高中英语必修四Unit2知识归纳

Unit 2 知识归纳词汇1struggle v&n.挣扎；努力；奋斗；斗争；艰难地进行(1)struggle to do sth.努力做某事；挣扎着做某事struggle against/with同作斗争struggle to ones feet挣扎着站起来struggle for 为而斗争；努力争取struggle on挣扎着，坚持下去(2)with a struggle 费劲地2expand vt.& vi. 扩大，增加；使变大；使增强；使膨胀；阐述；细谈(1)expand into/in.使扩大，变大；把扩展expand on/upon 阐述，详谈(2)o.把扩展/发展成(3)expansive adj.易扩张的；易膨胀的；广阔的expansion n. 扩张；膨胀；扩大；发展Metals expand when they are heated.金属受热则膨胀。同类辨析expand，extend，spread，stretch与enlarge(1)expand展开，扩大，使膨胀；不仅指尺寸的增加，还可指范围和体积的扩大。(2)extend伸长，延伸，指空间范围等的扩大，以及长度、宽度的向外延伸，也可指时间的延长。(3)spread伸开，传播，一般指向四面八方扩大传播的范围，如传播(疾病)、散布(信息)等。(4)stretch伸展，拉长，一般指由曲变直、由短变长的伸展，不是加长。(5)enlarge指面积、体积和范围的扩大以及能力的增长，不能用来指重量、速度、时间等。3equip vt.装备；配备(1)equip.for sth./to do sth.为了(做)而装备equip.with.用装备，使装(具)备equip oneself 整装，预备行装(2)be equipped for准备好，对有准备be equipped with装(配)备；安装be fully/specially/poorly/well equipped装备齐全/独特/简陋/完好(3)equipment nU装备；设备a piece of equipment (不可用 an equipment)4regret vt.惋惜；遗憾n遗憾；懊悔(1)regret to do sth.(常和tell，say，inform等动词连用)对将要做某事表示遗憾regret doing sth.后悔做了某事regretthatclause遗憾(2)feel regret for对感到后悔to ones regret令某人感到遗憾的是Its to be regretted that.令人遗憾的是with great/deep regret很遗憾5focus n集中点，焦点，调焦；兴趣或注意力的中心vt.&vi.(使)聚焦，(使)集中精力于(1)focus ones eyes/energy/mind/attention on sth.把某人的眼神/精力/思想/注意力集中于某物(2)focus on/upon sth.(某人)把注意力集中于某物(3)out of focus模糊不清/焦点没有对准的in focus清晰的/焦点对准的bring o focus使成为关注的焦点the focus of attention/concern注意力/关注的焦点6reduce vt. 缩减，减少；使处于状态(表示此种意义时，常用于被动语态)；使变弱；使降职(级)(1)reduce sth.(from sth.) to.把减少到reduce sth.(from sth.) by.把减少了be reduced to.沦落为be reduced to despair 陷入绝望reduce sb.(from sth.) to.把某人(从某级别或职位)降至(2)reduction n减少，缩减；折扣；减价make a reduction减价(3)(反)increase v增加，增长，增大7comment n&vi.评论，注释，意见(1)make comments on/upon sth.评论某事without comment不必多说no comment无可奉告(2)comment on/upon评论，谈论，对提意见comment that.评论He made several comments on the film.他对这部电影作出了许多评论。Before you make an offer，you should comment on the object.在你出价以前，应先对物品进行评论。Tom commented that it was a better play than usual.汤姆评论说这场比赛比以往打得要好。短语句型1rid.of摆脱，除去(不好的东西)(1)rid.of.常于用结构be rid of或get rid of中。(2)get rid of处理掉；摆脱be rid of已摆脱掉，已除掉rid oneself of.摆脱；从解脱2be satisfied with对感到满意(1)be/feel satisfied withbe content with对表示满足或满意be satisfied to do sth.对做某事感到满意(2)satisfy v使(某人)满意，满足(欲望)satisfysb./sth.使某人/某种欲望得到满足(3)satisfaction n满意，满足to ones satisfactionto the satisfaction of sb.使某人感到满意的是with satisfaction满意地(4)satisfying adj.令人满意(满足)的satisfied adj.满足的，满意的satisfactory adj.令人满意的，圆满的，如愿的far from satisfactory远不令人满意3lead to导致(result in)；造成(后果)；通向(不用于被动语态)(1)lead to中to为介词，后跟名词、代词或v.ing形式。(2)lead sb.to sth./sp.使得出(观点)/引导某人去lead sb.to do sth.引导某人做某事lead o带某人进入lead the way领路；处于领先地位lead sb.by the nose牵着某人的鼻子走lead sb.nowhere毫无成果4He would much rather keep time for his hobbies.他宁愿把时间花在自己的爱好上。Organic farmers，therefore，often prefer using natural waste from animals as fertilizer.因此，使用有机耕作的农民们通常爱使用天然的动物粪便当作肥料。would rather 宁愿，宁可(没有人称和数的变化)(1)would rather do sth.prefer to do sth.宁愿(可)做某事would rather (not) do sth.宁愿(不)做某事(2)would rather do.than do.would do.rather than do.rather than do.would.prefer to do.rather than do.宁愿做也不愿做；与其做倒不如做(3)would rather从句(从句使用虚拟语气)would rather (that) sb.did sth.宁愿某人做某事(用一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反)would rather (that) sb.had done sth.宁愿某人做过某事(过去完成时表示与过去的情况相反)(4)would rather have done本来想做而未实现I would rather you didnt.常用来表示委婉拒绝别人的请求。Id rather have the red one than (have) the green one.我宁愿要那个红的，也不愿要那个绿的。Id take the train rather than go there by air.我宁可坐火车去那儿，也不愿坐飞机去。Rather than refuse to help you，I would borrow money from my friends.我宁可向朋友借钱，也不想拒绝帮助你。He prefers to stay alone rather than gossip with his coworkers in his spare time.语法动词ing形式作主语和宾语动词ing形式既是现在分词形式，也是动名词形式。作为动名词，它具有动词的基本性质，因而可以有状语修饰它；及物动词的动名词还应有宾语，从而构成动名词短语；它也具有名词的基本性质，因而在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语等。一、动词ing形式作主语动词ing形式作主语通常有两种位置：一种是位于句首；另一种是it作形式主语，动词ing形式短语作真正的主语，放在句后。动名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。归纳拓展常用动词ing形式作主语的句型有：It be a waste of time doing sth.做某事是浪费时间的It be no good/use doing sth.做某事是无益/没用的It be worth doing sth.做某事是值得的There is no sense in doing sth.做某事没意义There is no use doing sth.做某事没用There is no point in doing sth.做某事无意义二、动词ing形式作宾语1动词ing形式可作某些动词、介词及形容词的宾语。The boy admitted being careless.这个男孩承认他太粗心大意了。I have never dreamed of visiting that place.我从未梦想到要参观那个地方。Hearing this，I cant help laughing.一听说这件事，我禁不住大笑起来。2常接动词ing形式作宾语的动词有：avoid避免appreciate感激advise建议miss错过 finish完成 mention提及prevent阻止 escape逃避 imagine想象admit承认 quit停止 resist抵制suggest建议 mind介意 consider考虑deny否认 enjoy喜欢 excuse原谅practise练习 delay推迟 risk冒险stand忍受 postpone推迟3接动词ing形式作宾语的介词常出现在下列短语中：be good at擅长于dream of梦想lead to导致devote.to.把奉献于look forward to盼望，期盼be used to习惯于feel like想要insist on坚持think of想出stick to坚持pay attention to注意get down to开始认真做某事4接动词ing形式作宾语的形容词有：be worth doing sth.值得做某事be worthwhile doing sth.值得做某事be busy doing sth.忙于做某事5既可接动词ing形式，又可接动词不定式作宾语，意义无多大区别的动词有：attempt尝试begin/start开始continue继续intend打算6接动词ing形式和动词不定式作宾语，但意义差别较大的词或短语有：remember/regret/forget to do sth.记着去做/很遗憾/忘记