psycholinguistics

Psycholinguistics(心理语言学),Outline,History of PsycholinguisticsWhat is psycholinguistics?Ringe of study,History of Psycholinguistics,American psychologist Kantor.“Psycholinguistics” seminar held by American Indiana University in 1953,What is psycholinguistics?,Psycholinguistics= psychology + linguisticsPsychology:cognitive psychology(认知心理学)Linguistics:Experimental Linguistics（实验语言学）,Definition:Psycholinguistics is an interdisciplinary(跨学科的) field that draws on psychology and related disciplines to study language processes.It is about how people use language or the mental processes a person uses in producing and understanding language.,What is psycholinguistics?,Ringe of study,Research Foundation:psychology cognitive science(认知科学)linguistics,Ringe of study,Two possible directions:a. Language as a way of explaining psycholinguistic theories and processes.b. The effects of psychological constraints(限制性或约束性的事物) on the use of language.,The three sub-fields:language acquisition (how human beings learn language).language comprehension (how we perceive and understand speech and written language)language production (how we construct an utterance from idea to completed sentence),Ringe of study,Language Acqusition,1.Some phenomenon2.The Definition 3.Some experts ideas 4.Some discoveries5.Some issues in language acquisition,Language Acqusition,1.Some phenomenon2.The Definition 3.Some experts ideas 4.Some discoveries5.Some issues in language acquisition,Have you noticed that.?,Children usually know nothing about how to spell words or read sentences, but they can speak his native language fluently.After we can speak a certain language, we still can learn other languages, as we Chinese students are learning English, but usually this process is very tough.,These phenomenon concerns about the language acquisition.,Two Kinds of Language Acquisition,First Language Acquisition:The process of acuqiring a native language is technically termed as first language acquisition, or simply language acquisition.（It usually refers to the children.）Second Language Acquisition(SLA): The processes by which people learn languages in addition to their native language is termed as second language acquisition.(It usually refers to adults.),Language Acquisition,Language acquisition refers to how and when children speak and understand their native language in the context of their native language or in bilingual communities, three or more languages communities(语言社区).etc.,Developmentalists ideas (发展心理学专家的观点),They are interested in the external factors(外部因素) that shape acquistion, such as 1.learning（学习）,2.brain maturation（大脑成熟度）, 3.social interaction（社群的相互作用）,and4.cognitive development（认知发展）.,Some examples supporting the developmentalists ideas,The students loving to learn usually learn quickly and well.The maturer children usually learn and understand words well.The children who are not willing to communicate with others usually acquire language slowly.,The ideas of experts in the field of SLA (第二语言习得领域专家的观点),They are intersted in what internal factors(内在因素) can probably influnce the process of acquisition, such as 1.the interaction between target language and native language,(目标语言与母语之间的联系）2.the context in which the language is learned（语境）, 3.learners individuality （学习者的个人特征） (cognitive styles, learning styles,etc.),Some examples supporting the SLAs ideas,1.We two who and who!2.You give me stop!3.heart flower angry open4.He is studying in a red-brick college.5.What a turkey!,1.In SLA, the acquisition period undergoes from prenatal（胎儿时期的） development through adolescence.2.In practice, development research produces data from which the “normal” course of language comprehension and language production can be elicited.3.Genaerally speaking, a childs linguistic performance is a function of age(with wide variations, for instance, intelligence, non-intellectual factors etc) and the language being acquired.,Some Discoveries:,4.Children learn simple grammatical forms before they learn complex forms.For example:1.妈妈吃苹果。 2. 苹果被妈妈吃。Passive voice, long sentences,etc will habe impact on the childs cognitive processing mechanism.,Other issues in Language Acquisition,Does bilingualism add to or subtract(减去) from language acquistion?How do children learn irregular verb forms(e.g，go-went)?How does the mothers prenatal（胎儿时期的） speech affect learning?,附录：What is mother tongue?,母语，亦称第一语言，是一个人最早接触学习、并掌握的一种或几种语言。母语一般是自幼即开始接触并持续运用到青少年或之后；并且一个人所受的家庭或正式教育中，尤其是早期，有相当部分是通过母语传授的。母语的运用能力对一个人进一步的学习过程至关重要，因为思考多是以母语为基础的；因此母语在教育过程中有核心的地位。如果母语掌握欠佳，学习别的语言也会有困难。“母语”一词，也会给人错误的印象。母语不是靠出生地或血统决定。母语也不一定是母亲的语言，比如在一些父系社会，母亲来自不同的语言区，而孩子通常只用当地的语言，他们只有极少数会掌握母亲的语言。同样，对于移民后代来说，“母语”不一定是母国或祖国的语言，甚至有可能是人造语言（如世界语）。一个人可以有两种或更多种母语，因此是“双语”或“多语”的。,Thanks for listening!,Language Comprehension,1.Definition2.Language processing procedures3.How we resolve lexical ambiguity,Definition,Comprehension refers to how we understand written, spoken, or signed language.Comprehension involves a complex string of processes that begins with phoneme perception and end with a derived meaning.Phonology, Morphology, Syntax Semantics,Language Processing Procedures,Involves sensory system, STM, LTM, effecter system,How lexical ambiguity happen,There is not a distinct acoustic pattern associated with each phoneme: Different acoustic patterns can be heard as the same phoneme; The same acoustic pattern can be heard as different phonemes depending on the contextWhole word ambiguity: plant, seal, lead, bank, fineHow we sparse the sentence,Ambiguity is one of many problems to be resolved in written and spoken language,The stuffy nose vs. The stuff he knowsVisiting professor can be boring.I saw the man with binoculars,How we resolve lexical ambiguity,?,Language production,Outline,1.The definition of language production 2. Two process of language production 3. four stages of language production,1. Definition,Language production refers to how a person creates speech, sign language, or text beginning with an innitial idea or message and ending in spoken, signed, or written.,2 processLanguage production involves two simultaneous processes 1)the thought process 2)the speech process,3 Four stages,According to Levelt (1989), language production contains four stages:莱维尔特 1)conceptualizing 2)formulating 3)articulating 4)self-monitoring,1)Conceptualizing,Conceptualzing involves conceiving of an intention, selecting the relevant information to be expressed for the realization of this purpose, ordering this information for expression, the sum total of these mental activities will be called conceptualizing.,2)Formulating,Formulating refers to converting the thought (which is conceptualized in the first stage) into linguistic plan, to generating a framework on which to hang the units of speech.This stage consists of three phases: identifying the meaning selecting a syntactic structure generating an intonation contour.,three phases of formulating,1) identifying the meaningwords meaning,three phases of formulating,2) selecting a syntactic structure 1) tree diagram 2) semantics-bases framework 3) the connectionist model,three phases of formulating,3)Generating an intonation contour kntu Whether you are going to ask a question or make a statement, and the constituents in the utterance that need to be emphasized or stressed have to be tagged at this point . here is where we layout the stress pattern in the sentence to be produced. e.g. Mike like baby .(to emphasize object ) Mike like baby. (to emphasize subject ),3)Articulating: the thinks of internal speech from buffer,Thank you for your attention,Pragmatics and Discourse,The definition of pragmatics,It is the analysis of meaning in context.Studies of pragmatics focus on how social situations affect language processes.,The definition of discourse,It is multisentence speech ,such as conversation, dialogue, written text, stories, jokes, and narrative.,Schema theory(图式理论）,Schema theory refers to the organized symbol of knowledge and storage methods that surround one particular theme.For example, when we see a picture of dog ,we can quickly remember its name, living habits, and other things about it.,8.2 How is psycholinguistics studied?,Reaction time method (反应时法)Speech errors method(语误法)Discourse analysis (论述分析)Case study method (案例研究),Reaction time method,It is to record simple reading times for sentences that vary in linguistic complexity.Comprehension of metaphors - 隐喻语言的理解 e.g, “time is money” “knowledge is power ”,Speech errors method,Speech errors method is a traditional analysis of speech production based on spontaneous speech errors.,Spontaneous英音：spnteinis 美音：spntens,形容词a.1.自发的;非出于强制的He made aspontaneousoffer of help.他自愿提供帮助。2.(动作等)无意识的,不由自主的Hearing the joke, we burst intospontaneouslaughter.听到笑话,我们不由自主地大笑起来。3.自然的spontaneousbehavior自然的举止4.(植物)自生的,非人工栽培的5.(文体等)自然而优美的,Involuntarily 英音：invlntrili 美音：nvln,trl,副词ad.1.非自愿地;非出于本意地2.无意地;偶然地3.不由自主地;本能地I shiveredinvoluntarily.我不禁发起抖来。,Discourse analysis,A trend is to analyze strategies used in conversations, dialogues, question asking, and interviews.,how is psychologistics studied-case study method,for understanding how language is acquired and what features each respective stage bears ,case study method is employed,usually a typical subject is chosen firstthen is observation diary, interview, and participantsintrospect etc.,conclusion,defination of the psycholinguisticsField Description: Psycholinguistics is the study of peoples actions and mental processes as they use language. At its core are speaking and listening, which have been studied in domains as different as language acquisition and language disorders. Yet the primary domain of psycholinguistics is everyday language use.,General Topics: Language performance and language use; the acquisition, production and perception of language; psychological processes involved in speech performance; the relevance of these questions to linguistic theory.,Course Outline,part I1. An Introduction to Psycholinguistics: its scope of inquiry and developmental history2. Language comprehension(语言理解)3. Language production(语言的产生)4. Language acquisition(语言习得）5. Second Language Acquisition(第二语言习得）6pragmatics and discourse(语用学与话语)7. New Directions in Psycholinguistics,PART IIhow is psycholinguistics studiedreaction time method speech errors methoddiscourse analysiscase syudy method,Lets have a review,Fill in each of the following blanks with a proper words. refers to how and when children speak and understand their native language in the context of their native language or in bilingual communities, three or more languages communities, etc.The processes by which people learn l