词汇学之3种构词法

英语词汇学课程课件,课件名称：构词法(I)制作人：寻阳、孙红梅单位：曲阜师范大学外国语学院,Generalintroduction,Affixation(30%-40%)Compounding(28%-30%)Conversion(26%),Themostproductivemethods,Shortening(8%-10%),Blending1%-5%,clipping,acronymy,Backformation,Soundreduplication,4.1Affixation/derivation,Affixationfallsintotwocategories:prefixationandsuffixationandthedifferencesbetweenthemarejustthedifferencesbetweenprefixesandsuffixes.,Classificationofprefixes,Themajorprefixescanbeclassifiedinto10categoriesbytheirmeaning.NegativePrefixes否定前缀Reversativeorprivativeprefixes逆反前缀Pejorativeprefixes贬义前缀Prefixesofdegreeorsize表范围和程度的前缀Prefixesoforientationandattitude表方向和态度的前缀Locativeprefixes方位前缀Prefixesoftimeandorder表时间和顺序的前缀Numberprefixes数字前缀Conversionprefixes转化前缀Miscellaneousprefixes其他类型的前缀,1.Negativeprefixes(1),un,1.Negativeprefixes(2),non,1.Negativeprefixes(3),dis,1.Negativeprefixes,2.Reversativeprefixes(1),un,2.Reversativeprefixes(2),de,2Reversativeprefixes(3),dis,2.Reversativeprefixes,3.Pejorativeprefixes(1),mis,3.Pejorativeprefixes(2),mal,3.Pejorativeprefixes(3),pseudo,3.Pejorativeprefixes,4.Prefixesofdegreeorsize(1),arch,4.Prefixesofdegreeorsize(2),super,4.Prefixesofdegreeorsize(3),out,4.Prefixesofdegreeorsize,5.Prefixesofattitude(1),co,5.Prefixesofattitude(2),counter,5.Prefixesofattitude(3),anti,5.Prefixesofattitude,6.Locativeprefixes(1),sub,6.locativeprefixes(2),inter,6.locativeprefixes(3),trans,6.locativeprefixes,7.Prefixesoftimeandorder(1),fore,7.Prefixesoftimeandorder(2),pre,7.Prefixesoftimeandorder(3),post,7.Prefixesoftimeandorder,8.Numberprefixes(1),semi,hemi,8.Numberprefixes(2),uni,mono,8.Numberprefixes(3),bi,di,8.Numberprefixes,8.Numberprefixes,9.Conversionprefixes(1),a,9.Conversionprefixes(2),be,Beforenounsandadjectivestoformtransitiveverbsbefriend(tobehaveasafriendto)becloud(tocoverwithclouds使遮暗,蒙蔽)benumb(Tomakenumb,especiallybycold;Tomakeinactive;dull:使失去知觉：使失去活力；使迟钝belittlebecalm(Tomakecalmorstill;soothe.使平静：成为安静的或静止的；使镇静)Withnounsplusedtoyieldadjectivesbespectacled(Wearingeyeglasses)Benighted(Overtakenbynightordarkness陷入黑暗;Beinginastateofmoralorintellectualdarkness;unenlightened.蒙昧的：处于道德或智力的愚昧状态的；未启蒙的),9.Conversionprefixes(3),en,en-(embeforep,b,m),Beforenounsoradjectivestocreatetransitiveverbs.使成为使处于状态Beforenouns,enslave(causetobe);empower(v.授权）embody(v.体现）endanger(V.使处于危险之中)Beforeadjectivestoformverbsenableenrichenlargeendear使受喜爱ensure担保,9.Conversionprefixes,10.Miscellaneousprefixes(1),auto,10.Miscellaneousprefixes(2),neo,2.Suffixation,Question:Whyistheclassificationofsuffixesdifferentfromtheclassificationofprefixes?Prefixesprimarilyfunctionasasemanticmodificationofthebase,whilesuffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticroleandtheirprimaryfunctionaretochangethegrammaticalfunctionofthebase.Prefixesareclassifiedonasemanticbasisandsuffixesonagrammaticalbasis,Typesofsuffixes,NounsuffixesAdjectivesuffixesVerbsuffixesAdverbssuffixes,Nounsuffixes,De-nominalnounsuffixesDe-verbalnounsuffixesDe-adjectivenounsuffixesNounandadjectivesuffixes,De-nominalNounsuffixes(1),ster,Involvedin,De-nominalNounsuffixes(2),eer,Skilledin；engagedin,De-nominalNounsuffixes(3),ful,De-verbalNounsuffixes(1),ant,Occupationandparticipation;,De-verbalNounsuffixes(2),ing,De-adjectiveNounsuffixes(1),ness,De-adjectiveNounsuffixes(2),ity,De-adjectiveNounsuffixes(2),ity,Nounandadjectivesuffixes,Somesuffixes,whenaddedtobasesrelatedtohumanbeingsornationalitynames,yieldwordsthatcanbeusedbothasnounsandadjectives.-ese:Chinese;Lebanese;officialese-an,-ian:Australian,Cambodian-ist:racist,socialist-ite:Chomskyite,Thatcherite,1.1Nounsuffixes,1.1Nounsuffixes,Verbsuffixes(1),-ify,make,endowwith,Verbsuffixes(2),ize,involvingorrelatedto,Verbsuffixes(4),ate,Giveormakeorbecome,Adjectivesuffixes,De-nominaladjectivesuffixesDe-verbaladjectivesuffixes,De-nominalAdjectivesuffixes(1),like,De-nominalAdjectivesuffixes(2),less,De-nominalAdjectivesuffixes(4),y,De-verbalAdjectivesuffixes(1),able(ible),De-verbalAdjectivesuffixes(2),ful,AdjectiveSuffixes,AdjectiveSuffixes,AdjectiveSuffixes,Adverbsuffixes(1),ly,Adverbsuffixes(2),ward(s),AdverbSuffixes,4.2Compounding复合法,ThedefinitionofcompoundingandcompoundCharacteristicsofcompoundsPhonologicalfeaturesSemanticfeaturesGrammaticalfeaturesOrthographicalfeatures,3.FormationofCompoundsNouncompoundsAdjectivecompoundsVerbcompoundsThroughconversion:nickname;first-nameThroughbackformation:lip-readingtolip-readchain-smokertochain-smoke,4.3Conversion转化法,Question:Whatisconversion?Whyisitcalledzero-derivation?changeofword-class;functionalshiftderivationprocesswithouttheadditionofanaffix,TypesofConversion,ConversiontoNounsConversiontoVerbsConversiontoAdjectivesWordsproducedbyconversionareprimarilynouns,adjectivesandverbs,amongwhichtheconversionbetweennounsandverbsarethemostproductive.,4.3.1Conversiontonouns,De-verbalDe-adjectivalMiscellaneousconversion,1)Deverbal（由动词转化而来的名词）Almostallmonomorphemic(单语素结构的)verbscanbeusedasnouns，whicharesemanticallyrelatedtotheoriginalverbsinvariousways.State(ofmindorsensation)(doubt;want;desire)Eventoractivity(search;laugh;teach-in)Resultoftheaction(catch;find,answer)Doeroftheaction(help;cheat,bore)Toolorinstrumenttodotheactionwith(cover;wrap)Placeoftheaction(pass;walk;divide),2)De-adjectival由形容词转化成的名词,Fullconversion完全转换:Anounfullyconvertedfromanadjectivehasallthecharacteristicsofnouns.Itcantakeanindefinitearticleor(e)stoindicatesingularorpluralnumber.,Partialconversion部分转换Nounspartiallyconvertedfromadjectivesdonotpossessallthequalitiesanoundoes.Theymustbeusedtogetherwithdefinitearticlesasnounsw