托福基础阅读(陈毅然)

,iBT阅读基础,陈毅然,一、新托福阅读概述,考试性质,TOEFLiBT本质：比较先进的实用语言水平测试,1、形式特点：,关键数据：新：207506-1012-14老：103503-49-11,1、形式特点：,关键数据：新：207506-1012-14老：103503-49-11,1、形式特点：,文章形式两个改变：（1）单位时间理解信息量增多（2）信息点间组织结构更复杂,考试形式三个改革：由纸面阅读变为屏幕阅读,1、形式特点：,初级水平：1、CRI网站：,如何适应,高级水平：3、经济学人：,考试形式第2个改革：出现加试题,1、形式特点：,考试形式第3个改革:阅读出现在口语和写作中读-听-说读-听-写,1、形式特点：,2、内容特点:,包括：（1）生命科学类（2）天文地理类（3）欧美历史类（4）文艺与发明（5）部分二级学科：社会学心理学考古学,仅限学术,2、内容特点:文章体裁,说明exposition陈述historical议论argumentation,主,辅,2、内容特点:常见误区,无需专业知识Thepassageswillcoveravarietyofdifferentsubjects.Dontworryifyoureunfamiliarwiththetopicofapassage.Alltheinformationneededtoanswerthequestionswillbeinthepassage.专业知识一律自带解释,补充阅读材料,老托福阅读真题英美学术杂志（NationalGeographic,NewScientist）英语原版大学教材百科全书（Wiki）,3、阅读题型介绍,每篇文章12-14题,(1)考察能力分布,词汇2个句子2个段落4个全文2个,词汇题：3-5道/篇VocabularyQuestionsThewordlocomotioninthepassageisclosestinmeaningto与文中单词X意义最接近的是evolutionmovementsurvivalescape,指代题：0-2道/篇ReferenceQuestionsThewordtheyinthepassagerefersto文章中的代词X指的是applied-artobjectsthelawsofphysicscontainersthesidesofpots,句子简化题:0-1道/篇SentenceSimplificationQuestionsWhichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentence?Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.下面四句话中,哪句话能最好得表达原文中勾出句的主要意思?不正确的选项将在重要方面改变原文意思或遗漏关键信息.,插入句子题:0-1道/篇InsertTextQuestionsScholarsofferthreerelatedbutdifferentopinionsaboutthispuzzle.Oneopinionisthatthepaintingswerearecordoftheseasonalmigrationsmadebyherds.Becausesomepaintingsweremadedirectlyoverothers,obliteratingthem,itisprobablethatapaintingsvalueendedwiththemigrationitpictured.Unfortunately,thisexplanationfailstoexplainthehiddenlocations,unlessthemigrationswerecelebratedwithsecretceremonies.Lookatthefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.上文中标注的位置是如下句子可能插入的地方Allthreeofthemhavestrengthsandweaknesses,butnoneadequatelyanswersallofthequestionsthepaintingspresent.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?请找出最适合这句话的位置。,事实信息题：3-6道/篇FactualInformationQuestionsAccordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingistrueofwildbeests?根据文章第1段，下列关于“角马”的描述哪个是正确的？Theyeatmorestemmatterthanzebrasdo.Theyareabletodigestlargefoodparticlesifthefoodisofahighquality.Theytendtochoosefeedingareasinwhichthevegetationhasbeenworndown.Theyarelikelytochooselow-qualityfoodtoeatinperiodswhenthequantityofrainfallislow.,排除题：0-2道/篇NegativeFactualInformationQuestionsAccordingtotheparagraph1,allofthefollowingweretrueofAmericanartinthelate1800sandearly1900sEXCEPT:根据原文第1段，下列关于19世纪末20世纪初的美国艺术的描述，不正确的是？MostAmericansthoughtartwasunimportant.AmericanartgenerallycopiedEuropeanstylesandtraditions.MostAmericansconsideredAmericanartinferiortoEuropeanart.AmericanartwasverypopularwithEuropeanaudiences.,修辞目的性题：0-2道/篇RhetoricalPurposeQuestionsWhydoestheauthordiscussthebronzestatuesofhorsescreatedbyartistsintheearlyItalianRenaissance?作者为什么提到意大利早期文艺复兴时期的青铜马雕像？Toprovideanexampleofaproblem.Toarguethatfineartistsareunconcernedwiththelaws.Tocontrasttherelativesophisticationofmodernartists.Tonoteanexceptionalpieceofart.,推断题：0-2道/篇InferenceQuestionsWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutcandlesbeforethenineteenthcentury?根据原文第1段，关于19世纪之前的蜡烛能推断出什么Theydidnotsmokewhentheywereburned.Theyproducedapleasantodorastheyburned.Theywerenotavailabletoall.Theycontainedsulfuricacid.,段落小结题：0-1道/篇ProseSummaryAnintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.如下是关于本篇文章大意的一句简短概括。请从如下6个选项中选出3个最能代表文章主要意思的总结。本题分值2分。这篇文章讨论了应用艺术和精细艺术之间的基本区别。,图表题：0-1道/篇FillinaTableDirections:Completethetablebelowtosummarizeinformationaboutthetwotypesofartdiscussedinthepassage.Matchtheappropriatestatementstothetypesofartwithwhichtheyareassociates.Thisquestionisworth3points.请选择和文中讨论的2种艺术相关的概括性信息完成表格。将艺术类型和相关陈述进行匹配。本题分值3分。,（2）重要性分布,词汇题+事实题60%段落+图表句简+句插推断修辞排除指代,4、成绩计算,（1）分数计算方法：单分值题目+多分值题目弹性换算制,(1)(2),一、新托福阅读概述小结,考试目的考试内容与形式考试题型和目标分数能力要求与我们目前的差距如何填补,二、新托福阅读的能力要求：,1、OG要求：ReadtofindtheinformationReadforbasiccomprehension概念密集、语言复杂,二、新托福阅读的能力要求：,2、当前差距测试：教程第173页,解决方法：精简重复性内容精简可预知内容：对比类比精简补充性细节内容,障碍一：阅读速度,障碍二：词汇及语法有效支撑不足,1）针对词汇的解决办法：需记忆:特定话题高频词parasitism需推断:学术概念低频词endo-parasite一带而过:特定称谓低频词Cuckoo托福考试越来越突出推断词义的能力,三种结构帮助推测词义,系表结构:be/remain定语从句:that/which同位插入:,/-,TheOgallalaaquiferisasandstoneformationthatunderliessome583,000squarekilometersoflandextendingfromnorthwesternTexastosouthernSouthDakota.系表结构+定语解释peoplehaveexperiencedatrancestate,ahighlysuggestivestateoflowconsciousnessbetweenwakingandsleeping.同位解释,障碍二：词汇及语法有效支撑不足,2）针对语法的解决办法：舍弃应试思维，还原语法本质,障碍三：不能区分信息重要层级,解决方法：区分主次变速阅读信息点重点要点,P1:ParasitismharmtogethernotP2:2kindsendoectohookwormpassiveP3:ectocomplexleeches,障碍四：不能构建信息点关联架构,解决方法：建立逻辑模型提炼架构笔记,障碍四：不能构建信息点关联架构,总分结构时间顺序结构对比结构问题-解决现象-原因内容概念-解释,Parasitism概念harmtogether解释not2kindsEndohookworm概念1+解释passiveEctoleeches概念2+解释complex,总分结构,障碍五：主动推测与预测能力,解决方法：主动总结要点（总结）填补逻辑空白（预测）,Parasitism概念harmtogether解释not2kindsEndohookworm概念1+解释passiveEctoleeches概念2+解释complex,总分结构,内/被动,外/主动,2ways:necrotrophhostdiesbiotrophshostsurvives,阅读中的词汇,一、词汇重要性,阅读理解基础便于快速得分,二、阅读词汇难点,1、总量积累不足,二、阅读词汇难点,2、不能反应词义信息理解中断,2、不能反应词义信息理解中断,（1）核心词：掌握全部常用义ApproachObjectOverlook,（2）非核心词：掌握主要释义Execute,2、不能反应词义信息理解中断,2、不能反应词义信息理解中断,（3）特定话题高频词：熟知判断标准：在同一类话题文章中反复出现且不可替代,2、不能反应词义信息理解中断,PhotosynthesisMetabolismPrecipitationHormone荷尔蒙Stegosaurus剑龙,3、对应不够准确信息理解偏差,（1）抽象词IntensifyContribute,3、对应不够准确信息理解偏差,（2）多义词SettleSolution,3、对应不够准确信息理解偏差,（3）形似词resemble/assemblesecret/secrete,三、如何准备阅读词汇,1、确定理解重点：动词及形容词,三、如何准备阅读词汇,2、形成有效重复,三、如何准备阅读词汇,3、结合文章语境记忆更牢靠,HarounTazieff,thePolishscientist,hasspenthislifetimestudyingactivevolcanoesanddeepcavesinallpartsoftheworld.休眠火山：dormantvolcano死火山：extinctvolcano,5、辅助工具1）词典：Merriam-Websters（选用）2）卡片：正面/背面3）单词书：词汇总量/排列方法,三、如何准备阅读词汇,注意：一本就够快速突破,四、如何推测词义,前缀词根后缀,1、拆分词根词缀法：,1、拆分词根词缀法：,单词构成规律,最重要：词根anim-animal/animate/animationAqua-aquatic/aquariumaquaculture/aqueduct次重要：前缀macro/micro;mono/poly不重要：后缀：词性例外less,1、拆分词根词缀法：,Potashandsodaarenotinterchangeable，butforglass-orsoap-makingeitherwoulddo.Equivalent同等的可互换的,Thespecializedrequirementsofparticularurbansituationshavefurtherexpandedtheuseofartinpublicplaces:inMemphis,sculptorRichardHunthascreatedamonumenttoMartinLutherKing,Jr.,whowasslainthere;inNewYork,DanFlavinandBillBrandhavecontributedneonandanimationworkstotheenhancementofmasstransitfacilities.Andinnumerouscites,artisbeingraisedasasymbolofthecommitmenttorevitalizeurbanareas.Theword“revitalize”inline22isclosetinmeaningto()A.showtheimportanceofB.promisetoenlargeC.bringnewlifetoD.provideartworksfor,In1938theFairLaborStandardsActmandatedaweeklymaximumof40hourstobeginin1940,andsincethattimethe8-hourday,5-dayworkweekhasbeenthestandardintheUnitedStates.Adjustmentsinvariousplaces,however,showthatthisstandardisnotimmutable.In1987,forexample,Germanmetalworkersstruckforandreceiveda37.5-hourworkweekTheword”immutable”inline21is()A.unmatchedB.irregularC.unnecessaryD.unchangeable,1、拆分词根词缀法：,Immutable:CommuteCommunicateTransmute,2、上下文关联法,例文：Thesickhumor,mostfunnystoriesarebasedoncomicsituations,butthesedays,anewtypeofhumor,whichstemslargelyfromtheU.S,hascameintofashion.Incontrast,comediansbasedtheirjokesontragicsituationslikeviolentdeathorseriousaccident.,A.论点与论据对应动词形容词,2、上下文关联法-同义推测,Anotherwayofenhancingtheeffectivenessofflightistomoveinanerraticandunpredictableway.Manyspecies,likeptarmigans,snipes,andvariousantelopesandgazelles,fleefrompredatorsinacharacteristiczigzagfashion.Thedescriptionofthepreysmovementas“zigzag”inline9suggeststhatthemovementis()A.ReliableB.fastC.constantD.unpredictable,B.性质对应,标志性标点：双引号破折号双逗号,Unlikethoseavailableforpainting,theopportunitiestoexhibitsculptureintheUnitedStatesaroundtheturnofthetwentiethcenturywerequitescarce.TherewasalmostnoroomforsculptureattheinfluentialFineArtsSocietys57thStreetGalleriesinNewYork.Aslateas1905,theMonumentalNews,ajournaldedicatedtothepromotionofsculpture,lamented,“Exhibitionsofsculptorsworksaresocomparativelyrare.”Theword“lamented”inline5isclosestinmeaningto（）declaredcomplainedrevealeddescribed,Askyscraper,orbuildingmorethantwentystorieshigh,isbuiltonafoundationofconcretesupportedbypilesdrivenintotheground.,C.语法呼应,伴随状语：伴随的动作带有主语特征定语及定语从句：修饰形容词带有核心词特征,Theculturespreadsouthwardintothepresent-daystatesofLouisiana,Alabama,Georgia,andFlorida.Itspeoplesbecamegreattraders,barteringjewellery,pottery,animalpelts,tools,andothergoodsalongextensivetradingnetworksthatstretchedupanddowneasternNorthAmericaandasfarwestastheRockyMountains.Theword“bartering”inline9isclosestinmeaningto()A.producingB.exchangingC.transportingD.loading,D.标志词呼应,并列连词：and,aswellas,bothand,notonlybutalso,eitheror,neithernor,Todaysexecutivesmusthavesomegraspofeconomicrealitiesandthepoliticalprocess,aswellassomecomprehensionofthebasicframeworkwithinwhichscientificandtechnologicalchangestakeplace.Theymustgainanunderstandingofhumannature,includingitsnegativeaspects,suchasthesourcesofhumanconflictandthepitfallsofpower.(1)Thewordgraspinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto()A.understandingB.communicationC.criticismD.prediction(2)Thewordpitfallsinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto()A.benefitsB.stagesC.causesD.hazards,D.标志词呼应,举例短语：takeforexample,forexample,forinstance,suchas，like，thatis，inotherwords,A.论点与论据对应B.内容与概念性质对应C.语法呼应D.标志词呼应,小结：上下文关联法-同义推测,2、上下文关联法-反义推测,例文：Thesickhumor,mostfunnystoriesarebasedoncomicsituations,butthesedays,anewtypeofhumor,whichstemslargelyfromtheU.S,hascameintofashion.Incontrast,comediansbasedtheirjokesontragicsituationslikeviolentdeathorseriousaccident.,例文：Thesickhumor,mostfunnystoriesarebasedoncomicsituations,butthesedays,anewtypeofhumor,whichstemslargelyfromtheU.S,hascameintofashion.Incontrast,comediansbasedtheirjokesontragicsituationslikeviolentdeathorseriousaccident.,Joyandsadnessareexperiencedbypeopleinallculturesaroundtheworld,buthowcanwetellwhenotherpeoplearehappyordespondent?Theworddespondentinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto()curiousunhappythoughtfuluncertain,2、上下文关联法-反义推测,标志词法：,1）、让步关联词：although、eventhough、despite、inspiteofBy1745NewMarketwasopenedonsecondstreetbetweenPineandCedar.ThenextyeartheCallowhillMarketbeganoperation.Alongwithmarketdays,theinstitutionoftwice-yearlyfairspersistedinPhiladelphiaevenaftersimilartradingdayshadbeendiscontinuedinothercolonialcities.Theword“persisted”inline9isclosestinmeaningto()A.returnedB.startedC.declinedD.continued,标志词法：,2）、对比关联词：whereas、while、instead、unlike、incontrast、ontheotherhandTheheavyamountsofheatandpollutionrisingfromcitiesbothdelayandstimulatethefallofprecipitation,deprivingsomeareasofrainwhiledrenchingothers.Theworddrenchinginparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto（）almostmissingseverelydamagingthoroughlywettingentirelyavoiding,标志词法：,3）、转折关联词：but、however、yet、neverthelessTwilightraysarenearlyparallel,butbecauseoftheobserversperspective,theyappeartodiverge.,五、词汇题,2、解题思路：1）熟词熟义A.就题做题,寻找替代,IntheearlycolonialdaysinNorthAmerica,smallcitiessprangupalongtheAtlanticCoastline,.ThiswasnaturalbecausethereareaswerenearesttoEnglandandFrance,particularlyEngland,fromwhichmostcapitalgoods(assetssuchasequipment)andmanyconsumergoodswereimported.Merchandisingestablishmentswere,accordingly,advantageouslylocatedinportcitiesfromwhichgoodscouldbereadilydistributedtointeriorsettlements.Theword“accordingly”inline11istheclosestinmeaningto()A.asusualB.incontrastC.tosomedegreeD.forthatreason,五、词汇题,2、解题思路：1）熟词熟义B.区分选项意义程度,Smallchangeshadtobemadetotheviolinsinternalstructureandtothefingerboardsothattheycouldwithstandtheextrastrain.Accordingly,ahigherstandardofperformancewasachieved,intermsofbothfacilityandinterpretation.Theword“Accordingly”inline24isclosestinmeaningto()A.HoweverB.consequentlyC.NeverthelessD.Ultimately,Foodresourcesmaybeaffectedbyenvironmentalchanges,whichwillthencauseproblemsforaspeciesrequiringtheseresources.Otherspeciesmaybecomebetteradaptedtoanenvironment,resultingincompetitionand,ultimately,inthedeathofaspecies.Theword“ultimately”inline8isclosestinmeaningto()A.exceptionallyB.dramaticallyC.eventuallyD.unfortunately,五、词汇题,2、解题思路：2）熟词生义A.代入,HewasachampionoftheCityBeautifulMovement-anefforttoincreasethepresenceofurbanart-anddefendedthecentralrolethatsculptureplayedinitsnationalprogram.Theword“champion”inline18isclosestinmeaningto()criticfoundercreatorsupporter,五、词汇题,2、解题思路：2）熟词生义B.联想：熟知词根/动词原形,ThefruitpaintingsbyJamesandSarahMiriamPealearesimplearrangementsofafewobjects,handsomelycolored,smallinsize,andrepresentinglittlemorethanwhattheyare.Incontrastwerethehighlysymbolic,complexcompositionsbyCharlesBirdKing,withtheirbitingsatireandcriticalsocialcommentary.Theword“biting”inline8isclosestinmeaningto()A.simpleB.sorrowfulC.frequentD.sharp,五、词汇题,2、解题思路：总结,综合练习,AutismAutismisadevelopmentaldisorderthatischaracterizedbyseverebehavioralabnormalitiesacrossallprimaryareasoffunctioning.Itsonsetisoftenearly;itgenerallymakesitselfknownbytheageoftwoandone-half.Itisnotasinglediseaseentitybutisinsteadasyndromedefinedbypatternsandcharacteristicsofbehavior;it,therefore,mostlikelyhasmultipleetiologiesratherthanasinglecausativefactor.Autismisnotfullyunderstoodandthusiscontroversialwithrespecttodiagnosis,etiology,andtreatmentstrategies.1.Thewordprimaryinthepassagecouldbestbereplacedby()A.elementaryB.mainC.introductoryD.primitive2.Thewordonsetisthepassageisclosestinmeaningto()A.placementB.arrangementC.supportD.beginning3.Thewordsyndromeinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto()A.concurrentsetofsymptomsB.feelingofeuphoriaC.mentalbreakdownD.repetitivetask4.Thewordetiologiesinthepassageclosestinmeaningto()A.symptomsB.patternsC.causesD.onsets5.Thephrasewithrespecttointhepassagecoldbestbereplacedby()A.withdignitytowardB.inregardtoC.irrespectiveofD.outofpolitenessfor,ParasiticPlantsParasiticplantsareplantsthatsurvivebyusingfoodproducedbyhostplantsratherthanbyproducingtheirwonfoodfromtheSunsenergy.Becausetheydonotneedsunlighttosurvive,parasiticplantsaregenerallyfoundinumbrageousareasratherthaninareasexposedtodirectsunlight.Parasiticplantsattachthemselvestohostplants,oftentothestemsorroots,bymeansofhaustoria,whichtheparasiteusestomakeitswayintothefoodchannelsofthehostplantandabsorbthenutrientsthatitneedstosurviveformthehostplant.Theworldsheaviestflower,aspeciesofrafflesia,isaparasitethatflourishesamong,andlivesoffof,therootsofjunglevines.Eachoftheseponderousbloomscanweighupto15pounds(7kg)andcanmeasureupto3feet(1m)across.1.Thewordumbrageousinparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto()A.moistB.welllitC.shadedD.buried2.Haustoriainparagrapharemostlikely()A.offshootsfromtheparasiteB.seedsofthehostplantC.fruitsfromthehostplantD.foodfortheparasite3.Thephrasemakeitswayintoinparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto()A.developB.penetrateC.outlineD.eat4.Thewordponderousinparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto()A.smellyB.hiddenC.matureD.heavy5.Thewordacrossinparagraph2couldbestsbereplaceby()A.indiameterB.ontheothersideC.atadistanceD.insideandout,PassageAviculturists,peoplewhoraisebirdsforcommercialsale,havenotyetlearnedhowtosimulatethenaturalincubationofparroteggsinthewild.TheycontinuetolookforbetterwaystoincreaseeggproductionandtoimprovechicksurvivalratesWhenparrotsincubatetheireggsinthewild,thetemperatureandhumidityofthenestarecontrollednaturally.Heatistransferredfromthebirdsskintothetopportionoftheeggshell,leavingthesidesandbottomoftheeggatacoolertemperature,Thistemperaturegradientmaybevitaltosuccessfulhatching.Nestconstructioncancontributetothistemperaturegradient.Nestsoflooselyarrangedsticks,rocks,ordirtarecoolerintemperatureatthebottomwheretheeggcontactsthenestingmaterial.Suchnestsalsoactashumidityregulatorsbyallowingraintodrainintothebottomsectionsofthenestsothattheeggsarenotindirectcontactwiththewater.Asthewaterthatcollectsinthebottomofthenestevaporates,thewatervaporrisesandisheatedbytheincubatingbird,whichaddssignificanthumiditytotheincubationenvironment.Inartificialincubationprograms,aviculturistsremoveeggsfromthenestsofparrotsandincubatethemunderlaboratoryconditions.Mostcommercialincubatorsheattheeggsfairlyevenlyfromtoptobottom,thusignoringthebirdsmethodofnaturalincubation,andperhapsreducingtheviabilityandsurvivabilityofthehatchingchicks.Whenincubatorsarenotused,aviculturistssometimessuspendwoodenboxesoutdoorstouseasnestsinwhichtoplaceeggs.Inareaswhereweathercanbecomecoldaftereggsarelaid,itisveryimportanttomaintainadeepfoundationofnestingmaterialtoactasinsulatoragainstthecoldbottomofthebox.Ifeggsrestagainstthewoodenbottominextremelycoldweathercondition,theycanbecomechilledtoapointwheretheembryocannolongersurvive.Similarly,theseboxesshouldbeprotectedfromdirectsunlighttoavoidhightemperaturesthatarealsofataltothegrowingembryo.Nestingmaterialshouldbeaddedinsufficientamountstoavoidbothextremetemperaturesituationsmentionedaboveandassurethattheeggshaveasoft,secureplacetorest.,Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?Nestingmaterialvariesaccordingtotheparrotsenvironment.Humidityisanimportantfactorinincubatingparrotseggs.Aviculturistshaveconstructedtheidealnestboxforparrots.Wildparrotsnestsprovideinformationusefulforartificialincubation.Theword“They”inline2referstoaviculturistsbirdeggsratesAccordingtoparagraph2,whenthetemperatureofthesidesandbottomoftheeggarecoolerthanthetop,then()theremaybeagoodchanceforsuccessfulincubationtheembryowillnotdevelopnormallytheincubatingparentmovestheeggtoanewpositiontheincubationprocessissloweddownAccordingtoparagraph2,sticks,rocks,ordirtareusedto()softenthebottomofthenestforthenewlyhatchedchickholdthenesttogetherhelplowerthetemperatureatthebottomofthenestmakethenestbiggerAccordingtoparagraph2,theconstructionofthenestallowswaterto()provideabeneficialsourceofhumidityinthenestloosenthematerialsatthebottomofthenestkeepthenestinacleanconditiontouchthebottomoftheeggsAllofthefollowingarepartofaparrotsincubationmethodEXCEPT()heatingthewatervaporasitrisesfromthebottomofthenestarrangingnestingmaterialatthebottomofthenesttransferringheatfromtheparenttothetopoftheeggshellmaintainingaconstanttemperatureontheeggshellTheword“suspend”inline18isclosestinmeaningto()buildpainthangmoveTheword“