钻井泵基础知识

钻井泵基础知识Basicknowledgeofdrillingpump,本课主要内容content,一、钻井泵的结构和特点Structureandfeatureofdrillingpump二、钻井泵工作原理workingprincipleofdrillingpump三、钻井泵的使用operationofdrillingpump四、钻井泵的日常维护和检查routinemaintenanceandcheck-upofdrillingpump五、钻井泵常见故障判断及排除方法Frequentfailureandsolutionofdrillingpump六、钻井泵易损件及其更换方法consumableandreplacing,一、钻井泵的结构和特点StructureandFeatureofDrillingPump,钻井泵基本组成StructureofDrillingPump,钻井泵的结构图structureofDrillingpump,小齿轮轴总成Pinionshaftassembly,曲轴总成crankshaftassemble,十字头总成crossingheadassemble,液力端总成hydraulicendassemble,排出管路总成dischargepipelineassembly,排出空气包总成dischargeairdampenerassembly,HHF系列钻井泵主要特点featureofHHFseriesDrillingpump,动力端powerend机架采用钢板焊接件，强度高，刚性好，重量轻。Theframeadoptsthesteelplateweldmentwithhighstrength,goodrigidityandlighterweight.整体人字齿轮传动，运转平稳.One-pieceherringbonegeardrivewithsmoothrunning合金钢曲轴。可更换的十字头导板。Alloysteelcrankshaftandchangeablecrossheadguide采用滚子轴承，提高了运转时的平稳性和承载能力。Adoptrollerbearingandimprovetherunningstabilityandloadcapacity中间拉杆盘根采用先进密封结构，密封效果好。Theextensionrodadoptsadvancedpackingstructurewithgoodsealperformance.动力端齿轮、轴承、十字头等部位采用强制润滑和飞溅润滑相结合的润滑方式。Gear,bearing,crossheadandsomeotherpartsatpowerendadoptsforcedlubricationandsplashlubricationmode.应用施必牢防松螺母，拆装方便。AdoptsSpiralockself-lockingnutsandeasytoassemblyanddisassembly,液力端hydraulicend液缸采用直通式布置，可使液流平稳、结构紧凑、容积效率高。Thecylinderadoptsthego-throughlaying(overtheinputpowerwhilethepumprunsattheratedstrokesiscalledtheratedpowerofpump(denotedwithN);theincreasedenergyoftheliquidafterthepumpactinginunittimeiscalledtheeffectivepower,alsonamedhydraulicpower(denotedwithNr).Theefficiencyistheratioofeffectivepowerandinputpower.冲次：也称泵冲，指单位时间内活塞的往复次数，以n表示。Strokes:alsonamedpumpstrokes.Itisthepistonsreciprocatingtimesinunittime,denotedwithn.(reallyitisaspeedparameterofmudpump)冲程长度：指活塞往复运动的距离，以S表示。Lengthofstroke:itisthereciprocatingdistanceofthepiston,denotedwithS.,三、钻井泵的使用operationofDrillingpump,钻井泵作为钻井作业的重要装备，在工作时向井底输送循环高压钻井液，冲洗井底、破碎岩石、冷却润滑钻头，并将岩屑携带返回地面。钻井泵使用我们从下面三方面讲：Itistheoneofthemostimportantdeviceofdrillingrig,ittransmitshighpressuredrillingfluidtoholebottomtowashthehole,breakrock,coolandlubricatebitandbringthecuttingstotheground.Weexplainthedrillingpumpcoursesintothreeparts:钻井泵的安装Theinstallationofpump钻井泵的启动thestartofpump泵在运转中的监视Inspectionduringpumpoperation(running),钻井泵的安装,（一）钻井泵的安装Installationofdrillingpump钻井泵应安装在水平或略向液力端倾斜的底座上（倾斜度3），以利于润滑油的流动。Thedrillingpumpshouldbeinstalledonaleveloralittledeclinedtofluidendskid(gradient3),thisshallbegoodfortheflowoflubrication.泵的安装位置应尽量降低，泥浆池的位置应尽量提高，以提高钻井泵的吸入效率。Theinstallationpositionofpumpshouldtrytobeloweraspossible,andthepositionofmudpitsshouldtrytobehigheraspossible,sothatitcanimprovethesuctionefficiencyofthedrillingpump.吸入管线布置时应使灌注泵旁通联接，以便于当灌注泵有故障或进行维修时，钻井泵可以继续工作。Whenlaythesuctionlines,thechargepumpshouldbeconnectedby-passsothatthedrillingpumpcangoonworkingwhenthereissomethingwrongwiththechargepumpormaintainthechargepump.,泵的吸入管入口端应高于泥浆池底约300mm，而且吸入管内径必须一致，吸入管的入口端不能正对泥浆池的入口（对泥浆罐也是如此）。Theinletportofthesuctionlineshouldbe300mmhigherthanthebottomofthemudpitandtheinternaldiameterofsuctionlineshouldbeidentical,Furthermore,theinletportofsuctionlineshouldnotfacetheinletofmudpit(sodoesthemudtank).剪销安全阀必须安装成可直接与泥浆接触，并且将安全阀排出端用无缝钢管直接引到泥浆罐，这条管线应尽可能少一些转折。若转弯应使弯头大于120，不允许把安全阀的排出管线接到泵的吸入管上，在排出管路与安全阀之间不许安装任何型式的闸门。WheninstalltheShearsafetyvalve,itshouldcontactwithmuddirectly,andtheoutletendofsafetyvalveshouldbeconnectedtothemudtankwithseamlesssteelpipe,whishshouldtrytohavefewerswerves(elbow).Ifthereisaswerve,thebendangleshouldnotbelessthan120.Thedischargelineofsafetyvalveshouldnotbeallowedtoconnecttothesuctionpipeofmudpump.Andalso,betweenthedischargepipeandsafetyvalveshouldnotinstallanyvalve.,剪销安全阀的阀体上标有每级工作压力的标记，调节压力时，只需按所给压力把剪切销插入相应的孔内。注意：剪销板孔内只能插一个剪切销。若缸套活塞尺寸变更，则须相应地调定安全阀压力。不要使用内六角扳手、电焊条或其它材料，若这样作将会影响安全阀的压力值，并可能导致事故的发生。Thereismarkedtheworkingpressureofeachgradeonthebodyofshearsafetyvalve.Whenadjustingthepressure,justinserttheshearpintocorrespondingholeaccordingtotherequiredpressure.Note:eachtimeyoucanonlyinsertoneshearpininholeplate.Ifthecylinderlinerandpistonarechanged,thepressureofsafetyvalvealsoshouldbeadjustedaccordingly.ButdonotuseAllenkey(hexagonringspanner),weldingrodandsomeotherthingsasshearpin,becauseitwillinfluencethepressureofsafetyvalve,evenleadtoanaccident.牢固的支撑所有吸入和排出管线，不使它们受到不必要的应力，同时也是为了减少振动，决不可由于没有足够的支撑而让管线悬挂在泵上。Firmlysupportallthesuctionanddischargepipelinestomakesurethattheydonotsuffertheunnecessarystress,atthesametime,todecreasesvibration.Itisnotallowedtomakepipelinessuspendonpumpwithoutenoughsupports.,泵的启动startofpump,启动前的准备工作preparationbeforestart,启动前的准备工作Preparationbeforestart检查动力端机架底部，放空润滑油并清洗油池。然后对照泵机架铭牌上对润滑油的要求，将一定牌号和数量的润滑油加入动力端。Checkthebottomofpowerend;emptythelubricationandcleantheoilsump.Thenaccordingtothelubricationrequirementmarkedinthenameplateonpumpframe,fillthepowerendwithadequatelubrication.检查十字头与上导板的间隙是否符合要求。Checktheclearancebetweenthecrossheadandupperguidetomakesurethatitisproper.检查喷淋泵水箱内冷却润滑液是否达到要求。Checkthecoolinglubricantinthewatertankofspraypumptomakesurethatitisproper检查所有螺纹联接是否紧固以及泵内是否有杂物。Checkallthethreadconnectionstomakesuretheyaretightenedandcheckforanysundriesinthepump.,检查泥浆管线上的所有阀门是否置于正确位置。Checkallvalvesonmudlinetomakesuretheyareonproperstatus.检查排出空气包充气压力是否达到40.5MPa的规定值。Checkthepulsedampenertomakesureitschargepressuregetsto40.5MPa.打开喷淋泵系统和灌注系统的进排液阀门。Opentheinletandoutletvalvesofspraypumpandchargepump.检查剪销安全阀和压力表是否齐全灵敏。安全阀的压力设置是否符合要求。Checktheshearsafetyvalveandthepressuregaugetomakesuretheyarereadyandsensitive,checkwhetherthesafetyvalvespressuresettingiscorrectornot.向吸入管路腔内灌满水或泥浆，排净空气。Fillthechamberofsuctionlineswithwaterormudtodischargeallair.,启动start,应以低速起动，逐渐增速，以提高容积效率。Startwithlowspeedandspeedupgraduallytoimprovethevolumetricefficiency.如果需要高泵速时，就必须使用灌注泵。Ifhighpumpspeedisneeded,thechargepumpmustbeused.检查动力端润滑油压表读数是否正常。Checkthereadingoflubricationpressuregaugeatpowerendtoseewhetheritisproperornot.注意检查各部温度，不得有局部过热现象。Checkthetemperatureofeachpart.Thereareshouldnolocaloverheating.启动泵必须与有关操作及检查人员取得联系。Whenstartthepump,youshallcontactwithrelatedoperatorandinspector.开泵时检查人员必须注视压力表的压力，泥浆未返回地面前不允许离开气开关。Whenstartthemudpump,theoperatorshouldnoticethepressureshowedonthepressuregauge.Ifthemuddoesnotreturntotheground,theoperatorshouldnotleavethecontrolpanel(airswitchofclutch).挂泵离合器时，采用二次启动法，这样可使泵得到活动的机会，也可以观察泵在启动中有无障碍，如一切正常，即可挂上离合器。Whenengagethepumpclutch,preferadopttwicestartmethod,thiscanmakethepumpgetthechancetoactandalsoseewhetherthereisanythingwrong.Ifthereisnothingwrong,engagetheclutchfinally.,泵在运转中的观察Inspection(observation)duringoperation(running),检查活塞杆和中间拉杆卡箍是否有不正常响声；检查液缸上的所有螺母以及阀盖和缸盖是否有松动现象。如发现不正常现象，查明原因，及时处理。Checkwhethertheclampforpistonrodandextensionrodconnectionhassomeabnormalsound;checkwhetherallthenutsoncylinderblockandvalvecoverandcylindercoverareloosenornot.Iftherearesomeabnormality,findoutthereasonandeliminatethemimmediately.检查各高压密封处是否有泄漏现象，泵阀和缸套处是否有刺漏声，如发现问题，应及时处理。Checkwhetherthehighpressuresealhaveleakageornot,andwhetherthepumpvalveandcylinderlinerhaveanywashoutsound.Ifthereissomethingwrong,resolveitimmediately.注意泵压变化，发现异常情况妥善处理。Noticethechangeofthepumppressure.Ifthereissomethingwrong,handleitimmediately,注意喷淋泵的供水情况是否正常。Noticewhetherthewatersupplyofspraypumpisnormalornot.注意各轴承部位、十字头导板以及其它有相对运动的部位的温度是否过高或有异常现象。Noticethetemperatureofeachpartofbearing,crossheadguideandotherpartswithmovementistoohighorhasanyabnormalphenomenon.在机架后部，动力端润滑油路的压力表读数是否正常。Atthebackofframe,checkwhetherthepressuregaugesreadingoflubricationforpowerendisproperornot,钻井泵的日常维护和检查,正确和及时地对钻井泵进行维护保养，是保证钻井泵正常工作，延长寿命的必要措施。对于任何一台泵的使用，都应重视这一环节。Maintainingthedrillingpumpcorrectlyanddulyisthenecessarymeasuretoensureitworkingproperlyandlengthenitsservicinglife.Toanydrillingpump,itisveryimportant.每天的维护保养dailymaintenance每星期的维护保养weeklymaintenance每月的维护保养monthlymaintenance每年的维护保养yearlymaintenance在维护保养中尚须注意的其它事项Someotheritemsshouldbepaidattention,每天的维护保养dailymaintenance,停泵后检查动力端的油位。Checktheoillevelofthepowerendafterstoprunning观察缸套与活塞的工作情况。若发现漏出来的泥浆超出正常限度时，则须更换新缸套、活塞。Observetheworkingconditionofcylinderlinerandpiston.Ifthemudleakingoutisoverthelimit,Itneedstochangeanewcylinderlinerandpiston.检查缸套腔，若有大量泥浆沉淀，应加以清理。Checkthechamberofcylinderliner.Ifthereistoomuchmuddeposit,cleanit.检查喷淋泵水箱内水是否够用，并及时补充，冷却水有污染时加以更换，并同时清理水箱卫生。Checkwhetherthewatertankofspraypumpisenoughornotandreplenishintime.Whenthecoolingwaterispolluted,changeitandcleanthewatertank.检查排出空气包的充气压力，是否符合要求。Checkwhetherthechargepressureofdischargedampenerisproperornot.检查剪销安全阀的可靠性，必要时应予以更换。Checktheshearsafetyvalvesreliabilityandchangeitwhennecessary.,检查润滑油泵压力表变化情况。如发现压力很小（0.035MPa）或无压力，应及时检查过滤器是否有堵塞现象。Checkthereadingofpressuregaugeoflubricationpump.Ifthepressureisverysmall（0.035MPa）orevenwithoutpressure,checkwhetherthefilterisjammedornotintime.每天将活塞杆卡箍松开，把活塞转动四分之一圈左右，然后再上紧卡箍。Loosethepistonrodclampeveryday.Turnthepistonaquarterroundandthentightentheclamp.在上紧缸盖与阀盖前，先在其丝扣内填涂润滑脂，且在每4小时时间内，检查一次是否有松动现象出现。Beforeinstallingthecylindercoverandvalvecover,firstfillthethreadwithgrease.Checkwhetheritlooseornotevery4hours.经常观察阀盖、缸盖、缸套密封（含耐磨盘与液缸间的密封）的报警孔，如有泥浆流出，就应及时的更换相应的密封圈。Observethealarmholeofvalvecover,cylindercoverandcylinderlinerseal(includingthesealbetweenwearplateandcylinder).Ifthemudflowsout,replacecorrespondingsealringintime.,每星期的维护保养weeklymaintenance,每周拆卸阀盖、缸盖一次，除去污泥，清洗干净，涂上二硫化钼复合钙基润滑脂，检查阀导向套的内套，如已明显磨损（阀导向杆与导套间的间隙超过3mm）应将其换掉。Disassemblethevalvecoverandcylindercoveronceaweek.Getridofthemudandcleanit.Thencoatitwithcompoundmolybdenumdisulfidecalciumbasegrease.Checktheinnerbushingofvalveguide.Ifithasbeenobviouslyworn(theclearancebetweenvalvestemandguidebushingshouldnotmorethan3mm),replaceitimmediately.检查阀和阀座的使用情况，把磨损严重或刺坏了的阀体，阀胶皮和阀座换掉（更换阀座时应注意同时更换阀体）。检查阀弹簧，把折断或丧失弹力的阀弹簧及时换掉。Checktheconditionofvalveandvalveseat.Replacethewornandwashoutvalvebody,valverubberandvalveseat(notice:whenreplacethevalveseat,replacethevalvebodyatthesametime).Checkthevalvespring,replacethebrokenormisselasticityspringintime.,检查活塞锁紧螺母，若遇腐蚀或损坏应换掉（因为一般上紧过三次以后的螺母，镶在其内的密封圈已失去锁紧能力）。Checkthepistonlocknut.Whenitiscankeredorworn,changeit,becausegenerally,ifanutisscreweddownthreetimes,thesealingringinlayedinitshalllosethesealfunction.从排泄孔盖的丝堵处放一次水，直至见油为止。Drainwaterfromthescrewplugonthedrainholecoveruntiloilout.检查并清洗润滑油泵管线中的滤网一次。Checkandcleanthefilterstraineroflubricationpumppipelineonce.,每月的维护保养monthlymaintenance,检查液力端的所有双头螺栓和螺母。例如缸盖法兰螺母，液缸与机架联接的螺母，以及吸入管路、排出管路的联接螺栓、螺母等。如果出现松动，须按规定扭矩重新上紧。Checkallthestudsandnutsofpowerend.Suchastheflangenutofcylindercover,thenutconnectedwithcylinderandframe,andtheboltsandnutsinsuctionpipelineanddischargepipeline.Iftherearesomelooses,tightenthemaccordingtoprescribedtorque.检查中间拉杆填料盒内的密封圈，若已磨损须更换，一般每三个月至少换一次。更换时应注意油封方位。Checkthepackingringofextensionrodinthestuffingbox.Ifitisworn,replaceitatleastoncethreemonths.Whenreplacement,noticetheazimuthofthepacking.拆卸和清洗装在排出滤网里的滤筒。Disassembleandcleanthefilterstrainerinthedischargefilter.每六个月换掉动力端油池和十字头沉淀油槽内的脏油，并同时清理这些油槽。Changetheusedoilinsumpofpowerendandincrossheadoildepositpooloncepersixmonthsandcleanthematthesametime.,每年的维护保养yearlymaintenance,检查十字头导板是否松动，十字头运转间隙是否符合规定要求，可在导板下加垫片来调整。在拆卸曲轴总成时，可将十字头旋转180再进行使用。Checkwhetherthecrossheadguideisloosenedornot,checkwhethertheclearanceisproperornot.Ifitisnot,addshimbelowtheguidetoadjust.Whendisassemblethecrankshaftassembly,thecrossheadcanbeturned180andreuseit.推荐每隔两年或三年对整个泵进行一次全面检查。检查主轴承、偏心轮轴承、十字头轴承、小齿轮轴轴承是否磨损或损坏，若不能继续使用，则须另换新的。Itisrecommendedthatcheckthoroughlythewholepumpeverytwoorthreeyears.Checkwhetherthemainbearing,eccentric(crank)bearing,crossheadbearing,pinionshaftbearingarewornornot.Iftheycannotuseanymore,replacethemwithnewbearing.检查齿轮的磨损情况，若磨损严重，须将曲轴和小齿轮轴同时调头安装，利用齿面未磨损的一面。Checkthewearconditionofgears.Iftheyareworn,installthecrankshaftandpinionshaftbyturnovertheendstousetheunwornfaceofgears.,在维护保养中尚须注意的其它事项otherattentionsduringthemaintenanceprocess,上卡箍前，必须将25的锥面擦干净。Beforeinstalltheclamp,cleanthe25taperface更换缸套时，必须将缸套密封圈一起换掉。Whenreplacethecylinderliner,replacethesealringoflineratthesametime冬季停泵后，须将阀腔及缸套内的泥浆放尽并冲洗干净。Whenthepumpisstoppedinwinter,dischargethemudinvalvepotandlinerandflushthemclean.泵各检查窗孔应注意盖好，以防灰砂等混入润滑油内。Coverallmanholeswelltoavoidthesandordustenterthelubrication.排出空气包只能充以氮气等惰性气体，严禁充入易燃、易爆气体。如氧气、氢气等。Theairbladderofdampenercanjustbefilledwithinertgasessuchasnitrogen.Itisforbiddentofillitwithflammableandexplosivegas,suchasoxygen,hydrogen,etc.,钻井泵常见故障判断及排除方法Frequentfailureandsolution,液力端故障,动力端故障,钻井泵易损件及其更换方法Consumableandreplacement,阀与阀座valveandvalveseat,取下阀盖、缸盖、缸盖堵头和定位盘，抽出插板总成，取出阀杆导向器（下）和阀弹簧以及阀体等（含阀胶皮和阀螺母等）。用随机配置的液压拔阀器专用工具，分别将上部排出阀座和下部吸入阀座拔出。Removethevalvecover,cylindercover,cylinderplugandlocatingdisk;drawouttheinserterassembly;takeoutthevalveguide(down),valvespringandvalvebody,etc.(includingthevalverubberandvalvenut,etc.).pullouttheupperdischargevalveseatandthelowersuctionvalveseatbyhydraulicvalvepuller.清洗上下阀座孔配合面（使用优质清洗剂），确认各阀座孔十分清洁并干燥（无脏物、油脂、防锈剂等）。用金刚砂纸磨去表面上所有毛刺，砂纸要沿阀座孔循环运动。Cleanthefittingsurfaceofupperandlowervalveseathole(pumpdeck)andmakesureallthevalveseatholdcleananddrywithoutdirty,greaseandantirust.Ruboutallburrsonthesurfacewithemerypaper,noticethattheemerypapershouldmovecircularlyalongthevalveseathole(pumpdeck).彻底清洗并干燥阀座，把吸入和排出阀座装到阀腔孔内装上阀体，用铜棒榔头敲击导向杆上部，使阀座到位。再装上阀弹簧及其它零件。Cleananddrythevalveseatanddeck.Installthesuctionvalveanddischargevalveseatintothevalvepotandthenthevalvebody.Knocktheupperpartoftheguiderodwithhammerorcopperrodtomakethevalveseatgettoitsposition.Atlast,installthevalvespringandsomeothercomponents.,液力端hydraulicend,液力端装配图assemblyofhydraulicend,缸套、活塞）cylinderlinerandpiston,取下喷淋管总成、卡箍，将十字头中间拉杆通过盘泵移至泵的后死点位置，用铁锤敲击缸套压盖逆时针旋转松开，使其退出，与此同时，通过缸套锁紧环的作用将缸套-活塞一并从液缸耐磨盘孔中带出，用随机配置的缸套吊装工具吊下。Disassemblethespraywashlineassemblyandclamp.Pullthecrossheadextensionrodtothebackdeadcenterpositionthroughcranking.Knockthelinerclampingplatewithhammertolooseitincontrarotationandtakeitdown.Atthesametime,takeoutthecylinderlinerandpistonformthewearablediskholethroughtheeffectoflinerretainerwiththelinerhoistingdevice.组装时，首先清洗活塞杆和活塞，务使其上面无毛刺和划痕。将活塞密封圈装到活塞芯的槽内，把活塞装到活塞杆上，注意不要让活塞密封圈滑脱。旋紧活塞杆上的螺母。在缸套内圆和活塞外圆上涂抹润滑脂。检查活塞杆和中间拉杆端部，务使其上面清洁无毛刺。把活塞杆装进缸套里，使活塞杆在缸套后面保持对中，用硬木或专用工具将活塞打进缸套内。Whenassembly,firstcleanthepistonrodandpistontomakesuretheywithoutburrandnick.Putthepistonsealingringtothegrooveofpistoncoreandthenputthepistononthepistonrod.Noticethatthepistonsealingringshouldnotbesurged.Screwdowntheboltsonthepistonrod.coattheinnersurfaceoflinerandoutersurfaceofpistonwithgrease.Checktheendofthepistonrodandextensionrodtomakesuretheywithoutburr.Putthepistonintothecylinderliner;makethepistonrodinthecenteratthebackofthecylinderliner.Thenknockthepistonintothecylinderlinerwithhardwoodorspecialtools.,把缸套密封圈装到耐磨盘的沉孔内。用润滑脂薄薄涂在缸套压盖的内表面，然后从后部套到缸套上。将两半缸套锁紧环装在缸套槽内，用O形圈把两半缸套锁紧环箍住。用吊具从缸套上部吊住缸套。在缸套压盖螺纹上涂抹润滑脂。把缸套旋压到缸套法兰内，旋紧缸套压盖，使缸套端面贴到位为止，用锤头把缸套压盖敲紧。通过盘泵使十字头中间拉杆向前死点方向移动，要注意：在十字头中间拉杆接近活塞杆端部时，不得损坏活塞杆端部的定位凸台，要支住活塞杆使它进入到中间拉杆的定位孔内。然后装入卡箍。Putthecylinderlinersealingringintothecountersinkgrooveofwearabledisk;daubtheinnersurfaceofcylinderlinerclampingplate(gland)withpropergrease,andthenputitonthecylinderlinerfromtheback;installthetwohalveslinerlockringintothegrooveoflinerandclampthemwithO-ring;hoistthecylinderlinerfromtheupperpart;daubgreasetothelinerglandthread;putthecylinderlinerintotheflangeofcylinderlinerandscrewdownthelinerglanduntiltheendisonitspositionandknockthelinerglandtotightenitwithhammer;movethecrossheadextensionrodtothefrontdeadcenterpositionthroughcranking.Noticethat:whenthecrossheadextensionrodisclosetotheendofthepistonrod,itshouldnotdamagethelocatingconvexpartofthepistonrodend.Supportthepistonrodtomakeitintothelocatingholeofextensionrod,andtheninstalltheclamp.,装卡箍之前，须将挡泥板装在中间拉杆的端部，把卡箍卡住活塞杆和中间拉杆端部法兰的斜面上。上紧螺栓。然后在缸套后部装上缸套端盖。Beforeinstalltheclamp,installthemudbaffleattheendoftheextensionrod.Clamptheclampattheinclined(taper)partofthepistonrodendandextensionrodend,screwdowntheboltsandtheninstallthelinersendcoveratthebackofliner.若活塞杆和卡箍都是新的，在卡箍两瓣的开口处有大约1/2（13mm）的间隙，以保证活塞杆端面形成良好的金属对金属联接。当磨损后，两瓣将趋于接近。如果已经没有间隙，则卡箍不起作用，此时就应更换卡箍。Ifthepistonrodandclamparenew,thereshouldbea1/2（13mm）gapbetweentwohalvesoftheclamptomakesuretheendfaceofthepistonrodhaveagoodconnectionofmetaltometal.Whentheyarewornout,thetwohalvesshouldclosegradually.Ifthereisnogap,theclampcannotwork,andthenreplaceit.,排出空气包气囊更换airbladderreplacingfordischargedampener,确认系统中已经完全泄压。Makesurethereisnopressureinthesystem拆卸掉盖。Disassemblethecoverofdampener.取下气囊。takeouttheairbladder检查气囊是否损坏，消除引起损坏的因素。Checkw