煤矿的环境问题及其解决方案外文文献翻译

英文原文Environmental issues from coal mining and their solutionsBIAN Zhengfu, Inyang Hilary I, DANIELS John L, OTTO Frank, STRUTHERS SueInstitute of Land Resources, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221008, ChinaAbstract: The environmental challenges from coal mining include coal mine accidents, land subsidence, damage to the water environment, mining waste disposal and air pollution. These are either environmental pollution or landscape change. A conceptual framework for solving mine environmental issues is proposed. Clean processes, or remediation measures, are designed to address environmental pollution. Restoration measures are proposed to handle landscape change. The total methane drainage from 56 Chinese high methane concentration coal mines is about 101.94 million cubic meters. Of this methane, 19.32 million, 35.58 million and 6.97 million cubic meters are utilized for electricity generation, civil fuel supplies and other industrial purposes, respectively. About 39% of the methane is emitted into the atmosphere. The production of coal mining wastes can be decreased 10% by reuse of mining wastes as underground fills, or by using the waste as fuel for power plants or for raw material to make bricks or other infrastructure materials. The proper use of mined land must be decided in terms of local physical and socio-economical conditions. In European countries more than 50% of previously mined lands are reclaimed as forest or grass lands. However, in China more than 70% of the mined lands are reclaimed for agricultural purposes because the large population and a shortage of farmlands make this necessary. Reconstruction of rural communities or native residential improvement is one environmental problem arising from mining. We suggest two ways to reconstruct a farmers house in China.Keywords: mine environment; management of mining wastes; reuse of mine gas; mined land reclamation; clean coal mining1 IntroductionWhile coal makes an important contribution to worldwide energy generation, its environmental impact has been a challenge. In essence, the coal energy production system consists of coal mining, preparation or processing and energy generation. Fig. 1 shows the complete process of the coal energy system. Environmental issues arise at every stage of the process.This paper will discuss environmental issues due to coal mining. In fact, environmental problems from coal mining have been studied since coal mining became industrialized. Nevertheless, environmental issues from coal mining have become important concerns only since the 1970s. The majority of the available literature related to mining and the environment date from the end of the 1970s to the end of the 1980s. However, coal production has changed significantly since the beginning of the 1990s and, as a result, the way and the extent that mining operations impact the environment are also different now. Fig. 2 shows the change in worldwide coal production over time, which illustrates that coal production increased strikingly after 2000. Six countries, the USA, Russia,India, China, Australia and South Africa, produced 81.9% of the total coal extracted throughout the world in 2006. These same countries have about 90% of the Worlds coal reserves. Coal production in China accounted for 38.4% of the worldwide total and has increased about 66% over the past five years from 1.38 billion tons in 2001 to 2.3 billion tons in 2006. During the same time period the number of coal mines was reduced by 50%. The annual production of the Daliuta Coal Mine, one of the underground mines operated by the Shendong Coal Mining Company, reached 20 million tons from only two longwall work faces in 2007. In the U.S. the situation is similar to China. There were 2475 coal mines with a total production of 945424 thousand short tons in 1993 but 1438 coal mines producing 1162750 thousand short tons in 2006.China consumes more coal than Europe, Japan and the United States combined; 40% of the worlds total. Chinas coal use continues to grow every year and it is estimated that 90% of the rise in world coal consumption is from increased activity in China. As a result, mining intensity in some coalfields is ten times greater than it was in the past. Therefore, the impact of mining on the environment today is significantly different from that in the 1980s. Thus, this paper focuses on environmental issues due to coal mining in the context of current mining operations.2 Importance of coal mining to energy systems worldwide and challenges to the environmentThe main use of coal in the United States is to generate electricity. Coal generates half of the electricity used in the United States3. Today, 91.9% of all the coal in the United States is used for electricity production. In contrast, less than 50% of all the coal mined in China was used for electricity generation in 2005 when 82% of the electricity used in China came from coal fired plants. Coal accounts for approximately 74% of Chinas primary energy consumption. Coal is recognized as a dirty source of energy and has been rendered obsolete in many European countries. For example, France closed all coal mines in 2004 and, in early 2007, the German government announced that subsidies for coal production would be completely phased out by 2018. Whether this will mark the end of deep mining in Germany remains to be seen. Some experts and institutions forecast that coal will continue to underpin the economic and social development of the worlds biggest economies in both the developed and developing world4. The World Bank Group estimated that coal is one of the Worlds most plentiful energy resources and that its use is likely to quadruple by 20205. Global recoverable coal deposits exceed 1 trillion tons with enough deposits to last for the next 270 years at current consumption rates. Hence, it is reasonable to conclude that coal will continue to be an important energy source and that coal mining is not a sunset industry. This will be especially true in those countries with abundant coal reserves and increased energy demands for their development. Using coal as an energy source requires addressing environmental challenges from mining. This includes coal mine accidents, land subsidence, water pollution, air pollution, spoil heaps, acid mine drainage, disturbance of hydro-geology and so on. The impact of coal mining on the environment varies in severity depending on whether the mine is active or abandoned, the mining methods used and the geological conditions.2.1 Coal mine accidentsEvery year nearly 80% of the Worlds total deaths due to coal mine accidents occur in China7. The main causes of coal mine accidents are gas leaks, roof cave-ins, fires, blasts and floods/water bursting. Table 1 shows accident statistics for Chinese coal mines for the years 2006 and 2007. This data was compiled by the corresponding author from the State Administration for Coal Mine Safety safety bulletins. It is easyto see that coal dust and methane blasts are in the absolute majority. In addition, 117 of the 374 deaths in 2006, and 92 of the 399 deaths in 2007, occurred in coal mines with a production of less than 200 thousand tons. It was reported that coal mines with small scale production account for one third of total production, two third of the total coal mine accidents and 75% of the deaths.2.2 Land subsidenceApproximately 60% of the worlds coal production comes from underground mines. Since 95% of the coal production in China is from underground mines and, in 2007, Chinese production was 2523 million tons, which accounts for more than one-third of the worlds production, China accounts for much of the underground operation, see Table 2.Land subsidence over underground mines is one important adverse impact of mining on the environment. About 1 million hectares of subsided land exists today. Mining ten thousand tons of raw coal will result in 0.2 hectares of subsiding land in China. Land subsidence not only reduces crop production but also causes other environmental problems, such as utility failures, plant death, surface fracture and soil loss, drainage system failure, building damage and so on.Subsidence falls into two forms of deformation: continuous and discontinuous. Continuous, or trough, subsidence involves the formation of a smooth surface profile free of steps. Discontinuous subsidence is characterized by large surface displacements over a limited surface area and by the formation of steps or discontinuities in the surface profile. Mining subsidence will affect land use or the environment differently depending upon the context of the terrain, groundwater level and the original type of land use.For example, in eastern China, which has plain land-form, shallow groundwater levels and was prime farmland before mining, mining subsidence has resulted in large area flooding. After this the land use was changed as buildings, roads and croplands were seriously damaged by major incidents of land subsidence. Mining subsidence in mountain areas will induce slope failure causing the loss of water and soil from the formation of surface cracks and overburden fracture from mining.3 A conceptual framework and potential solutions to the mine environment3.1 A conceptual framework for solving mine environmental issuesThe key words green mining, ecological mines, recycling economy, industrial ecology, site characterization for remediation of abandoned mine lands and life cycle assessment were proposed by environmentalists, economists and scholars working in the field of mining science. The core ways to solve mine environmental problems may fall into two types. One is the taking of measures to lessen the impact of mining on the environment during mining. The other is the taking of measures to clean or remediate or restore or reclaim the environment post mining.3.2 Use of mine gasThe Ministry of Environmental Protection and the General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of China have jointly issued the Emission Standard of Coalbed Methane/Coal Mine Gas (on trial). The Standard requires that measures to drain and utilize the mine gas must be taken before mining. Coal mining operations may only be implemented after the methane content in the coal seam is reduced to less than eight cubic meters per ton of coal. If the concentration of methane is higher than 30% atmospheric release is prohibited. There are currently two ways to drain mine gas in China. One is by drilling wells through the coal seam at the coalfield before mining operations begin. The concentration of methane obtained this way is higher than 90% the other method is to drill boreholes through the goaf after coal has been mined. Methane concentrations obtained in this way are higher than 30%.3.3 Conservation and restoration of the mine water environmentWe developed some mining techniques that make full use of water leaking from fractured aquifers that preserve the aquifer. For coal mines in western China constructing a concrete wall along mined lanes and cavities and channeling water resulting from mining into an underground reservoir has proved useful. The Bulianta coal mine operated by the Shendong Branch Company of the Shenhua Group, which has an annual coal production of about 20 million tons and is located in Inner Mongolia, collects 4000 tons of water per day from underground mining operations after constructing such an underground reservoir. For coal mines in eastern China we proposed that key strata should be controlled to prevent fracture, or be restored by grouting after fracture, to prevent water burst into the mined space.3.4 Management of mining wastesCoal mining generates huge amounts of waste, indeed this is the largest source of solid waste accounting for 40% of all solid wastes in China. The waste consists of materials that must be removed to gain access to the coal resource such as topsoil, overburden or waste rock as well as wastes from coal preparation and gangue from underground mining. A series of accidents in recent years has highlighted the significance of reuse of these mining wastes and the urgent need for better waste management procedures. Management of mining wastes involves their reduction, recycle and reuse. This method goes by many other names such as cleaner production, clean technology, waste minimization, pollution prevention, waste recycling, resource utilization, residue utilization, TRU (Total Resource Utilisation) and TPD (Total Project Development). Innovative mining techniques are the main way to reduce the production of mining wastes.4 Strengthening cooperation between parties to solve environmental problems from coal miningCoal is a dirty energy source because of land disturbance; subsidence; AMD and water pollution that occur during mining. There is also the emission of CO2 during coal utilization to consider. But coal is also cheap, affordable, abundant and available. It is easy to transport and secure and will be with us for the long term. It must be considered that the present energy structure in some countries can not be changed over the short term because of the natural deposits of energy resources. For example, China predominantly relies on coal resources for energy not because China does not want to use more clean energy, such as natural gas or oil, but because these are not abundant enough to meet the needs of rapid social and economic development. Demand for coal continues to grow and coal reserves are adequate to ensure that demand can be met far into the future. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen cooperation between multiple parties to solve the environmental problems due to coal mining. 5 Conclusionscoal is one of the Worlds most plentiful energy resources. It is today and will be in the future the most important global source of electricity. This is likely to be true for the next 50 years in light of available natural resources and technological advances. Coal mining and utilization will inevitably cause negative environmental effects including coal mine accidents, land subsidence, pollution of water environments, disposal of mine waste and air pollution. Current Chinese coal production and its environmental impacts were analyzed under the context of worldwide coal mining.中文译文煤矿的环境问题及其解决方案卞正富，希拉里殷阳， 约翰丹尼尔斯，奥托富兰克，STRUTHERS Sue土地资源研究所，中国矿业大学，徐州，中国摘要：煤炭开采的环境挑战包括煤矿事故，地面沉降，水环境的损害，采矿废物处置和空气污染。这些要么是污染环境要么改变景观。本文提出了解决矿山环境问题的一个概念框架。提出了旨在解决环境污染的清洁过程或补救措施以及处理景观变化的恢复措施。中国56个高瓦斯煤矿瓦斯抽放共约1.0194亿立方米。这些甲烷分别有1932万立方、3558万立方和697万立方米用于发电，民用燃料供应和其他工业用途。大约39%的瓦斯排进了大气。，通过地下填充采矿废料，或利用电厂废弃物作为燃料或原料，或作为其他基建物资煤矿生产的废物可以减少10%。采矿区的正确使用必须根据本地的物理和社会经济条件。在欧洲国家中，超过50%开采的土地被回收为森林或草地。然而，在中国超过70%开采的土地被回收用于农业用途，因为人口众多，耕地短缺，因而有这个必要。农村社区的重建或本地住宅改善是一个从采矿产生的环境问题。我们建议两种方式在中国重建一个农民的房子。关键词：矿山环境；矿山废弃物的管理；矿井瓦斯重用；开采土地复垦；煤炭清洁开采1引言煤炭对全球能源发电作出了重要贡献的同时，对环境的影响也一直是个挑战。从本质上讲，煤炭能源生产系统包括煤炭开采，加工和发电。图1显示了完整的煤炭能源系统的过程。环境问题出现在每一个阶段，本文将讨论开采中的环境问题。其实，自从煤炭开采工业化，就开始对煤炭开采的环境问题进行了研究。然而20世纪70年代到80年代以来，煤炭开采的环境问题更受关注。然而，煤炭产量自20世纪90年代初以来已显着改变，因此，采矿作业影响环境的方式和程度也不同。图2显示了全球范围内煤炭生产随时间的变化，显示出2000年后煤炭产量急剧增加。2006年，美国、俄罗斯、印度、中国、澳大利亚和南非这六个国家的煤炭产量占世界各地的煤炭总产81.9%。同样是这些国家拥有世界煤炭储量约90%。在中国煤炭产量占全球总量的38.4%，并从2001年的13.8亿多吨到2006年的26亿吨，在过去五年增加至约66%。同时，煤矿数量减少了50%。2007年，由神东煤炭矿业公司经营的地下矿山之一的大柳塔煤矿在只有两个长壁工作面的条件下年产量达到2000万吨。在美国的情况是类似中国。在1993年，2475个煤矿的产量在94542.4万短吨，但在2006年， 1438个煤矿的产量在116275万吨。中国消耗的煤占世界总量的40%，比欧洲，日本和美国更多。中国煤炭的使用继续增长，据每年估计，中国占世界煤炭消费量上升的90%。因此，一些煤田的开采强度高于过去的十倍。因此，目前采矿对环境的影响与20世纪80年代显着不同。因此，本文侧重于目前的采矿作业的情形下开采的环境问题。图1 煤炭能源系统图2 世界煤炭产量年年2煤矿开采对全球能源系统的重要性和对环境中的挑战煤炭在美国的主要用途是发电。在美国所使用的电力，煤炭产生一半。现在，美国的煤炭91.9%用于电力生产。相比之下，在2005的，中国用于发电的煤炭不到50%，而中国使用的电力82%来自燃煤电厂来发电。煤炭占中国一次能源消费的约74%。煤炭作为一个污染的能源来源，在许多欧洲国家已经过时。例如，法国在2004年关闭所有煤矿。在2007年初，德国政府宣布到2018年对煤炭生产的补贴将被完全取消。是否这将标志着在德国的深部开采的结束仍有待观察。一些专家和机构预计，在世界发达国家和发展中国家，煤炭将继续巩经济和社会发展。世界银行集团的估计，煤炭是世界上最丰富的能源资源之一，它的使用到2020很可能年翻两番。在未来270年，全球可采煤炭储量超过1万亿吨，足够目前维持消费。因此，煤炭仍将是一个重要的能源来源，煤炭开采不是夕阳产业是合理的结论。这在煤炭储量丰富和能源需求增加国家中尤其如此。以煤作为能量来源，需要解决矿山环境的挑战。这包括煤矿事故，地面沉降，水体污染，空气污染，废弃物堆积，酸性矿山排水，水文地质障碍等。煤炭开采对环境的影响不同的严重程度取决于开采的积极或消极，开采方法和地质条件。2.1煤矿安全事故每年发生在中国的煤矿事故死亡总人数占世界近80%。煤矿事故的起因主要是瓦斯泄漏，顶板塌方，火灾，爆炸和水灾/突水。表1显示了2006年和2007年中国煤矿事故的统计。此数据编制取自国家煤矿安全公告。很容易要看到，煤尘和瓦斯爆炸占绝对多数。此外，在2006年的374人死亡，2007年的399人死亡中分别有92人和117人发生在产量不到20万吨的矿井。据报道，三分之一的煤矿中小规模生产的煤矿煤矿事故总量的三分之二的和75的死亡。表1 中国煤矿安全事故数据事故煤尘和瓦斯爆炸突水CO顶板火灾2006次数15821死亡数322311472007次数213211死亡数31741125242.2地表