翻译理论概论（英文）.ppt

TranslationStudies,IntroductiontothetheoryoftranslationKrisztinaKroly,Spring,2006Sources:Klaudy,2003;Baker,1998,Thenatureofthetranslatorsactivity=creativeactivity,Thetranslatorfacesanumberofchoicesanddecisions.decisionsarepartlysubjective,partlyobjective(someofthetranslatorssubjectivechoicesarebasedonobjectivefactors)“theirambitiontoexplaintranslationphenomenaandcreatetheoriesiscloselyrelatedtotheverynatureofthisactivity,regulated,ontheonehand,bycertainobjectiverules,andpermitting,ontheother,anumberofsubjectivechoices”(Klaudy,2003,p.23),Themediumofthetranslatorsactivity=twolanguages,communicatingintwoLsatthesametimecanneverbeasinstinctiveandunconsciousascommunicatingonlyinoneintranslation,eventhemostinstinctivetranslatordevelopsideasabouttherelationshipbetweenthetwoLs,theirsimilaritiesanddifferences,theirrelationshipwithreality,thesimilaritiesanddifferencesinthewaythetwoLssegmentrealitylinguistically,etc.,Theobjectofthetranslatorsactivity=thetext,Theoriesarerelatedtotheobjectofthetranslatorsactivity,i.e.thetext,becauseeverytext(e.g.,apieceofliterature,ascientificresearcharticle,anadvertisementoraneditorial),allowsforseveralpossibleinterpretationsthetranslatoroftenhastodefendhisowninterpretationofthetextagainstthepotentiallydifferinginterpretationsofcritics,readers,andthepublicatlarge.,Istherecontinuityinthetheoryoftranslation?,Practicingtranslatorswilloftenmakespontaneouscontrastivelinguisticobservations(”HungarianprefersverbsasopposedtoIndo-Europeanlanguageswhichprefernouns.”)spontaneoustext-linguisticobservations(”ThesentencesofIndo-EuropeanlanguagesstartwithalongerintroductorypartthanthecorrespondingHungariansentencesandhavetobeshortenedintheHungariantranslation”or”English,German,andRussiantextsaremoreimpersonalthanHungariantexts.”)spontaneousstylisticobservations(”EnglishscientifictextsarelikesmalltalkcomparedtoGermanscientifictext”),orspontaneoussociolinguisticobservations(”RussianslikediminutivesuffixesbetterthanHungarians.”)werenotpooledforcenturies!,TheideaofanuninterruptedandorganicdevelopmentofTSmustberejectedfor3mainreasons:,(1)Translationasaprofession,Earlier:translationwasmostlydoneforpleasurebywriters,poets,statesmen,priests,andscholarstosatisfytheirindividualliterary,political,andscientificambitions.Secondhalfofthe20thcentury:translatingbecameamassactivity(sourceofearningaliving)hasbecomeaprofessioninitsownright,(2)Translationasasubjectintraining,Secondhalfofthe20thcentury:manytranslatorandinterpretertraininginstitutionsestablishedtheoreticaltrainingbecamenecessary(practicewasnotenough)requiredcertaingeneralizationsonthebasisofexperiencegatheredbytranslatorstheformulationofsomeobjectiverulesterminologyandconceptualapparatuswasneededneedfortheoreticalresearchaimedatprovidingaprincipledbasisfortheteachingoftranslation.,(3)Translationasanobjectofresearch,Earlier:theorizing=privilegeofnon-professionaltranslators(writers,poets,statesmen,priests,scientists,etc.)Secondhalfofthe20thcentury:translationscholars(e.g.,linguists)separatedfrompracticingtranslatorsTodaysscholars:alsointerestedintheprocessoftranslation(modelingtheactivity+describingregularities)appliedandbasicresearch,Themainreasonforthe3changes:,=radicalshiftintheratioofliterarytonon-literarytranslation(=rapidincreaseintheamountofnon-literarytranslation:politicalspeeches,internationalcontracts,courtrecords,businessletters,recipes,pricelists,etc.)theseparationofthescienceoftranslationfromtheoriesofliteraturethinkingabouttranslationhasshiftedfromliteraturetothescienceoflinguistics,Differencesbetweenthe(traditional)literaryandthe(new)linguisticapproach:,(1)Literaryapproach:studiesthetranslationofworksofart(i.e.worksofoutstandingwriters,poets)Linguist:interestedinawidevarietyoftexttypes(e.g.,technicalandscientifictexts,advertisements,usersmanuals,aswellasliterarytexts)(2)Lit.:examinestheworkofoutstandingtranslatorsLing.:(also)interestedintheeverydayworkofgreatmassesoftranslatorsandinterpreters.(3)Lit.:focusesonindividual,sometimesevenunusual,originalandsurprisingsolutionsLing.:considers“mass”solutionsworthyofinquirytoo,tryingtodescribeandexplainalloftheoperations(transformations)carriedoutbythetranslator.,Cont.lit./ling.approach:,(4)Lit.:concentratesontheproductoftranslationLing.:alsoexploretheprocessoftranslation(whatgoesoninthemindofthetranslator)(5)Lit.:normative(prescriptive)bynaturewhattranslationshouldbelike,whattranslatorsshoulddoLing.:descriptivewhatthetranslationislikeandwhatthetranslatordoeswhiletranslating.(6)Lit.:containsevaluationLing.:avoidsevaluationandregardseverythingthatisintendedasatranslationbythetranslatororthepublisherasalegitimateobjectofstudy.,Translationtheoryandcontrastivelinguistics(CL),birthoftheformeralmostexactlycoincidedwiththatofthelatter(CLlanguageteaching)CLdevelopedresearchmethodsforthesynchronicanalysisoflanguages(vs.traditionalcomparativelinguistics=historical(diachronic)comparisonofLs)CLoftenworked(andstillwork)ontranslatedmaterials,becausetheeffectsofthetwoprincipalcategoriesofcontrastivelinguistics,”transfer”(Jakobovits1969,Selinker1972),influencingtheprocessofFLLpositively,and”interference”(Juhsz1970),influencingitnegatively,caneasilybedetectedintranslations.frequentlyappliedmethodofCL:”erroranalysis”(Corder1973)oftenconductedon(trainees)translations.,DifferencesbetweenTSandCL,(1)CL:contraststhesystemsofthetwolanguagesTS:comparisoninvolvestherealizationsofthetwolinguisticsystems,i.e.texts.(2)CL:contraststhetotalsystemofthetwolanguageTS:selective,onlydealswithphenomenathatposeproblemsintranslation.(e.g.,althoughthesystemofverbtensesinEnglishisdifferentfromHungarian,sinceitdoesnotcauseproblemsintranslation,itdoesnotformpartoftheresearchontranslation.)(3)CL:compareselementsinthetwolanguagesoccurringonthesameleveloflanguage(e.g.,infinitivesinGermanandHungarian)TS:doesnotnecessarilyfocusonelementsonthesamelevel.(e.g.,thecomparisonofinfinitivesinGermanandfiniteclausesinHungarian).,Cont.TS/CL,(4)CL:comparisonmaybebidirectionalTS:comparisonisgenerallyunidirectional,comparingelementsoccupyingdifferentlevelsinthetwolanguages.(5)DuetothefactthatintranslationalcomparisonitisnotabstractLicsystemsbutspecificSLandTLtextsthatarecontrasted,TSwillhaveitsowncategories,manyofthemunknowninCL,suchastheconceptof“realia”.(6)CL:intendstoproviderelevantinformationforteachersofFLsTS:helpstheworkoftranslatorsandinterpreters,Translationtheoryandcontrastivetextlinguistics(CTL),studiesinCTL:basedontextsthatarenotthetranslationsofoneanother(independenttextsinLsAandB)translationtheorycontraststherealizationsoftwoLicsystemsthatdependuponeachother(!)(T=renderanideaformulatedinlanguageAinlanguageB)isinterestedintheextralinguisticelementsofthesituationoftranslation,too(e.g.,roleofhumanparticipantsinthesituation:SLsender,TLreceiver,translator;context:geographical,historical,cultural,political,religious,etc.),Translationtheoryasaninterdisciplinaryfieldofstudy,exploretherelationshipbetweenthetwoLs,theSLandtheTLcontrastivelinguisticscomparethetwotexts(SL+TL)textlinguistics(terminology:anaphors,cataphors,deixis,ellipsis,etc.,developedforthestudyofcoherence)revealthebehaviorandmentalprocessesofpeopleparticipatinginthesituationoftranslation,especiallythoseoftranslatorsandinterpreterspsycholinguisticsprovideaprecisedescriptionofthehistorical,cultural,andsocialcircumstancesofthesituationoftranslationsociolinguistics,Translationtheoryasappliedlinguistics,Appliedsciencessocialusefulnessandinterdisciplinarynature(Szpe,1986)TS=interdisciplinaryfieldappliestheresults,terminology,researchmethods,etc.ofvariousdisciplinestoinvestigatetheprocesses,productsandfunctionsoftranslation.,TS=usefulscienceitsresultsmaybeappliedwidely:,indesigningcurriculafortranslatorandinterpretertraininginstitutions,developingmaterialsforinterpretationandtranslation,indevisingcriteriafortheassessmentoftranslations,inunifyingthedocumentationofmultinationalcompanies,informingtheprofessionalprofileoftranslatorsandinterpreters,indesigningmarketstrategiesfortranslatorandinterpreteragencies,incalculatingpricesfortranslationandinterpretation,inproducingtranslatordesksandinterpreterbooths,etc.,Thedefinitionoftranslationtheory/translationstudies,isasub-disciplineofappliedlinguisticsstudiestheprocesses,products,andfunctionsoftranslation,takingintoaccountallofthelinguisticandextra-linguisticelementsofthesituationalcontextoftranslation.,Thelinguisticcomponentsofthesituationoftranslationare:,thesourcelanguage,thetargetlanguage,thesourcelanguagetext,thetargetlanguagetext.,Theextra-linguisticcomponentsofthesituationoftranslationare:,thesourcelanguagesender,thetargetlanguagereceiver,thetranslator(who,inoneperson,combinesthefunctionofSLreceiverandTLsender),andthehistorical,geographical,social,andculturalcontextoftheSLandtheTL.,Kinds/typesoftranslation(including“interpretationstudies”):,writtentranslationofawrittentextoraltranslationofawrittentext(sighttranslation)oraltranslationofaspokentext(interpretation)