到她的嘴里，以缓解她的干渴。她没有用力去吞咽，因为力气不够。“还要，”那干涩的声音说。于是我们又重复了一次。这次她终于咽了一些，并轻轻说了声：“谢谢，你。”She is too weak for conversation, so without asking, I go about providing for her needs. Picking her up in my arms like a child, I turn her on her side. Naked, except for a light hospital gown, she is so very small and light that she seems like a victim of some terrible famine. I remove the lid from a jar of skin cream and put some on the palm of my hand. Carefully, to avoid injuring her, I rub cream into the yellow skin, which rolls freely over the bones, feeling perfectly the outline of each bone in the back. Placing a pillow between her legs, I notice that these too are ice cold, and not until I run my hand up over her knees do I feel any of the life-giving warmth of blood.她虚弱得没法交谈，因此没等她要求，我就开始做她所需要的。我像抱孩子似的把她抱起来，给她翻了个身。除了一件浅色的病号服，她什么也没穿。她又小又轻，像遭受了严重饥荒一样。我打开护肤霜的瓶盖，揩了一些在手心。为了不伤着她，我小心翼翼地把护肤霜擦在她发黄的皮肤上。她的皮肤松松地在骨头上滑动，背上每块骨头的轮廓都能清楚地摸到。当我把枕头放在她两腿之间时，发现它们也是冰凉的，直到把手移到她膝盖以上的部位，我才感受到血液供给生命的热度。When I am finished, I pull a chair up beside the bed to face her and, taking her free hand betweenmine, again notice the long, thin fingers. Graceful. I wonder briefly if she has any family, and then I see that there are neither flowers, nor pictures of rainbows and butterflies drawn by children, nor cards.There is no hint in the room anywhere that this is a person who is loved. As though she is a mind reader, Mrs. Clark answers my thoughts and quietly tells me, I sent . my family . home . tonight .didnt want . them . to see . Having spent her last ounce of strength she cannot go on, but I have understood what she has done. Not knowing what to say, I say nothing. Again she seems to sense my thoughts, You stay 而后，我挪了把椅子面朝她坐在床边，握住她那只没被固定的手，此时我又一次注意到她细长的手指。很优雅。一时间，我突然想知道她是否有家庭，接着我发现病房里没有花，没有孩子们画的彩虹和蝴蝶，也没有卡片。房间中没有任何迹象表明她是一个被人爱着的人。她似乎读懂了我的心思，平静地回答我说：“今天我让家里人都回家不想他们看见” 她耗尽了最后的那点力气，再也说不下去了。但我已然明白她做了些什么。我不知道说什么好，所以什么也没说。她好像又看穿了我的心思：“你留下”Time seems to stand still. In the total silence, I feel my own pulse quicken and hear my breathing as it begins to match hers, breath for uneven breath. Our eyes meet and somehow, together, we become aware that this is a special moment between two human beings . Her long fingers curl easily around my hand and I nod my head slowly, smiling. Without words, through yellowed eyes, I receive my thank you and her eyes slowly close.时间似乎停滞了。在一片寂静中，我感觉自己的脉搏加快了，我听到自己的呼吸开始伴随着她那不均匀的呼吸一起一落。我们互相对视，不知怎么的，我们都意识到，这是两个生命间的一个特殊时刻。她那细长的手指很轻易地就拢住了我的手，我微笑着慢慢点了点头。无需任何语言，我从她发黄的眼睛中感受到了她对我的谢意，她慢慢闭上了眼睛。Some unknown interval of time passes before her eyes open again, only this time there is no response in them, just a blank stare. Without warning, her shallow breathing stops, and within a few moments,the faint pulse is also gone. One single tear flows from her left eye, across the cheek and down onto the pillow. I begin to cry quietly. There is a swell of emotion within me for this stranger who so quickly came into and went from my life. Her suffering is done, yet so is the life. Slowly, still holding her hand, I become aware that I do not mind this emotional battle, that in fact, it was a privilege she has allowed me, and I would do it again, gladly. Mrs. Clark spared her family an episode that perhaps they were not equipped to handle and instead shared it with me. She had not wanted to have her family see her die, yet she did not want to die alone. No one should die alone, and I am glad I was there for her.不知过了多长时间，她又睁开了双眼，只是这一次目光里没有任何反应，只有空洞的凝视。没有一点先兆，她那细弱的呼吸停止了。很快，微弱的脉搏也消失了。一颗泪珠从她的左眼中流出，滑过脸颊，落在枕上。我开始轻声哭泣。对这位迅速走进又走出我生活的陌生人，我心间涌起了一股感情。她的痛苦结束了，可她的生命也结束了。我依然握着她的手，渐渐地，我意识到我并不害怕这种感情之战，意识到这实际是她赐予我的特殊荣幸，而且我还乐意再来一次。克拉克夫人没有让她的家人目睹这一幕他们或许无力面对的人生插曲，却与我分享了它。她不想让家人看着她死去，然而她也不愿孤独地离去。不应当有人孤独离去的，我很高兴能守候在她身边。Two days later, I read about Mrs. Clark in the newspaper. She was the mother of seven,grandmother of eighteen, an active member of her church, a leader of volunteer associations in her community, a concert piano player, and a piano teacher for over thirty years.Yes, they were long and graceful fingers.两天后，我在报上读到了克拉克夫人的消息。原来她是7个孩子的母亲、18个孩子的祖母、教会里的活跃分子、社区志愿者协会的领导人、音乐会钢琴演奏家、从教30余年的钢琴教师。是啊，她的手指是那样细长而优雅。Unit6How to Prepare for EarthquakesIdeally, people would like to know when an earthquake is going to happen and how bad it will be. In both Japan and China, people have long believed that earthquakes can be forecast. In Japan, scientists have wired the Earth and sea to detect movements. The Chinese have traditionally watched animals and plants for warning signs of earthquakes. For example, the Chinese have noted that before an earthquake, hens behavior changes they refuse to enter their cages at night. They have also noticed that snakes come out of the ground to freeze to death and that dogs bark a lot, even normally quiet dogs. Before the Hanshin earthquake in Japan, there were reports of large schools of fish swimming near the surface of the water. Certain birds, like pigeons, also seemed to be especially noisy, and were reported to be flying in unusual patterns before the earthquake. Perhaps most interesting, and most easily measured, is a chemical change in ground water before a quake. Experimental data seem to indicate that the amount of radon (Rn) in the water under the surface of the Earth waxes before an earthquake.从理想上说，人们希望知道地震什么时候发生，破坏程度会如何。在日本和中国，人们长期以来一直相信地震是可以预测的。在日本，科学家在陆地上和海洋中铺设电线，以监测它们的运动。而中国人的传统做法是观察动植物以获取地震的警示信号。例如，中国人注意到，地震之前母鸡的行为会有所异常：它们夜晚不肯进笼。他们还注意到，蛇会爬出地穴而冻死，狗会狂吠不已，甚至那些平常很安静的狗也会叫个不停。日本的阪神地震发生之前，有报告说大批鱼群游到了水面。有些鸟，如鸽子，也显得特别聒噪，据说地震前它们飞行的方式也与往常不同。也许最有趣、也最容易测量的，是地震前地下水发生的化学变化。实验数据似乎表明，地震前地下水中氡的含量会增高。People would also like to be able to prevent the great destruction of property caused by earthquakes.After all, most of the people who die in earthquakes are killed by falling buildings. Therefore, building structures that can withstand the power of earthquakes is a major concern. Steel seems to be the best material, but not if it is welded to form a rigid structure. Many new structures are built with a new type of steel joint, an I-joint, which appears to be the most durable type of joint. These joints of steel can move without breaking. Also, to prevent property damage, architects now design buildings so that the buildings columns and horizontal beams are of equal strength, and vertical support columns are inserted deep into solid soil. In addition, many new houses have relatively light roofs and strong walls.Concrete pillars for highway bridges that previously only had steel rods inside are now enclosed in steel.人们还希望能够预防地震会造成的重大财产损失。要知道，多数在地震中丧生的人都是被倒塌的建筑物砸死的。所以，具有抗震能力的房屋结构是关注的重点。钢似乎是最佳的建材，但一旦被焊接成僵硬的结构就不行了。许多新式结构都采用了一种新型的钢接合方法，即I形接合，它看来是最耐用的一种接合。这种钢接合在移动时不会断裂。同样，为了预防财产损失，建筑师如今设计楼房时会使房屋的支柱和横梁力度相等，而垂直支柱则深深插入坚实的地基中。此外，许多新型房屋都采用了较轻的屋顶和坚实的墙壁。高架桥的水泥柱先前只是在内部有钢筋，如今外面也包上了钢板。Besides working to improve building structures, people in areas where earthquakes are commonneed to prepare for the possibility of a great earthquake. They should regularly check and reinforce their homes, place heavy objects in low positions, attach cupboards and cabinets to walls, and fasten doors so that they will not open accidentally during an earthquake.除了设法改善建筑结构外，地震频发区的人们也需要为可能发生的大地震做好防备工作。他们应当定期检查和加固房屋，将重物放在低处，将橱柜和柜子贴墙放置，加固房门以防地震时意外脱开。In addition to preparing their houses, people in these regions need to prepare themselves. They should have supplies of water and food at home and at work. It is best to store several gallons of water per person. It is also important to have something that can clean water and kill bacteria, so water from other sources can be made safe to drink. Store one weeks food for each person. Earthquake survival supplies include a radio receiver, a torch, extra batteries, first-aid supplies, a spade, a tent, some rope,and warm clothing. 除做好房屋的防震外，这些地区的人们还需要为自身做些防备。他们应该在家里和工作地储备些水和食物。最好每人储备几加仑水。储备一些可以净化水和消灭病菌的东西也很重要，这样就可以安全地饮用其他来源的水了。每人准备一周的食物。地震救生储备还包括无线电接收器、手电、备用电池、急救用品、铁锹、帐篷、绳子和保暖衣物。Experts also suggest the following:Keep a fire extinguisher handy. You should have one at home, at work, and in your car (if you have one). The fire extinguisher should be able to put out any type of fire. Have the proper tools to turn off gas and water lines if necessary. Arrange an auxiliary cooking and heating source that can be used outside. One alternative is a portable camp stove with small cans of gas. Keep a pair of heavy, comfortable shoes or boots in your home, at work, and in your vehicle. If there is an earthquake, there will be lots of fragments of broken glass. Light shoes will not protect your feet as well as heavy shoes will.手边备有灭火器。应该在住处、工作场所和汽车里(如果你有车的话)都存放一个。灭火器应该是可以扑灭任何火灾的那种。有必要的话，准备一些能关闭煤气和自来水管道的特制工具。准