大学英语四级写作技巧

大学英语四级写作技巧,一写作的目的及要求二、评分原则三、四级短文写作,目的：测试学生用英语书面表达思想的能力，能够直接有效地测出考生综合运用语言的能力，较准确地反映考生的英语水平。,一写作的目的及要求,要求:大学英语作文测试要求考生能够运用学到的语言知识，按规矩的题目要求，在30分钟内写出一篇120个词左右的短文，语义连贯，表达正确，无重大语法错误。题目的内容包括科技，社会，文化，或日常生活等方面的一般常识。题目形式多种多样，有提纲作文，段首句作文，关键词作文，图表作文，书信作文，和规定情景作文等。,1.四级作文题采用总体评分方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。2.从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而适切的表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。,二.评分原则,考生要有较坚实的语言功底，具有一定的英语短文的写作知识，而且也要具备一定的写作技巧。下面，我们拟就段落写作、书信写作、图标写作三方面讲解四级短文写作。,三、四级短文写作,段落写作,一段落的组成段落大多由三个部分组成：主题句(Topicsentence)；扩展句（Developingsentences）；结尾句(Endingsentence).,1.主题句主题句表明全段是关于什么及讨论什么的段落中心句，即：明确地表示全段要展开的中心点,四级短文写作中最好是把主题句放在段首。E.g.Smokingisharmfultopeopleshealth.,E.g.Smokingisharmfultopeopleshealth.Medicalsciencehasnowprovedthatsmokingcancauselungcancerandotherdiseasessuchasemphysema.Yourchancesofhavingaheartattackalsoincreasethemoreyousmoke.Smokingisdefinitelyahealthhazard.,2.扩展句扩展句是用来说明，解释，引申，或论证主题句所表达的中心思想的句子。Itisnotdifficulttomakearightchoicebetweenbuyingahouseinthelow-riseareaandbuyingoneinthehigh-risearea(主题句).Ifwewanttoeconomizeandgetmorepersonalarea,wecanchoosethelow-rise;butifwewanttolivemorecomfortably,wewillchoosethehigh-rise(扩展句).Inaword,thekeyliesinthealternativeofeconomyandcomfort(结尾句).,3.结尾句结尾句是用一句话对段落的主题进行重述,评论,或总结,借以强化主题,加深读者的印象.Englishisfavoredonthefollowinggrounds.Itistheofficiallanguageofanumberofcountries.Ofothercountries,itistheirsecondlanguage.Instillothers,Englishisspokenastheirmajorforeignlanguage.ThatswhyEnglishissopopularinourpresentworld.,二.段落的基本特征要写好段落就要清楚段落应具有的基本特征，即统一性(unity)，连贯性(coherence)，简洁性(conciseness)，重点突出(emphasis)，用字遣句有变换(variety),1.段落的统一性,一个段落只有一个主题。组成该段落的所有句子都应为这个主题服务。任何与主题无关的内容，任何不能支持段落主题的内容都必须舍弃。例如：Autumnisagoodseasonforpicnic.Theweatherisfineanditisnotashotasitisinthesummer.Peoplefeelcoolandcomfortable.Thesceneryisverybeautifulwithallkindsofflowershereandthere.Andtherearevariouskindsoffruits.Thepeasantsbegintogatherincropsandfruits.,修改后的段落为：,Autumnisagoodseasonforpicnic.Itiseasyforpeopletochooseafinedayforanoutingbecausetheweatherisalwaysnice，neithertoohotnortoocold.Thesceneryisbeautiful，too.Theredleavescoveringthemountains，thewildflowersboominginthefieldsandcolorfulfruitshangingonthetreesareallpleasanttolookat.Apicnicintheopenairinautumnwillcertainlybeenjoyedbyeveryone.,2.段落的连贯性,一个段落除了内容统一,意思完整之外,句与句之间还必须按一个清晰,合乎逻辑的顺序安排内容,转折自然,结构紧凑.Sinceshelostherweight,Carolehaschangedherimage.Shenolongerwearsdark-coloredclothes.Infact,sheoftenwearsred,pink,andevenbrightorange.Inadditiontowearingbrightclothes,shehaslightedthecolorofherhair.Frommousybrown,shehasprogressedtosun-streakedblonde.,三.段落内外的衔接过渡为确保段落内容的连贯性，除了内容安排要符合一定的顺序外，句子与句子之间还应使用过渡句型或者是连接语。,例一：(1)Todeveloptourismhasadvantages.Tourismhelpsdevelopanationscommerceandcontributetoonenationseconomy.Tourismprovidesjobsformanypeopleandhelpsussolveoreasethesocialproblemofunemployment.Tourismhelpsincreaseunderstandingbetweenpeoplesandhelpspeoplelearnaboutdifferentculturesoftheworld.上段无连接词语，实质是一堆简单句的拼凑，读起来枯燥乏味。,(2)Todeveloptourismhasmanyadvantages.Inthefirstplace,tourismhelpsdevelopanationscommerceandcontributetoonenationseconomy.Inthesecondplace,tourismprovidesjobsformanypeopleandhelpsussolveoreasethesocialproblemofunemployment.Third,tourismhelpsincreaseunderstandingbetweenpeoplesandhelpspeoplelearnaboutdifferentculturesoftheworld.上段虽然也是由简单的句子组成，但由于有效使用了连接词语，并不给人留下简单的印象；相反，读者通过连接词语，正确地了解到作者所陈述的manyadvantages的具体内容。,作文常用句式和过渡连接词,AproverbsaysItiseasytoseethatAstheproverbsaysThepiegraphshowsSomepeoplesaythatNoonecandenythatManypeoplebelievethatAsweallknowthatItisquiteclearthatVariousviewsexistasto,butThereismuchdiscussionabout/attentionto,扩展段的过渡性词语或常用句式,Clearly,However,Obviously,Similarly,Moreover,Likewise,Inadditionto,Meanwhile,Incontrastto,Inprinciple,First,second,Third,FinallyLastbutnottheleast,NotonlybutalsoForonething,foranother,Ontheonehand,Ontheotherhand,ItistruethatbutThereisnodoubtthat,终结段与扩展段之间的过渡词语,Personally,Tosumup,Asforme,Tosummarize,AsfarasIamconcerned,Toconclude,Inmyopinion,Asaresult,Tobefrank,IthinkForthis(very)reason,WithrespecttoFromthispointofview,ItfollowsthatAllinall,Insummary,Inshort,Inaword,Onthewhole,段落之间的转接承启词语,结论归纳过渡词generally,speakinggenerally,asageneralrule,ingeneral,inasense,onalargerscale,atalocallevel,totaketheideafurther,inaway,tosomeextent,inmyview,practicallyspeaking,intermsof,insomerespects,allinall,inaword,onthewhole,asfarasIamconcerned,etc,表例证关系的过渡性词,forexample,forinstance,asanexample,asanillustration,suchas,acaseinpointis,toillustrate,inparticular,specifically,say,next,namely,thatis,like,takeasanexample,etc.,让步过渡词,although,however,nevertheless,inspiteof,itistruebut,eventhough,but,grantedthat,yet,attheveryworst,admittedly,though,stillafterall,ofcourse,clearly,andstill,etc.,常用表因果关系的过渡词语,because,as,since,for,owingto,becauseof,dueto,onaccountof,asaresultof,forthereason,resultfrom,thus,so,hence,therefore,accordingly,consequently,forthisreason,onthataccount,asaconsequence,itfollowsthat,resultin,contributeto,四.段落写作常用方法1.列举法,2.举例法,3.比较和对照法,4.因果法,5.分类法,6.时间顺序,7.空间顺序,8.综合法,1.列举法列举法是指在主题句之后列举足够的（至少三个）足以支持主题观点的具体细节.Bicyclehasmanyadvantages.First,itishandyandconvenient.Itcancarryyoutoanywhereyoulikeincityanddoesnotneedalargeparkingplace.Secondly,itisnotsoexpensive,andtherefore,everyfamilycanaffordtobuyitandtorepairit.Thirdly,itdoesnotcauseairpollution.Besides,itdoesgoodtoyourhealthifyourideitregularly,2.举例法举例法通常指用具体的事例来阐述主题句中包含的中心思想.PublictelevisioninAmericanpresentsmanykindsofprograms.Therearenewsandopinionprograms.Therearefilmsaboutsocialandhistoricalevents.Andthereareshowsaboutscienceandnature.Thereareshowstoteachpeoplehowtocook,growvegetablesorfixahouse.TherearemanydramaprogramsproducedinBritain.Andthereareprogramsthatpresentmusic,danceandtheaterofAmerica.,3.比较和对照法比较(comparison)主要是指出两个或两个以上不同种类的事物的共同点或相似点。(1).整体对比。即先描述甲，再描述乙（A1,A2,A3,;B1,B2,B3）(2)逐项对比。即双方同时描述，逐点进行比较（A1，B1；A2，B2；A3，B3；）,整体对比Itiseasytobeawinner.Awinnercanshowhisjoypublicly.Hecanlaughandsinganddanceandcelebratehisvictory.Peoplelovetobewithwinners.Winnersareneverlonely.Unlikewinners,losersarethelonelyonesoftheworld.Itisdifficulttofacedefeatwithdignity.Loserscannotshowtheirdisappointmentpublicly.Theycannotcryorgrieveabouttheirdefeat.Theymustsufferprivately,buttheymustbecomposedinpublic.Theyhavenothingtocelebrateandnoonetosharetheirsadness.,逐项对比Mytwofriendshavesimilaranddifferentcharacteristics,suchasappearance,personalityandhobbies.Wendyisshortandblonde.Incontrast,LisaistallerthanWendy,andLisashairismuchdarkerandcurlierthanWendys.Wendyistheshytypeanddoesnttalkloudlywhenotherpeoplearethere.Ontheotherhand,LisaismoreoutgoingthanWendyandlikestospeakmore.BothLisaandWendyenjoydoingdifferentthings,andtheydothemwell.Forinstance,Wendyisafolkdancer,andshedancesmoregracefullythanLisa,butLisacanplaybaseballbetterthanWendy.WendyandLisaarefriends;forthisreason,otherpeopleliketocomparethem.,4.因果法因果法是指按事物的因果关系发展段落.可以先把结果提出来,然后解释其(多种)原因,也可以先列出原因,再说明其(多个)结果.(1).先因后果(2).先果后因,(1).先因后果SinceIhavechangedmycurriculumtolawenforcement,therehavebeenamazingconsequences.Firstofall,Iamnowinterestedinmycourses.Iamsointerested,infact,thatIhavedonealotofextrareadingforthecourse.Also,myparentsaremuchmoreinvolvedwithwhatIamdoinginschoolsincemyfatherisapoliceman.Finally,mygradeshaveshownremarkableimprovement.Iexpectedbettergradestoresultformtheswitch,butIneverthoughtIwouldgetalltheAsIhavebeengetting.,(2).先果后因GuiyouRestaurantislosingbusinessforthreemajorreasons.First,customersarestayingawaybecauseoftheunsanitaryconditionsintherestaurant.Thetablesareoftenmessyandthefloorsdirty.Inaddition,theserviceispoor.Thewaitersandwaitressesaregenerallyslowandunfriendly.Thewaitersandwaitresseswearuniforms.Mostimportantofall,customersarenotpleasedwiththefoodatGuiyouRestaurant.Themealsareofpoorqualityandoverpriced.,5.分类法分类，即将某一复杂的事物分拆开来，根据性质、形态、成因功能等属性的差别分成若干类，然后逐一进行说明.Chinesefoodcanbeclassifiedintofourtypes:northern,coastal,inlandandsouthern.NorthernChinesefoodislightanddelicate.Beijingduckisanexampleofanorthernspecialty.Coastalfoodcontainsalotofsoysauceandsugar,soysaucechickenistypicalofthisarea.Mostinlandfoodisveryspicyandcontainshotpepper.Kang-paochicken,forexample,isfoundintheinlandarea.Foodfromthesouthernareaisoftenstir-friedandcontainshighlyconcentratedchickenbroth.,6.时间顺序Howtomakeatelephonecall?First,youliftthetelephonereceiver.Then,youlistenforthedialtone.Next,youdialthenumberyouwant.Afterthat,youcarryonaconversation.Finally,whenfinishedyouputthereceiverbackinthetelephone.,7.空间顺序MyroomisonthesecondfloorofDormNo.3.Itisasmallrectangularroomwithawhiteceilingandgreenwalls.Asyouentertheroom,straightaheadyouwillseetwolargewindows.Mybedwhichiscoveredwithabluebedspreadisundertheleftwindow.UndertherightwindowisMarksbed.Desksandchairsareplacedinthemiddleoftheroom.Behindthedoorthereisabuilt-incloset.,8.综合法：同时使用几种不同的方法来展开段落例如：TheUnitedStatesCensusBureaureportsthatLasVegasisthefastestgrowingcityintheUnitedStates.Thepopulationincreasedalmost14percentbetween1990and1992.Thecitynowhasmorethe970thousandpeople（例证）.ThereareseveralreasonswhypeoplearemovingtoLasVegas（列举原因）.Theweatherisalwayswarmandsunny.Therearemanyjobsinthebuildingindustryandinthehotels.Therearenoearthquakes.Andpeopledonothavetopaytaxesonthemoneytheyearn（原因）.,英文书信,信头(heading)信头指的是发信人的地址以及发信日期.一般写在信纸的右上角.先写发信的地址,地址的书写顺是由小到大,依次为:门牌号、街名、城市名、省或州名、邮政编码、国名如在院系寄信的,地址顺序应为:班级、年级、系名、院名、学校名、城市名、省州名、邮政编码、国名发信日期单独成行.日期要按英语习惯书写,常用写法有两种:月、日、年,如:June3,2002或者日、月、年,如:3rdJune,2002在年份之前有一个逗号如果信是写给熟悉的人,常常只写日期就可以了.,2.称呼(Salutation)称呼指对收信人的称呼.称呼语后常用逗号“，”第一类书信是写给个人.1)写信人认识收信人,但关系不是很亲密DearMr.(Miss,Dr,Prof等),后接收信人姓氏,如:DearMr.Smith,DearDrTan,DearMissChen,DearPresident，2)写给朋友，两人关系较为亲密，可直呼其名，如：DearMary,DearJack,DearMom,等第二类书信是写给某个团体组织或机构的1)写信人不认识其负责人,称呼语可用DearSir，或者DearSirorMadam，2)写信人认识其负责人可称DearMr.Black,DearProfessorChen.,3.正文(Body)正文是信的主体部分，正文每段第一行往右缩进个字母英语信件习惯上不用“你好”开头，可以直接用一两句话讲明写信的目的所以正文常为三个部分：开头段，正文段和结尾段,4.结束语(Complimentaryclose)结束语是正文下面的写信人对收信人的谦称一般从信纸中央稍右的地方写起，第一个字母要大写，后面要用逗号不同的通信关系要用不同的结束语写给公司或相识的人Yours(very)truly,Yours(very)faithfully,Yours(very)sincerely,Yours(very)cordially,写给上司或长辈Yours(very)respectfully,Yours(very)obediently,写给亲朋好友Yours(ever),(With)love,Missyou,Alwaysyours,Yoursaffectionately,(With)bestwishes,Yoursincere/goodfriend,yourlovingmother/son，,.签名(Signature)署名发信人的签名写在结束语下面一行，信纸中央梢偏右的位置即便有了打印的姓名，也要加上亲笔签名，以示郑重签名时，一般写上全名,6.信内地址(Insideaddress)信内地址指的是收信人的姓名职务单位及地址.多见于正式的商务信件,私人信件可以省略不写.第一行写收信人姓名,第二行写地址.,18HanzhengStreetWuhan,Hubei430020P.R.ChinaOct.25,1994,DearMr.WilliamMadison,-,Yourssincerely,PatrickBaker,Mr.WilliamMadisonGeneralManagerRossEngineeringAssociates1767PalmStreetLongBeach,CA96104U.S.A.,IamasophomoremajoringinCivicEngineering.Iamwritingtoyoutosaysomethingaboutthecanteenserviceoncampus.Whensteppingintothebrightandspaciouscanteen,weareimmediatelyattractedbythewhitericeandthesmellofvariousdishes.Theservicepersonsarealwayssmilingandfairlyenthusiasticfortheirwork.Butwegetalittlesurprisedwhenpayingforthefood,becauseitspriceistwicethatoftheuniversitynearby.Thehighpriceisthebiggestobstacleforustohaveadeliciousmeal.Onthisaccountanumberofstudentshavetochoosethefoodthatischeapandwithlittlenutrition.Itisunhealthfultoourhealthandreducestheeffectivenessinourlearning.Soitisadvisabletodropthefoodpriceinourcanteen.Astowhatpercentageofpriceshouldbereduced,astudentpollmaybehelpful.Iamoneofthousandsofthestudentswhoarezealoustoseeouruniversitytakeeffortstoreducetheprice.Yoursrespectfully,LiMing,January12th,2002,DearMr.President,常见的图表类型有:1.table(表格)2.curvegraph(曲线)3.BarGraph(柱状)4.PieGraph(饼状),图表作文,1)表格(table),它表示多种事物的相互关系,2)曲线(curvegraph),它常用表示事物的变化趋势:,3)柱状(BarGraph)它用来表示几种事物的变化情况及相互关系,4)饼状(PieGraph)表示各事物在总体中所占的比例及相互关系,图表式作文的特点一般涉及5个方面：描述图表、指明寓意、分析原因、联系实际、给出建议.四级考试一般从这5项内容中选出3个内容考察学生的写作水平。,Features,WritingStepsUsefulExpressionsinGraphWriting,WritingStrategy,WritingSteps(图表作文的写作步骤):1)分析图表及说明文字;2)观察数字变化趋势,分析主旨,得出中心论点;3)列提纲;4)写作,UsefulExpressionsinGraphWriting(1)Accordingtofiguresshowninthetable/graph/chart/piewecansee/concludethat(2)Thegraphshows/tells/revealsthat(3)Asisshown/canbeseeninthechartthat(4)Thetableis/givesinformation/about(5)Thetablerepresentsthedevelopmentandchangesin(6)Afterconsideringtheinformationinthetablewemightconcludethat,Directions：ForthispartyouareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicReadingpreferences.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandbaseyourcompositiononthechartandtheoutlinegivenbelow,AnExample:,ReadingPreferenceofStudentsinanAmericanUniversityin2002,1)根据上表，简要描述美国某大学学生借阅图书的分布情况.2）你对于这些学生阅读偏爱的评论.3）你通常喜欢阅读哪一类书籍？说明理由.,现象解释型模板一,1)Wehavewitnessed总体现象.2)Accordingto描述图表,具体表现一.3)And具体表现二.4)Manyreasonscontributeto过渡句.5)Tobeginwith,原因一.6)Moreover,原因二.7)Inadditio