英语学习资料

AdvancedEnglish,BookOne2010-2011,ClassificationofEnglishLearners,Englishlearnerscanbeclassifiedintothreekinds:beginners,intermediatelearnersandadvancedlearners.,LEARNING,LessonOneTheMiddleEasternBazaar,I.Questionsforpreparingthetext,1.Whatisthegenreofthistext?2.Bywhatorderisitorganizedanddeveloped?3.Whatsabazaar?4.Whichpartofthebazaarimpressesyoumost?5.WhatdoestheMiddleEastreferto?SearchoninternetorinthelibraryfortheMiddleEastIssue.,II.Backgroundinformation,1.Aboutthetext:ThistextistakenfromthebookAdvancedComprehensionandAppreciationPiecesforOverseasStudents.ItwascompiledforbyL.A.HillandD.J.MayandpublishedbytheOxfordUniversityPressin1962.,II.Backgroundinformation,2.TheMiddleEast:generallyreferringtotheareafromAfghanistantoEgypt,includingtheArabianPeninsula,Cyprus,andAsiaticTurkey.TheMiddleEastcountriesincludethefollowing:,II.Backgroundinformation,II.Backgroundinformation,3.Bazaar:anorientalmarket-placewhereavarietyofgoodsissold.ThewordperhapscomesfromthePersianword.IntheU.S.shoppingmallisusedwhileinBritainandSpainplazaisused.4.Gothic:astyleofarchitectureoriginatedinN.Franceinthe11thcentury,characterizedbypointedarches,ribbedvaulting,steep,highroofs,etc.,II.Backgroundinformation,5.Veiledwomen:Somemoslemsusetheveilmoreappropriately,thepurdahtosecludeorhidetheirwomenfromtheeyesofstrangers.6.caravanserai(caravansary):intheMiddleEast,akindofinnwithalargecentralcourt,wherebandsofmerchantsorpilgrims,togetherwiththeircamelsorhorses,stayforshelterandrefreshments,III.Writingstyle,Thistextisapieceofdescription.BygivingreadersavividanddetailedintroductiontotheMiddleEasternBazaar,theauthorsuccessfullypresentsitsuniquecharacteristics:1)thenoisyhilarityoftheentrance,2)thepleasureofbargainingwiththesellers,3)theuniquestyleandfeaturesofallkindsofspecificmarkets,4)disdainfulcamelsaswellasthecourseofextractinglinseedoil.,III.Writingstyle,TheauthorsvividandsplendiddescriptiontakesreadersbacktohundredsofthousandsofyearsagototheagedMiddleEasternBazaar.Theappealtoreadersvisualandhearingsensethroughoutthedescriptionisalsoamarkedfeatureofthispieceofwriting.,（e-Learning）,YulinCollege,III.Writingstyle,WhatiscalledDescription?,Description,atypeofwritingwhichconveysthesensations,emotionsandimpressionsthataffectawriterexperiencingaperson,place,objectoridea.Thewriterdescribeswhathesees,hears,smells,feelsortastes.,Description,Indescribing,awriterdrawsaverbalpictureofsomeplace,thingorperson.Inordertoenablehisreadertoperceivetherealityoftheoriginalhereproducesanimagebyspecificandconcretewordsthatappealtothereaderssenseofsight,smell,sound,tasteandtouch.,Description,Descriptionisusuallyorganizedanddevelopedbyspaceorder.Awritermaymovefromadistancetocloseup,fromcloseuptoadistance,fromlefttoright,fromrighttoleft,etc.,Description,Descriptionmaybeobjective,realisticorexpositoryormaybesubjective,impressionisticoremotional.Descriptionisrealisticwhenthetopicisviewedfromanobjectivepointofview.Awriterselectsfactualdetailsandusesconcretewordstoavoidanemotionalordistortedreproduction.,Description,Descriptionisimpressionisticwhenthetopicisviewedfromasubjectivepointofview.Inwritingemotionaldescription,awritertriestoevokeinthereaderhisfeelingsaboutthesubject.,IV.Textanalysis,1.(Para.1)Introduction:Adescriptionoftheentrancetothebazaar1)TheGothicgateway2)Contrastbetweentheheatandglareintheopensquareandthecoolnessanddimnessintheinteriorofthebazaar,IV.Textanalysis,3)Anothercontrastbetweenthepleasingsoundofthetinklingofdonkeybellsandtheconfusingdin4)Thelittlestallsencroaching（侵犯）onthestreet,makingtheroadwaynarrowerandnarrower,IV.Textanalysis,2.(para.2)Theclothmarketintheinterior1)Transitionbywayofcontrastbetweenthedinoftheentranceandthemutenessofthecloth-market2)Reasonsforthemuteness,IV.Textanalysis,3.(Para.3-4)Twooutstandingpeculiaritiesofthebazaar1)(Para.3)Concentrationofdealersinthesamekindofgoodsinonearea2)(Para.4)Thecustomofbargaining,IV.Textanalysis,4.(Para.5-6)Adescriptionofthecopper-smithsmarket1)(Para.5)Production:Craftsmenandtheirtools:braziersburningcharcoal,hugeleatherbellowsformakingthefirehot,andhammersandanvilsforbeatingcoppervesselsintoshape2)(Para.6)Products:Vesselsforornamentandvesselsforfunctionaluse,IV.Textanalysis,5.(Para.7)Afleetingviewofthecarpet-market,spice-market,food-market;andglimpsesofcourtyards6.(Para.8-9)Thelinseedoilmill1)Thelinseedoilmill2)Theprocessoftheextractionofthelinseedoil,V.Summaryofthetext(1),Inthistext,theauthordescribesavividandlivesceneofnoisyhilarityoftheMiddleEasternBazaartoreaders.(1)Atfirsthedescribesthegeneralatmosphereofthebazaar.Theentranceofthebazaarisagedandnoisy.However,asonegoesthroughthebazaar,thenoiseoftheentrancefadesaway.,V.Summaryofthetext(2),(2)OneofthepeculiaritiesoftheEasternBazaaristhatshopkeepersdealinginthesamekindofgoodsgatherinthesamearea.(3)Thentheauthorintroducessomeusefulstrategiesforbargainingwiththesellerinthebazaar.,V.Summaryofthetext(3),(3)Afterthathedescribessomeimpressivespecificmarketsofthebazaarincludingthecopper-smithsmarket,thecarpetmarket,thespicemarket,thefoodmarket,thedyemarket,thepotterymarketandthecarpentersmarket.,V.Summaryofthetext(4),(4)Thetypicalanimalindesert,camels,canalsoattractattentionbytheirdisdainfulexpressions.(5)Totheauthorthemostunforgettablethinginthebazaaristheplacewherepeoplemakelinseedoil.Hence,hedescribesthecomplicatedcourseofmakinglinseedoilwithgreatdetails.,VI.Languagepoints,1.glare:n.strong,fierce,unpleasantlight强光,耀眼的光E.g.Tintingthewindowswillcutdownthesunsglare.给窗户上色会减少太阳光的强射。2.cavern:n.largecave,esp.adarkone大洞穴E.g.Toexploreinthecavernisverydangerous.在山洞里探险是一件危险的事情。,VI.Languagepoints,3shadowy:adj.fullofshadowsorshades有影子的，多阴凉的；(fig.)indistinct,dim模糊的，朦胧的E.g.Ashadowyfigureglimpsedinthetwilight.暮色中闪现出了模糊的人影。4Tinkle:n.seriesofshortlightringingsounds一连串的丁铃声E.g.:Thetinkleofthebellcanbeheardfromfaraway.远处就能听到铃儿的叮当声。,VI.Languagepoints,5.threadonesway:v.phrase.movethroughcarefullyorslowly小心或缓慢地挤过e.g.:Shethreadedherwaythroughthemovingmassofpeople.她慢慢挤过熙熙攘攘的人群。6Throng:n.crowdedmassofpeople拥挤的人群e.g.:Athrongofcrazyfansarewaitingtoseethefootballstar.一大群狂热的球迷等着看球星。,VI.Languagepoints,7.stall:n.small,open-frontedshoportable,usedbyatraderinamarketoronastreet摊位，铺子，售货亭e.g.:Thereisabook-stallatthestation.车站有书亭。8conceivable:adj.(thingsorideas)thatcanbebelievedorimagined可想到的e.g.:Itishardlyconceivablethatsheshoulddosuchathing.我简直难以想象她会干这种事。,VI.Languagepoints,9.din:n.continuingloudconfusednoise持续的噪杂声e.g.TheblazeoflightandappallingdinoftheorchestrahadalmostdazedElizabeth.这个乐团刺眼的光亮和恶劣的噪杂声几乎使伊丽莎白眩晕。10.vigorously:adv.strongly,activelyorenergeticallyof(e.g.power,thought,language,etc.)强壮地，有力地，（能力，思想，语言等）有力量地e.g.HearguesvigorouslywithJohninsupportofMarysignorance.他为了证明玛丽的无知奋力与约翰争辩。,VI.Languagepoints,11.penetrate:v.topierceorpassinto;gothrough进入或穿过，透过e.g.Ourtroopshavepenetratedintoenemyterritory.我们的部队已深入敌占区。12Muted:adj.(ofsounds)quieterandsofterandoftenindistinct（指声音）减弱的，柔和的，常指微弱不清的e.g.speakinmutedvoices轻声说话,VI.Languagepoints,13.deaden:v.lessenordulltheforceorsoundintensityofsomething.减低某物的力量或音量的强度e.g.Yourconstantcriticismhasdeadenedtheirenthusiasm.你接二连三的批评使他们失去了热情。14.Overwhelm:v.todefeatormakepowerlessbygreaterforce被更强大的力量压倒，制服e.g.Overwhelmedwithdespair,hefelltohisknees.他绝望万分，跪倒在地。,VI.Languagepoints,15.sepulchral:adj.ofatomborofburial;gloomy坟墓的；阴沉的e.g.speakinasepulchraltones用低沉的语调说话16.followsuit:v.phrase.todothesameassomeoneelsehasdone赶潮流，学样e.g.Manyyoungpeoplearefondoffollowingsuitatpresent.时下许多年轻女孩热衷于赶潮流。,VI.Languagepoints,17.preliminary:ingbeforeamoreimportantactionorevent预备性的e.g.Afterafewpreliminaryremarks,thePrimeMinisterannouncedthathewouldresign.在几句开场白之后，总理宣布他将辞职。18.narrowdown:v.phrase.reducethenumberof缩小e.g.Pleasenarrowdownthetopicofyourspeechtoavoidwasteoftime.请缩小你讲话的主题以免浪费时间。19.beatdown:v.phrase.bargainwiththeseller,causinghimtolowertheprice砍价e.g.:Itisnecessarytoknowhowtobeatdownthepricewhenbargaining.在与卖主讲价时需要知道怎样压价。,VI.Languagepoints,20.makeapointof:v.phrase.regardsomethingasnecessary认为（某事）是必要的e.g.Theteachersmakeapointofsettingstrictdemandonthestudents.老师们认为为学生制定严格的要求是必要的。21.bang:v.hitviolently,tomakealoudnoise砰然作响e.g.Tombangedthedoorashewentthrough.汤姆走出门口时，砰的把门关上。,VI.Languagepoints,22.clash:v.makealoud,broken,confusednoise发出巨大、刺耳的撞击声；(fig.)violentfight冲突，抵触e.g.Theirswordsclashed.他们的剑互相撞击，铿锵有声。Demonstratorsclashedwithpolice.示威者与警察发生冲突。23.impinge:v.haveaneffecton;strike对某事物起作用或有影响e.g.Hewassosleepythatthesoundofthealarmscarcelyimpingedonhisconsciousness.他如此犯困以至警报声都没能使他清醒。,VI.Languagepoints,24.incredibly:adv.Impossibletobelieve难以置信地e.g.Heearnsanincrediblylargeamountofmoney.他挣的钱多得惊人。25.takeahand:v.phrase.help帮助e.g.Thehusbandseldomdoeshousework,butsometimeshealsotakesahand.丈夫很少做家务，但有时也帮忙。,VI.Languagepoints,26.instruct:v.giveordersordirectionstosomebody.指示，指导e.g.Theyhavenotinstructeduswheretogo.他们还未指示我们到何处去。27.bellows:n.(singularorplural)adevicethatdrivesairthroughanarrowpipewhenitssidesarepressedtogether（单复数同形）风箱28.rhythmically:adj.havingrepeatedpatternorregularsoundsormovementswithafixedbeat有节奏的，有规律的e.g.Shebreathesrhythmically.她呼吸规律均匀。,VI.Languagepoints,29.stroke:n.ablow;anactofstriking击，敲，打e.g.40strokeswithawhipwasacommonbutseverepunishmentinancientChina.中国古代有一种常见的严厉责罚是鞭打40下。30.engrave:v.cutorcarve(lines,words,designs)intostone,metalorotherhardsurface在硬物（如石头、金属）上雕刻（线条、文字、图案等）(fig.)impressdeeply(onmemoryormind)将某事物深深留在（脑海或记忆中）e.g.Heengraveshisinitialsonthemetalplate.他在金属板上刻下他姓名的首字母。Memoriesofthatterribledayareforeverengravedonmymind.那可怕的一天永远留在我的记忆中。,VI.Languagepoints,31.intricate:adj.difficulttofolloworunderstand错综复杂的e.g.:Alicewaslostintheintricatewindingsofalabyrinth.爱丽丝在迷宫扑朔迷离的路线中迷失了方向。32.functional:adj.practicalanduseful实用的e.g.:Jeansisakindoffunctionalandbeautifulclothing.牛仔服是一类既美观又实用的衣服。,VI.Languagepoints,33.profusion:n.plenty;greatortoogreatamount大量的e.g.:Heexpressedaprofusionofgoodwishestothebirthdayperson.他向过生日的人表示了许多美好的祝愿。34.varied:adj.ofdifferentsorts;diverse各种各样的，不同的e.g.:Holidayjobsaremanyandvaried.假期的工作又多又杂。,VI.Languagepoints,35.pungent:adj.havingasharporstrongtaste,smell（味道或气味）辛辣的(fig.)(ofremarks)sharplycritical;bitingorcaustic（指言语）尖刻的，刻薄的e.g.LuXunisfamousforhispungentcomments.鲁迅以其尖刻辛辣的文笔闻名。36.exotic:adj.foreign,unusual外来的；奇异的e.g.Mangoesandotherexoticfruitssellgoodinourcountry.芒果和其他外来水果在我国市面上很受欢迎。,VI.Languagepoints,37.sumptuous:adj.richinvarietyandcostlyinexpense华贵的，奢侈的e.g.:Thesumptuousfeastinthisgardenwillnevercomeback.这园中华美的盛宴将永不重回。38.humble:adj.poor,mean简陋的，低劣的e.g.ahumblemeal简单的饭菜,VI.Languagepoints,39.maze:n.acomplexsetofintricatewindings迷宫，曲径e.g.Thechildrenleadmethroughthemazeofalleystotheedgeofthecity.孩子们领我穿过七弯八绕的迷宫般的小巷到市区边缘。40.honeycomb:n.waxstructure蜂巢e.g.:apieceofhoneycomb一块蜂巢v.makewithholes,cellsorcavities使成蜂窝状e.g.:TheRockofGibraltarishoneycombedwithcaves.直布罗陀岩山上有许多洞穴。,VI.Languagepoints,41.disdainfully:adv.feelingthatsth.isunworthyofonesnotice鄙视的；蔑视的e.g.:Edgardisdainfullycastalookathistwinbrother.埃德加不屑地看了他的双胞胎弟弟一眼。42.revolve:v.(causesth.to)goroundinacircle;rotate（使某物）作圆周运动；转动e.g.:Theearthrevolvesroundthesun.地球绕着太阳转。43.crush:v.breaksth.hardintosmallpiecesorintopowderbypressing捣碎某物e.g.:Hugehammerscrushuptherocks.大锤把岩石砸成碎块。,VI.Languagepoints,44.extract:v.obtain(juice,etc.)fromasubstancebyanychemicalormechanicaloperation压出，榨出（汁液等）e.g.:extractjuicefromoranges榨出橙子汁45.muscular:adj.havingwelldevelopedandstrongmuscles肌肉发达的，强健的e.g.:Hispowerfulmusculararmsgivehischildrenasenseofsecurity.他那肌肉发达而有力的双臂给孩子们以安全感。,VI.Languagepoints,46.massive:adj.large,heavyandimposingorimpressive巨大的e.g.Shedrankamassiveamountofalcohol.她喝了大量的烈酒。47.ramshackle:adj.shaky,unsteady破烂不堪的e.g.aramshackleoldbus快要报废的公共汽车48.nimbly:adv.(movingoracting)quicklyandlightly迅速地，敏捷地，灵敏地e.g.Hemovesasnimblyasagoatonthemountain.他像山羊一样敏捷地在山上行走。,VI.Languagepoints,49.throwonesweighton:v.phrase.useallonesstrengthtopressdown使劲压在（某物）上e.g.:Thedoctorthrewhisweightonthepatientschest,butitdidntwork.医生使劲压住病人的胸口，但无济于事。50.setsth.inmotion:v.phrase.setsth.going使（某物）运动e.g.:Beforethegasolinewasdiscovered,peopleuseddieseloiltosettheengineinmotion.在发现汽油之前，人们使用柴油来发动引擎。,VI.Languagepoints,51.trickle:n.aslow,smallflow(ofliquid)涓涓细流e.g.:Thestreamisreducedtoameretrickleinsummer.夏天那小河水量减少，成了涓涓细流。52.ooze:eorflowoutslowly慢慢流出e.g.:Allthetoothpastehadoozedout.牙膏全都慢慢流出来了。53.runnel:n.asmallchannelorstream小河沟或小流e.g.:Therainranintoshallowrunnelsalongsidethepath.雨水流进路边的小河沟里。,VII.Paraphrase,1.Littledonkeysthreadtheirwayamongthethrongsofpeople:Littledonkeysworktheirwaywithdifficultyamongthecrowdsofpeople.,VII.Paraphrase,2.Thenasyoupenetratedeeperintothebazaar,thenoiseoftheentrancefadesaway,andyoucometothemutedcloth-market:Thenasyougodeeperintothebazaar,thenoiseoftheentrancegraduallydisappears,andyoucometothequietcloth-market.,VII.Paraphrase,3.Theynarrowdowntheirchoiceandbeginthereallyseriousbusinessofbeatingthepricedown:Theyreducethenumberoftheirchoicesandbegintobargainwiththeshopkeepersinaseriousway.4.Hewillpricetheitemhigh,andyieldlittleinthebargaining:Hewillchargemuchmorethantheitemsrealvalue,andgiveinlittlewhilebargainingwiththecustomer.,VII.Paraphrase,5.Asyouapproachit,atinklingandbangingandclashingbeginstoimpingeonyourear:Whenyoucomeneartothemarket,youcanhearclearlysuchsoundsastinklingandbangingandclashing.,VII.Paraphrase,6.Theshopkeepersspeakinslow,measuredtones,andthebuyers,overwhelmedbythesepulchralatmosphere,followsuit:Theshopkeepersspeakinaslowandsteadytones,andthebuyers,affectedbythequietandgloomyatmosphere,alsodoastheshopkeepersdo.,VII.Paraphrase,7.Itisapointofhonorwiththecustomernottolettheshopkeeperguesswhatitisshereallylikesandwantsuntilthelastmoment:Itisconsideredveryimportantforthecustomernottolettheshopkeeperguesswhatitisshereallylikesandwantsuntilthelastmoment.,VII.Paraphrase,8.Theseller,ontheotherhand,makesapointofprotestingthatthepriceheischargingisdeprivinghimofallprofit,andthatheissacrificingthisbecauseofhispersonalregardforthecustomer:Theseller,ontheotherhand,insiststhatthepriceheischargingissuchthathecannotgainanyprofitfromit,andthatheissellingitatsuchalowpricebecauseherespectsthecustomer,VII.Paraphrase,9.Theredofthelivecoalsglowingbrightandthendimmingrhythmicallytothestrokesofthebellows:Thelightoftheburningcoalsbecomealternatelybrightanddimasthecoalsburn,diedown,andburnagain,alongwiththerepeatedmovementsofthebellows,VII.Paraphrase,10.Hereyoucanfindbeautifulpotsandbowlsengravedwithdelicateandintricatetraditionaldesigns,orthesimple,everydaykitchenwareusedinthiscountry,pleasinginform,butundecoratedandstrictlyfunctional:,VII.Paraphrase,Hereyoucanfindbeautifulpotsandbowlsengravedwithfine,complicatedandtraditionaldesigns.Youcanalsogetthesimple,everydaykitchenwareusedinthiscountry,whicharepleasanttolookatbutdonothaveanydecorationonthemandarestrictlydesignedtoservepracticalpurpose.,VIII.Rhetoricaldevices,Metaphor暗喻Metaphorisawayofdescribingsomethingbyreferringtoitassomethingdifferentandsuggestingthatithassimilarqualitiestothatthing.Ametaphor,likeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.Inasimile,thewordslike,asareusedtomakethecomparison,asin“Jimwasascunningasafox.”“Theworldislikeastage.”Inametaphor,however,thecomparisonwouldappearsimplyas“Jimwasafox.”“Theworldisastage.”,VIII.Rhetoricaldevices,Examplesfromthetext:1.Youpassfromtheheatandglareofabig,opensquareintoacool,darkcavern,whichextendsasfarastheeyecansee,losingitselfintheshadowydistance:comparingthelong,narrow,darkstreetofshopswithsomesortofaroofoverthemtoacooldarkcavern.,VIII.Rhetoricaldevices,2.Itgrowslouderandmoredistinct,untilyouroundacornerandseeafairylandofdancingflashes,astheburnishedcoppercatchesthelightofinnumerablelampsandbraziers:comparingthedancingflashesreflectedonthepolishedcopperfromthelightofthelampsandbrazierstoafairyland.,VIII.Rhetoricaldevices,3.Thedyemarket,thepotterymarketandthecarpentersmarketlieelsewhereinthemazeofvaultedstreets