工程管理英文文献

Engineering supervision system in Chinas Engineering construction in the positionWith the dominance of Chinas socialist market economy, the determination of the project supervision system in Chinas highway construction is gradually becoming more mature. Talking about the project in the country, people always focus on project quality side, it seems that the focus of the task of supervision is to protect the quality of projects, in fact, it is very comprehensive, according to FIDIC provisions in the project construction, project quality, of course, crucial, but only to protect the project supervision of the three objectives (quality, duration, cost), one of these three goals are interrelated and influence, from different angles to protect the owners of the project efficiency. Of which cost control is also very important to the management aspect of this work, good or bad, is directly related to whether the quality of the project can achieve the desired goals, and whether the progress can be completed on time.First, the design phase of the design phase of SupervisionThe introduction of engineering supervision, determine a reasonable design, mature technology, reduce the construction phase of major design changes and program changes to occur, the effective cost control will play a certain role. Experts say: If the project supervision involved in the design stage, then, and can be ruled out, to correct 80% of the errors, but to the construction stage to be involved in supervision of works, at best, can only save 20% of the investment. According to the information briefing, a German university laboratory building, the original design is three and a basement, the project management company to meet the commissions space requirements and functional conditions, proposed to increase the layer to shorten the two-axis then the abolition of the basement. But also reduces the flow of people to evacuate distance (to the required standards), so modified after the design is not only reduced costs, has also been improved functionality, access to credit and praise of the municipal government. At present, China for engineering supervision at the design stage to introduce the practice is still rare, we should learn from foreign countries mature and developed system, the development of relevant systems, and standardize the market. Advocates strengthening the design phase of the supervision, control and management from a cost sense, ex ante control, prevention, which is scientific and reasonable. Therefore, to enhance the design stage to control the cost of supervision is necessary. Second, the construction phase of the SupervisionAs we all know, domestic and international construction markets are the dominant owners of a buyers market, the construction of competition among enterprises is very cruel. In order to bid, bidders tend to almost zero profits or even below cost bids, but the owners often use low-cost way of winning. While the bidders promised to abide by the provisions of contract documents, but once the contract, they refused to the end there is no profit or losing money, so, often with inferior materials, do not follow standard construction, bribery, or layers of subcontracting means to profit. This time, the absence of an effective supervision mechanism, the victims can only be the owners.From the process, process control the cost of supervision of supervision engineer should not only be concerned with whether the works to meet the required quality goals, he should be the focus all the objectives of the project design, in the actual operation, the contractor engaged in construction prior to permanent per days must be carried out by a variety of inspection, testing, content or face a new job, workload, construction methods, measures, materials testing and sub-contracting part of the work or works submitted to the approval of supervisory engineer. The contractor can only work within the approved, without approval or beyond the approved engineers work can not be recognized. At the same time is also an engineer approved the contractor to obtain a basis for progress payments. Engineers, contractors, any non-approved inputs (manpower, materials, equipment) will not receive compensation, meaning that there is no engineers approval, the contractor shall not proceed to the next one process or face, shall not be put into construction materials, use, shall not subcontract part of the project or work.Supervision and Control of project cost from the cost of the engineering supervision of the project cost management goal is to project to be completed within the contract price can not be there far exceed estimates. Supervision of the strict monitoring of the project, due to the contractor causes the possibility of super-budget is almost zero. This is because: Engineering Super-budget, no more than two kinds of reasons, the first rise in unit labor and materials, first, during the construction works increased volume, while the contractors bid is a commitment to its binding, and the contractor not entitled to their own works to increase the amount of the project, even if there are engineers, required the contractor to increase the input of resources to protect the project design goals, the contractor has no right to be compensated, therefore, because in the tender document, the contractor can protect a large number of frequently cited the successful completion of the project personnel and mechanical equipment. From equipment costs, materials costs and equipment costs control supervision, materials costs in the capital projects account for about 70% of the entire cost. It is the project a major component of direct costs. Materials, equipment, high and low prices will directly affect the size of the construction costs.Thus, in the supervision process, can not be ignored that part. To introduce competition, and create competitive conditions. Owners can delegate the direct supervision through public tender selecting the suppliers, so that contractors can avoid unauthorized lower prices, delays in provider payments and thus lead to shoddy supplier, delivery is not timely, thereby affecting the progress of projects happening. The contractor in the preparation of tender prices, mainly the prices of materials and equipment owners and suppliers signed price quotation, by the suppliers of materials and equipment will be mainly transported to the scene by the supervising engineers and contractors to co-sign, the by the owner will focus on the procurement of materials and equipment shall be paid directly to suppliers.From the above procedures is easy to see the contractor in addition to supervising engineers no choice but to obey. This is because the supervising engineer contractor performance has a strong economic constraints means, economic means of payment by the project system and the deposit system, composition, they are the heads of the two contractors, inhibition.The project payment system: in fact, the project payment system is to project the economic risk of being transferred to the contractor. Contractor must obtain economic benefits (the bid price and the difference between the actual cost of the project) prior advance money or other resources, that is: He had to buy the materials, equipment, payment of wages and other expenses, under the supervision of the supervising engineer contract documents all requests to create a project. Can only be the work of the contractor to complete the written approval of the supervisory engineer and the quality of bond, after deducting there from the owner to obtain compensation (for projects). If the contractors work should not be so satisfied with supervision, he not only no hope of profit, and even the cost of inputs can not be recovered.Project Margin System: As a rule, signed contract before the contractor must pay the contract price equal to 10% of the performance bond or letter of guarantee. The contractor prior to commencement of course, can be obtained from the owners of 10% of the total contract price of the advance payment, but he must also be matched to the owners to submit a bond or letter of guarantee. Even if the contractor has received final acceptance certificates from the project, he will be leaving 5% of total contract price of the retention money. Here the performance bond and retention payments totaling 15% of the project contract price, far greater than the contractors profit margin. The contractors default can cause bond be forfeited, and whether the breach of contract only to evaluate the supervisory engineer.Third, completion of the project closing of SupervisionThe first job done in several stages, based on the completion of settlement on a lot easier. Labor Exchange acceptance of the project handled immediately after completion of billing processing. Completion of the contract price settlement value is value of claims already liquidated damages.According to FIDIC terms or model of Chinas construction contract terms and the actual text of the provisions of the terms of the contract is signed: involving construction claims and breach of contract issues, supervision engineers must clearly define the responsibilities to minimize the claims, to reduce the claim should note the following: strengthening contract management, improve the terms of the contract; before projects should be fully prepared to work; enhance the design of the review, the timely detection of problems in the design to avoid the construction.Engineering design changes due to claims arising; to strengthen quality management, and strengthen the quality of tracking, to avoid or reduce the contract sample tests or works outside the review of claims arising; to improve the quality of supervision engineers found that claims in a timely manner.In short, the supervision engi