基于似膏体充填的建筑物下采煤新模式外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

英语原文A New Mode of Coal Mining Under Buildings with Paste-Like Backfill TechnologyCUI Jian-qiang(崔建强)，SUN Heng-hu(孙恒虎)，HUANG Yu-cheng(黄玉诚)(School of Resources and safety Engineering，CUMT，Beijing，100083，china）Abstract： The formation of the paste-like backfill technology was introduced briefly in this paper. From the actual cases of coal mines, a new mode of coal mining under buildings with the technology was proposed. And its specificity was analyzed，and a further introduction to the full-sand-soil solidifying material was given. The main parts of the backfill system，such as the backfill preparation system, the pipeline transportation system, the backfill systems in fully-mechanized mining faces and the backfill process，were presented emphaticallyKey words：mining under buildings；paste-like backfill；full-sand-soil solidifying material1 IntroductionWith the rapid increase of the demand of the demand economic development，the conflict between coal shortage and economic development is becoming more and more conspicuous. More attention has been paid on coal mining technology under buildings. The present coal mining technology under buildings can not be widely applied for its some shortages，such as the poor effect of surface subsidence and deformation controlling，the serious pollution of underground operation environment and the low recovery of resourcesPaste-like backfill technology has outstanding advantages，such as the wide supply of backfill materials，the low cost of backfilling，the easy preparation of slurry and the high strength of backfill bodyIt can control surface subsidence and deformation effectively，gain a high recovery，and does not pollute underground operation environmentUsing the new mode，harmless and non-pollution mining under buildings can be realized2 Proposal and Specificity of the New ModeIn all the modes of coal mining under buildings backfi1l mining is the most effective in the control of surface subsidence and deformation and the recovery of coa1The density of backfill body and its subsidence contraction influence the movement and deformation of surface and surrounding rock directlyThe solidifying backfill mining technology has been widely applied in royal and nonferrous mines，for its backfill body has the following advantages such as high density，little subsidence contraction，and enough strength and stiffnessWith the development of modern science and technology，the solidifying backfill mining technology has been improved and developed greatlyBased on the development trend of solidifying backfill technology，Professor SUN Heng-hu proposed a new mode referred to as paste-like solidifying backfil1The new modes specificity is that it has not only the advantages of both hydraulic backfill and paste backfill，such as the good slurry fluidity and the easy pipeline gravity transportation for the formerand the great backfill body strength and the non or little dehydrating for the laterThe traditional binder cement has the poor capability of fine particles solidifyingWhen the density of backfill slurry is lower than that of paste，the slurry is easy to transport through pipelines by gravity，which will result in the loss of fine particles(including cement particles)in the dehydrating process. So the subsidence contraction of its backfill body increases and the strength decreases，which leads to the loss of binder and the serious pollution of underground operation sitesWhen the density of backfill slurry is close to that of paste，its fluidity becomes poor and difficult to transportTherefore，the key to the realization of paste-like backfill mode is to research and develop a new kind of binderIt is necessary for this binder to have the capability of solidifying fine particles and for its backfill body to meet the need of strengthMeanwhile，it must have a wide range of backfill materials and a lower back-fill costThe research group leaded by Professor SUN Henghu has developed a new generation binder，full-sand-soil solidifying materia1With the new solidifying material, the paste-like backfill mode is forming gradually，which absorbs the advantages of the modern solidifying backfill and spurns its disadvantagesBased on the knowledge of solidifying backfill engineering practice, the actual situation of coal mines and the paste-like backfill technology，a new mode of coal mining under buildings is set upSo this new mode and its system design have both something similar to the solidifying backfill technology in metal mines and its own characteristics1)Backfill material：The newly developed full-sand-soil material is adopted as binder，and debris (waste from coal mines)and fly-ash (waste from steam electric plants) are used as aggregate2)Backfill area：Coal deposits takes the shape of seams, most of which have a low angle, the area to backfill is great and backfill slurry have to be transported farther. Compared with metal deposits normally taking the shape of block or vein，the ratio of total length to height difference is larger3)Backfill capacity：Generally，fully-mechanized working faces in a coal mine has a larger productivity than a metal mine. So, a larger backfill capacity of the backfill system is needed4) Selection of backfill preparation station sites：The backfill system must meet the demand of the ratio of total length to height difference of paste-like slurry transportation. Moreover，the transportation of backfill materials on the earths surface must be taken into account so as to lower the backfill cost farthest，for the backfill amount is great5)Coordination：To assure the production of fully-mechanized working faces and the quality of backfill body，the processes of mining and backfill must be coordinated well. By now，there is no relative engineering experience3 The New Mining Mode Under Buildings and Its System Layout3.1 Full-sand-soil solidifying materialThe ful1-sand-soil solidifying material is a kind of powder made of some industrial waste，such as blasting-furnace slag，smelter slag，and proper portion of natural minerals and chemical catalysts through milling and mixingIt has a powerful capability of solidifying sandy soil and industrial waste (such as tailings) containing a high percentage of clayHence comes its name full-sand-soil solidifying material，called full-sand-soil material for shortCompared with Portland cement，the full-sand-soil material has its own specificity in the respects of technological property，production process and engineering applicationsIt has a super quality of solidifying fine particlesUnder the condition of equal dosage，its strength is 23 times that of cementUnder the same strength demand，its dosage is less than half that of cement. Compared with regular cement，its early strength is high, and 7-days strength and 28 days strength can reach that of 425# and 525# cement standards, respectivelyThe process of producing the full-sand-soil material is to “engulf” a large amount of industrial waste，and to produce super binder with good property and wide uses at a low priceIts production cost is low，approximately 200 yuan per ton. Therefor，the full-sand-soil material will not only find wide applications in mining，communication，construction，water conservancy and oil projects，but carve out a completely new way to reutilize industrial waste.3.2The system layout of past-like backfill mining under buildings3.2.1Backfill preparation station system1)Location selectionDistinguished from paste backfill，one of the specificity of the paste-1ike backfill is that the fluidity of its slurry is excellentWithout or with a little transportation pressure，its slurry can be transported to backfill sitesFor this reason, when the location of a backfill preparation station is selected，the demand for the ratio of total length to height difference should be met firstly so that the paste-like backfill slurry flow by gravity can be ensuredSecondly，the transportation work of a backfill materials on the earths surface should be minimized furthestThe capacity of a backfill preparation station should be about 2.0 times that of the backfill mining faceSince a coal face usually has a large productivity per year，so lowering the backfill material transportation cost will be of outstanding sense2)Layout of a backfill preparation stationBased on the capacity of a backfill preparation station，the specificity of backfill materials and the practical experience of solidifying backfill mining in metal mines，it is more suitable for a backfill mining preparation station to adopt a two-step mixing system，i.e.，the first-step mixing drum prepares mortar, made from debris，fly-ash and water，with a density bout 73%; and the two second-step mixing drum prepares paste-like backfill slurry with a density about 75% made from the full-sand-soil material and the mortar produced by the first-step mixing drum. To ensure the reliable operation of a backfill preparation station，two mixing drums are set for each stepWhen one of the two first-step mixing drums is working normally，the other is alternateBoth of the two second-step mixing drums are working normally at the same timeWhen something is wrong with one of the second-step mixing drums，the other can produce backfill slurry by itselfThe advantage of the layout is that when one of the mixing drums has something wrong，the production of slurry does not be influenced so as to ensure the continuity of the backfill process3.2.2The pipeline transportation system of paste-like backfill slurryFirstly，the layout of the pipeline transportation system must meet the diamond for the backfill capacity and make the backfill operation be high quality, efficient, safe and economic. It is not permitted for the backfill pipeline to be laid upward. Meanwhile too many turns should be avoided so as not to result in the natural pressure loss of backfill slurry and pipeline blocking. The pipeline to underground should be laid in the auxiliary shaft or air shaft as far as possibleUtilizing the existent shafts, roadways and ground installation can decrease the backfill pipeline laying cost and also make the pipeline onveniently inspected and repaired. Its backfill pipeline is laid through a backfill bore-hole，auxiliary shaft，main entry，return dip，tail-entry to the backfill siteFrom the pipeline layout in Fig1，the actual ratio of total length to height difference can be calculated by the following formula：N = LH ,where N is the ratio of total length to height difference，L is length of the backfill pipeline，L=AB +BC+ CD +DE + EFin m，and H stands for the height difference between the slurry entrance on the earths surface and the slurry exit at the underground backfill siteH = the height of point A the height of point F in mOn the basis of the laboratory research on the paste-like slurry flow specificity and the similar engineering experience of metal mines，N =3-6 is the most suitable value for the paste-like slurry to be transported through a pipeline by natural pressure3.2.3 Backfill system in fully-mechanized working facesThe gob resulted from backfill mining is filled with backfill materials tightlyIn the process of deformation with surrounding rock，the backfill body with certain strength and stiffness increases the capacity of surrounding rock effectively and gives some load-bearing capacity towards roof strata graduallyA reasonable roof-controlling area can be obtained from a site test and the strata control theory so as to ensure the safety of backfill operationThus along the working face a row of hydraulic prop should be set in the gob behind powered supportsThe distances between hydraulic props and between hydraulic prop row and powered supports，and the width of each backfill strip can be obtained through numerical simulation and in-situ tests on the basis of roof stability，mining depth，tectonic stress and so onThus, a backfill road is formed between hydraulic props and powered supportsFlexible shuttering is set up along a side of the gob against hydraulic props to support backfill slurry and filter waterIts layout can be seen in Fig2The backfill systems advantages are that mining and backfill processes are independent of each other，its large filtering area is good for the increasing backfill bodys early strength，and the filtered water can flow to the head-entry directly and not result in polluting of the working face3.2.4 The process of backfill technology1) Preparation processThe preparation process of backfilling includes sealing of the flexible shuttering， linking of the backfill pipes，communicating between the backfill site and the backfill preparation station，cleaning up of the head-entry drainage ditch and so on2) Backfill processWhen the preparation operation is accomplished，the backfill preparation station begins the backfill operationFirstly, the backfill pipes is washed by using clean water and the pipeline is inspected to determine whether it leaks or not. If all is OK, then slurry is transported down through the pipelineIn order to prevent the washing water from flowing into the gob，a valve should be set up before the pipeline is laid to the backfill siteBy this way，the clean water resulted from the pipe line washing may be drained to the head-entry ditch directlyBackfill workers operate at the T junction of the tail-entry when backfill beginsAttention should be paid intently on backfill operationWhen abnormal cases occur，relative measures should be taken at onceWhile the gob is being filled with slurry during the backfill period，little water can be dehydrated from the seams or the flexible shuttering and is drained to the head-entry，which prevents it from flowing to the working face and causing pollution to the operation environment3) Closing processWhen backfill slurry reaches at the predetermined position，the backfill preparation station stops producing slurryTo prevent the backfill slurry from detaining and solidifying in the pipes to block the filling pipe or make its radius decrease，the backfill pipeline is washed using clean water for a further use when there is no slurry flowing out at the end of the backfill pipeline4 The Estimation of Surface SubsidenceProbability integration is the traditional method to estimate surface subsidence resulted from coal mining under buildingsTake the feasibility research on one coal mines paste-like backfill mining under buildings as an exampleThe calculation scope is the full subsidence area. Based on the mining areas empirical values of the parameters for the probability integration，surface subsidence is estimatedIts mining depths are 971，1241 and 701 m in trend direction of the main section，at the lowerboundary and at the upper boundary，respectivelyThe seam thickness，including 5 coal seams，is 10.6m，and the average seam dip is 21. According to the relevant literatures on solidifying backfill technology，subsidence coefficient q=0.02-0.05，tangent of the main influence angle，taken by medium stable strata, tan=1.7 and horizontal moving coefficient，J=0.3The calculation results are listed in Table 1From Table l，both surface movement and deformation values are smaller than the deformation standards of No.1 protection regulation for masonry structure buildings in China，that is，max dipping coefficient i3mmm，max curvature K02 10m, max horizontal deformation e2.0mmm5 ConclusionsBased on the existent backfill modes and the trend of modern backfill development，a new backfill mode， paste-like backfill technology，is put forward. Its binder has good quality and low price，and it can aim reutilize a large amount of industrial wasteThese advantages will make the backfill cost decrease greatlyConsequently，the paste-like backfill mode will carve out a new way for coal mining under buildingsWith the paste-like backfill technology, the new mode of coal mining under buildings will certainly find application in solving the environment pollution resulted from debris and fly-ash，and recover a large amount of coal under buildingsTherefore，to the sustainable development of Chinese coal mining，the new mode will have a great and far-reaching strategy meaningReferences1 孙恒虎,黄玉减,杨宝贵.当代胶结充填技术M.北京:冶金工业出版社，20022 周围铨,准继兜，刘广容,等.建筑物下采煤M北京:煤炭工业出版社，l9833 何国清,杨伦,凌赓娣，等矿山开采沉陷学M徐州:中国矿业大学出版社，19914 隋旺华.开采沉陷土体变形工程地质研究M.徐州:中国矿业大学出版社，l999中文译文基于似膏体充填的建筑物下采煤新模式崔建前，孙横虎，黄玉诚（中国矿业大学(北京校区) 资源与安全工程学院, 北京100083）摘要: 概要地介绍了似膏体充填技术的形成;结合煤矿的实际情况,提出了建筑物下似膏体充填开采新模式;分析了这种新的建筑物下采煤系统的特点,重点介绍了全砂土材料及充填系统的几个重要组成部分:充填制备站系统、充填料浆管输系统、综采工作面充填系统、充填工艺流程。关键词: 建筑物下采煤; 充填技术; 全砂土材料; 似膏体充填1引言随着社会需求和经济发展的迅速变化,资源枯竭与经济发展之间的矛盾日益突出。建筑物下采煤越来越受到人们的关注和重视。已有的建筑物下采煤技术大都存在着这样或那样的不足,难以收到理想的效果。似膏体充填技术具有充填材料来源广泛、成本低廉、制浆与输送工艺简便、充填体强度高等显著优势。将该项新技术应用到建筑物下采煤将有效地控制地表沉陷与变形、提高资源采出率,实现建筑物下煤炭无废无害开采的目标。2建筑物下似膏体充填采煤新模式的提出及其特点建筑物下采煤方法多种多样,但就控制地表沉陷的效果及提高煤炭资源的采出率而言,充填法效果最佳。充填体的密实程度及其沉缩率的大小直接影响到围岩与地表的移动变形。胶结充填采矿法以其充填体密实度高、沉缩率小、自身具备一定的强度和刚度等优点,一直以来广泛地应用于开采价值较高的黄金、有色金属等矿山。基于当代胶结充填采矿法的技术特点,孙恒虎教授提出了似膏体胶结充填新模式。该模式的技术特征是:充填料浆流动性好、易于实现管道自流输送、充填体井下脱水少、充填体早期强度高。传统的胶凝材料水泥,固结细粒级颗粒的能力差。当料浆浓度低于膏体浓度、易于实现管道自流输送时,充填材料中的细粒级颗粒(包括水泥颗粒) 在脱水过程中会析出排走,充填体的沉缩率增大,强度降低,造成胶凝材料的损失和井下作业环境的污染。当料浆浓度接近膏体时,其流动性较差,输送成本高。所以,实现似膏体充填新模式的关键就是要研发一种新型的胶凝材料。这种胶凝材料既要具备固结细粒级颗粒的能力,又要保证其充填体能够达到采矿工艺所需的强度。经过艰苦攻关,中国矿业大学资源与安全工程学院孙恒虎教授领导的课题组成功地研发出新一代胶凝材料全砂土固结材料。以这种新型胶凝材料为基础,继承现代胶结充填采矿法的优点,提出了全新的充填模式似膏体充填。建筑物下似膏体充填采煤新模式是以似膏体充填为基础,结合煤矿的实际特点,并借鉴金属矿山胶结充填采矿法的工程实践经验而提出的。建筑物下似膏体充填采煤新模式及其系统组成与金属矿山胶结充填采矿法相比,既有相似之处,又有自身的特点,主要表现在:1) 充填材料:胶凝材料采用全砂土固结材料;骨料采用煤矿的废弃物煤矸石和热电厂的废弃物粉煤灰。2) 充填范围:煤炭以层状赋存,大多数倾角平缓,需充填的区域面积较大,料浆输送的水平距离远,与基本上呈块状或脉状的金属矿床相比,充填倍线大。3) 充填能力:一般地,煤矿的综采工作面生产能力较大,因此,要求其充填能力也大;4) 充填制备站位置的选择:充填系统除了要满足似膏体料浆管道自流输送的倍线要求外,还必须综合考虑地表充填原料的运输,最大限度地降低其运输成本。5) 综采工艺与充填工艺的配合、衔接没有历史经验可以借鉴。3建筑物下似膏体充填采煤新模式3. 1全砂土固结材料全砂土固结材料是选用工业废渣,如沸腾炉渣、钢渣、高炉水淬矿渣等,再加入适量天然矿物及化学激发剂,经磨细、均化等工艺制成的一种