Repetition(重复法).doc

Repetition（重复法） For English repetition, Fowler (1951:218) has this to say in The Kings English:Even when the repetition is a part of the writers original plan, consideration is necessary before it can be allowed to pass: it is implied in the terms “rhetorical” or significant repetition that the words repeated would ordinarily be either varied or left out; the repetition, that is to say, is more or less abnormal, and whatever is abnormal may be objectionable in a single instance, and is likely to become so if it occurs frequently.Compare Chinese with English:1. 一个地方有一个地方的全局，一个国家有一个国家的全局，一个地球有一个地球的全局。A locality has its own over-all interest; a nation has another and the earth yet another. (nominal substitution)2. 我们的民族再也不是一个被人侮辱的民族了。Ours is no longer a nation subject to insult and humiliation. (nominal substitution)3. 夺取这个胜利，已经是不要很久的时间和不要花费很大的气力了；巩固这个胜利，则是需要很久的时间和要花费很大的气力的。（毛泽东选集） To win this victory will not require much more time and effort, but to consolidate it will. (nominal substitution and verbal omission)4. 我们必须决定什么东西是应当称赞或歌颂的，什么东西是不应当称赞或歌颂的，什么东西是应当反对的。We should decide what to commend and praise, what not to and what to oppose. (verbal omission)5. 自周秦以来，中国是一个封建社会，其政治是封建的政治，其经济是封建的经济。From the Zhou and Qin Dynasties onwards, Chinese society was feudal, as were its politics and its economy. (clausal substitution )6. 另外一种方法是化学方法。Another method is the chemical process. / Another approach is the chemical method. (variation)7. 电子管通常用来放大，而真空管则是电子管的另一名称。An electron tube is generally used for amplification, and vacuum tube is another name for this device. (variation)8. 他就是凭这个骗人的资格，他就是有这个骗人的资格。His credentials are deception, thats exactly what he has. (variation)9. 一个人的工作，究竟是三分成绩七分错误，还是七分成绩三分错误，必须有个根本的估价。We must have a fundamental evaluation of a persons work and establish whether his achievements amount to 30 per cent and his mistakes to 70 per cent, or vice versa. (clausal substitution)10. 中国人从来就是一个伟大的勇敢的勤劳的民族，只是在近代落伍了。这种落伍，完全是被外国帝国主义和本国反动政府所压迫和剥削的结果。The Chinese have always been a great, courageous and industrious nation; it is only in modern times that they have fallen behind. And that was due entirety to oppression and exploitation by foreign imperialism and domestic reactionary governments. (clausal substitution)11. 你没有搞好，我是不满意的，得罪了你就得罪了你。You have done a poor job and I am not satisfied, and if you feel offended, so be it. (clausal substitution)12. 两篇文章，上篇与下篇，只有上篇做好，下篇才能做好。In the writing of an article, the second half can be written only after the first half is finished. (variation) Grammatical Repetition（语法性重复） Repetition of the Modified（重复被修饰语）Examples:1. Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations.我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。2. The use of atomic weapons is a clear violation of international law, in particular of the Geneva Convention.使用原子武器显然违反国际法，特别是违反日内瓦公约。3. Aerostatics is the study of how an object is supported in the air by buoyancy, that is, its ability to float in the air as a boat floats on water.空气静力学是研究物体怎样靠浮力而飘悬于空中的学科，也就是研究物体如同船浮于水上那样飘浮于空中的能力。4. I very much admire your determination to strengthen Chinas economy and to ensure that the fruits thereof are enjoyed by the masses who uphold Chinas socialist construction.我非常钦佩你们决心增强中国经济，并且决心保证使从事社会主义建设的人民群众能够享受经济发展的成果。Drills 7.1.15. We are the witnesses of the scrupulous respect of the Government of China for the principles of non-intervention in the affairs of other states and of its unwavering supporting of the rights of peoples to independence and self-determination.6. Last year, the output of coal in this region amounted to about 20 percent of the whole country; of steel 25 percent; of grain 30 percent; of cotton 35 percent.7. They carried with them different tools, machines and iron and steel plates.8. Like China, too, whose epic struggle over the centuries was to forge an enduring unity, we are jealous of this unity we are remolding of the diversity of peoples, languages and cultures, which are to be found within our shores. Repetition of the Modifier（重复修饰语）Examples & Drills 7.1.2 Guided Translation1. I identify myself as one of critical lovers and loving critics of the United Nations.我自认为我既是一个批评联合国的爱护者，又是一个爱护联合国的批评者。2. The composition and thickness of a thin film determine its electrical and mechanical characteristics. 薄膜成分与薄膜厚度决定薄膜的电气特性和机械特性。3. We need materials which can bear high temperature and pressure.4. Under suitable conditions we can produce energy in the electrical form by the conversion of heat, mechanical and other forms of energy. Repetition of the Verb which is Common to Several Objects, or the Object which is Common to Several Verbs（重复几个宾语所共有的动词或几个动词所共有的宾语）Examples & Drills 7.1.3 Guided Translation1. We have to analyze and solve problems.我们要分析问题，解决问题。2. The decision to deploy a ballistic missile defense system depends primarily on cost, reliability and capability of the phased-array radar rather than on other technological factors.部署弹道导弹防御系统的决策，主要取决于相控阵雷达的造价、可靠性和性能，而不是取决于其他技术因素。3. We have come here to express our gratitude and the friendship, complete solidarity and comradeship-in-arms that unite our two peoples.4. The two men are back, talking about Vietnam, about the son-of-bitch brigade commander who didnt give a damn about lives, only his own reputation, and some of the stupidities and screwups of the war. Repetition of the Preposition which is Common to Several Objects（重复几个宾语所共有的介词）Examples & Drills 7.1.4 Guided Translation1. Despite his versatility of talent and shiftiness of purpose, this man has in his whole lifetime been wedded to the most fossilized routine.尽管他有随机应变的本领，尽管他的主张反复无常，但是他终生都是极端墨守成规的。2. The solid friendship between our two countries took shape during our protracted struggles against colonialism, hegemonism, and outmoded relationships. Repetition of the Verb in Chinese for the Omitted or Substituted Verb in English（重复被省略或被替代的动词）In English, the repeated finite verb or verbal phrase in the second clause is habitually understood when the auxiliary verb is repeated, or the pro-verb “do” is used, or after the infinitive sign “to”. In compound sentences, the repeated verbs in the second and the following clauses are often omitted. These omitted or substituted verbs, however, are usually repeated in translation.Examples:1. You can do it very well, if you care to.如果你愿意做这件事，可以做得很好。2. In any case work does not include time, but power does.在任何情况下，功不包括时间，但功率却包括时间。3. One cannot learn to produce a sound from an explanation only, or get a correct idea of a flavour from a description: a sound must be heard, a colour seen, a flavour tasted, an odour inhaled.人不能只从讲解中学会发音，也不能光靠描述而真正体会出某种滋味来：声音必须耳闻，颜色必须目见，滋味必须口尝，气味必须吸入。Drills 7.1.54. Work with, and not against, nature.5. Reading exercises ones eyes; speaking, ones tongue; while writing, ones mind.6. Thales thought water was the beginning of everything; Anaximenes, air; Heraclitus, fire.7. The distribution of journals of science and technology according to language shows a wide variety. Roughly speaking, some of 44 percent of scientific journals are published in English, 14 percent in German, 13 percent in French, 8 percent in Russian, 5 percent in Spanish, 4 percent in Italian, and the remainder in other languages of the world.8. Factories known to produce components for missiles and submarines are being camouflaged, as are missile launching and test sites throughout the USSR. (Readers Digest, Dec. 1977)Repetition of the Noun in Chinese for the Pronoun in English（重复代词所代替的名词）English pronouns, including personal, reflexive, conjunctive, and relative pronouns, are widely used to avoid the repetition of nouns. Chinese, however, prefers to repeat nouns instead of using pronouns in many cases.Examples:1. Water evaporates more rapidly when the temperature is high than when it is low.温度高，水蒸发得快；温度低，水蒸发得慢。2. Translation from English into Chinese is not as easy as that from English into French.英译汉不如英译法容易。3. A chemical change is one in which the structure of particles is changed and a new substance is formed.化学变化是改变粒子的结构、形成新物质的一种变化。Drills 7.1.64. Electrical charges of a similar kind repel each other while those that are dissimilar attract.5. The freezing point on the Centigrade scale is 0 and that on the Fahrenheit is 32.6. He speaks English, and that very well.7. There is a feeling of responsibility by parents for their childrens welfare, that is, they feel that they should help them to make a new start of life in order that they (the children) may care for them (the parents) in the future. Repetition of the Noun or Verb in Chinese for the Relative or Connective in English（重复名词或动词，以代替英语的关系词或连接词）Examples:1. Radar is a newly developed technique by which people can see the things beyond the visibility of them.雷达是一种新开发的技术，利用雷达人们能看到视线以外的东西。2. If she did not speak with Rebecca on the tender subject, she compensated herself with long and intimate conversation with Mrs. Blenkinsop, the house keeper, who dropped some hints to the ladys-maid, who may have cursorily mentioned the matter to the cook, who carries the news, I have no doubt, to all the tradesmen. (Vanity Fair)她不好和丽贝卡说起这个难出口的问题，只好和管家娘子白兰金素太太亲密地长谈了好几回。管家娘子露了些口风给上房女佣人。上房女佣人也许约略地对厨娘说了几句，厨娘一定又去告诉了所有做买卖的。Drills 7.1.73. We have advocated the principle of peaceful co-existence, which is now growing more and more popular among the nations of Asia and Africa.4. Peace-loving people can only wish that the victory in election be utilized and consolidated, and that a stable government be formed in that country. Repetition of the Hyponym for the Superordinate（重复下义词，以代替上义词）To avoid undue repetition, English often employs the hyponym or the superordinate to refer to the same thing or person, for example: A: The machine broke. B: Where did you buy the old thing, anyway? A: I bought it at the discount house. B: Then toss the stuff out. (Nida 1964:73) In this series one referent is identified in four different ways. Obviously, the expressions old thing, it, and stuff can refer to many more objects than machine. In other words, the three substitute expressions are called superordinates (上义词) to machine, which is called the hyponym (下义词). In Chinese we often repeat the hyponym for the superordinate to avoid the confusion of the referent.Examples:1. While small generators frequently have revolving armatures, large machines usually have stationary armatures and revolving fields.小型发电机通常采用旋转电枢，而大型发电机通常采用固定电枢和旋转磁场。2. On July 14, 1965, Mariner IV passed within 6,000 miles of Mars and transmitted back to the earth 21 pictures of the surface of that planet.1965年7月14日，“海员四号” 从离火星不到6 000英里处经过，把21张火星表面的照片传回地球。3.The monkeys most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, the monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle. (R.Quirk)这只猴子最了不起的技能是学会驾驶拖拉机。到了九岁的时候，这只猴子已经学会单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。Drills 7.1.84. Yesterday a pigeon carried the first message from the city to the town. The bird covered the distance in three minutes.5. An electron tube is generally used for amplification, and vacuum tube is another name for this device.6. Johns bought himself a new Ford. He practically lives in the car.7. Eric Kempka received an order to deliver immediately 200 liters of gasoline in cans to the chancellery garden. Kempka had some difficulty in rounding up so much fuel, but he managed to collect 180 liters. (The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich) Rhetorical Reduplication and Repetition（修辞性重叠和重复） Reduplication of Characters or Words（重叠字或词）The following is a brief summary of the reduplication of Chinese characters or words in various ways:(1) 名词重叠，表示“每个”、“所有”、“许多”、“小”、“杂”或某种感情色彩等：AA：人人 天天 事事 年年 声声 字字 道道 杠杠 家家AABB：男男女女 世世代代 风风雨雨 沟沟洼洼 日日夜夜(2) 数量词重叠，表示“每个”、“逐个”、“许多”或某种感情色彩等：BB：个个 件件 排排 块块 条条 本本 篇篇 重重 层层ABB：一杆杆 一块块 一桩桩 一道道 一滴滴 一朵朵ABAB：一次一次 一包一包 一颗一颗 一步一步 一丛一丛AABB：千千万万 三三两两 三三五五(3) 动词重叠，表示动作的轻微、反复、完成、连续、轻松、随便等：AA：说说 听听 谈谈 想想 吃吃 瞧瞧 歇歇 试试 摸摸A一（了）A：走一走 看一看 避一避 笑了笑 摇了摇 翻了翻ABAB：考虑考虑 救济救济 收拾收拾 整理整理 休息休息AABB：进进出出 摇摇晃晃 吵吵嚷嚷 勾勾搭搭 吞吞吐吐A着A着、A了A了：听着听着 看着看着 老了老了 完了完了(4) 形容词重叠，表示程度的加重、加深、加强、减轻或喜爱、厌恶等情绪：AA：红红 高高 厚厚 小小 远远 深深 长长 紧紧 细细AABB：干干净净 奇奇怪怪 零零落落 歪歪斜斜 花花绿绿ABAB：笔直笔直 冰凉冰凉 通红通红 雪白雪白 崭新崭新(5) 附加式重叠，主要用来使表达形象、生动，其格式尤其丰富多彩：AAX：毛毛雨 月月红 呱呱叫 团团转 步步高 蒙蒙亮XAA：水汪汪 羞答答 笑眯眯 亮晶晶 白茫茫 圆滚滚AAXY：花花世界 心心相印 娓娓动听 历历在目 脉脉含情XYAA：衣冠楚楚 烈火熊熊 忧心忡忡 风雨潇潇 杨柳依依A里AB：罗里罗嗦 胡里胡涂 妖里妖气 古里古怪 慌里慌张(6) 偏正并列式、动宾并列式、主谓并列式及其他形式的重叠：ABAC：假情假义 难兄难弟 有声有色 没大没小 所作所为ABCB：以毒攻毒 爱理不理 大闹特闹 好说歹说 一拖再拖ABA：面对面 心连心 手拉手 肩并肩 背靠背(7) 象声词重叠，形式多种多样。这类词有很大的可创性，有的纯粹摹拟声音，有的表示声音的一个自然段落，有的表示声音的连续或重复，有的表示声音的杂乱。如：哗哗、嗡嗡、呼呼、呷呷、呜呜、喃喃、突突、咕咕、叭叭叭、轰隆隆、叮叮当当、劈劈拍拍、哗啦哗啦、咕嘟咕嘟Reduplication of Chinese characters and repetition of words are favorite devices in Chinese. The following is a piece of writing which copies the style of reduplication:春天，到处绿茵茵。爷爷、奶奶、爸爸、妈妈带着我和两个妹妹回到了阔别多年的家乡。几天来，我们走访了村里的家家户户，看到了一排排崭新的楼房，见到了一片片绿油油的梯田。这天，我们有的手拉手，有的肩并肩，高高兴兴，来到了镇里。一路上，见到人来人往，女孩穿得花花绿绿，市场上挤满了男男女女，人们熙熙嚷嚷，正在买卖各种各样的东西，真是一派忙忙碌碌的景象。小妹妹东摸摸，西瞧瞧，蹦蹦跳跳。她才八岁，一张圆滚滚的小脸蛋，一双水汪汪的大眼睛。大妹妹呢，今年刚十八，高高的个子，红红的脸，细细的腰，蹬着高跟鞋，是个娇滴滴、羞答答的小姐。奶奶一步一步地走呀走，嘴里笑嘻嘻的，不停地喃喃自语。亲友久别重逢，格外亲热。这村子，昔日是弹痕累累、烈火熊熊的战场，如今已是一派欣欣向荣、热热闹闹的景象。人人都说，如今呵，要吃有吃，要穿有穿，日子越过越甜了。In translating from English into Chinese, expressiveness can be heightened by reduplication of characters or words and repetition of words or expressions to achieve “结构美、均衡美、节奏美”.Examples:1. Only a very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him.欢迎他的只有几下轻轻的、零零落落的、冷冷淡淡的掌声。2. The road was packed with a noisy crowd of men and women, who were selling and buying all kinds of things.路上挤满了男男女女，他们熙熙攘攘，正在买卖各种各样的东西。3. There were only half a dozen lines in her mothers neat featureless writing, a Manhattan public school script. (The Winds of War)她母亲用曼哈顿公立学校惯用的普普通通的字体，整整齐齐地写了五六行的信。4. On the other side of the torpedo shop, large fires also roared and crackled, fanned by a sea wind. (The Winds of War)鱼雷工厂另一边，海风吹着大火，烧得轰轰隆隆、劈劈啪啪直响。5. A distant whistling noise became louder, and a sudden crash jarred the room. Glass broke somewhere, a lot of glass. The girl uttered a small shriek, but sat still and straight. (The Winds of War)远处传来的哨声越来越响，突然轰隆一声，把房子都震动了。不知什么地方玻璃震碎了，哗啦啦的一大片。姑娘尖叫一声，但仍然直挺挺地坐在那儿，一动也不动。6. There were platters of smoking sausages and sauerkraut, there were many whole pink hams, there were mounds of boiled potatoes, piles of fried chicken, stacked loaves of fresh bread, pitchers of beer, immense whole yellow and orange cheeses. (The Winds of War) 桌上摆满了一大盘一大盘的熏香肠和酸白菜，整块整块粉红的火腿，一堆堆煮熟的马铃薯和油炸子鸡，一摞摞新鲜的面包，大壶大壶的啤酒，许多整块整块的黄色和桔红色干酪。7. Mr. Kirsch, having lost all his money by this time, followed his master out into the moonlight, where the illuminations were winking out. (Vanity Fair)基希先生这时输得两手空空，便跟着主人走出屋来；月光下，彩灯闪闪烁烁，渐渐灭了。8. They read the afternoon through, while the cold November rain fell from the sky upon the quiet house. (R.Bradbury: Fahrenheit 451)深秋，冷雨霏霏，屋里静悄悄的。他们看了一个下午的书。9. There were no sounds but that of the booming wind upon the stretch of tawny herbage around them, the crackling wheels, the tread of the men, and the footsteps of the two shaggy ponies which drew the van.那时候只听见车轮辚辚，脚步沙沙，拉车的那两匹鬃毛蓬乱的小马，蹄声得得，四周一片橙黄色野草，风声呼呼，除此之外，再也听不到别的声音了。Drills 7.2.110. To a sulphurous overture of thunder, vivid lightning and pouring rain, the British 8th Army surged westwards across the North African desert in a vast wheeled and tracked armada of 10 000 vehicles and 100 000 men.11. All over the south of England the skies were filled with the thunder of bombers, the howl of zooming, weaving, diving fighters, the furious chatter of machine guns and the thumping of cannons.12. Seared by a sun more savage than their native lands, their wounds suppurated and hosts of whining flies fell upon them.13. In Calais French and British infantry did fight to the last man and last round.14. Bayonets flashed and were still. A success signal soared.15. Huge, riven and blazing wrecks that only minutes before had been majestic aircraft carriers settled into the glittering Pacific.16. Miss Jemima had already whimpered several times at the idea of Amelias departure. (Vanity Fair)17. She dropped her voice, and looked so sad and piteous. (Vanity Fair)18. At the expiration of that time, wheels were heard whirling up to the gate. (Vanity Fair)19. He walked down the line shaking hands with each and mumbling a few words that were inaudible. (W.Shirer: The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich)20. She hoped she had mixed enough fact and fiction in her story to mislead him. (Ruth Eby: Ride On, Sibyl Ludington!)21. Walking up and down the empty room, he stopped here and there to touch or look. (The Apple Tree)22. The street rang with the animated bickering of the boys at their game, with the click of a girls shoes as she skipped rope, with the muted sounds of a dozen unseen radios. (Albert Maltz: Sunday Morning on Twentieth Street) Repetition of Synonymous Characters or Words（重复同义字或词）Examples:171. 惊心动魄 horrified2. 发号施令 to issue orders3. 远见卓识 far-sighted4. 荒时暴月 in hard times5. 惊天动地 earth-shaking6. 离乡背井to leave ones native land7. 土崩瓦解 disintegrated8. 称心如意 satisfactory9. 穷凶极恶 nefarious10. 赤胆忠心 ardent loyalty11. 唉声叹气 moan and groan12. 挨门逐户from door to door13. 胡言乱语 to talk nonsense14. 奇装异服 outlandish clothesDrills 7.2.2 Put the following into Chinese with the repetition of synonymous characters or words:1. strange tale2. ever changing3. a mixed accent4. deep friendship5. heart and soul6. careless7. much wining and dining8. rumors and slanders9. deep hatred10. remote barren land11. to become a household word12. crudely made13.