特种加工概论外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

外文资料及译文Special processing GeneralitySpecial processing which is also called non-traditional machining or modern processing method, referring to electrical energy, heat energy, light energy, electrochemistry energy, chemical energy, sound energy and mechanical energy, such as special processing methods to remove or add material energy. Special processing technology is mainly described in this article refers to the laser processing technology, electron beam processing technology, ion beam and plasma processing technology and processing technology, etc. With the development of new type weapons and equipment, the increasingly urgent demand for special processing technology at home and abroad. Both aircraft, missiles, and other combat platforms are required to reduce the structure weight, improve the speed, increased range, reduce fuel consumption, achieve lighter high performance, structure, long service life and good economic affordability. To this end, the weapon system and combat platforms are required to use integral structure, lightweight structure, the new structure, advanced cooling structure and titanium alloys, composite materials, powder materials, intermetallic compounds, such as new materials. To do this, you need the special processing technology, equipment manufacturing, in order to solve processing problem of using conventional processing methods cannot be achieved, so special processing technology is the main application areas: Difficult-to-machine materials, such as high strength steel, titanium alloy, heat-resistant stainless steel, composite materials, engineering ceramics, diamond, ruby, hardened glass high hardness, high toughness, high strength, high melting point materials. Difficult machining parts, such as complex parts 3 d cavity type, hole processing, group of hole and narrow gap, etc. Low rigidity parts, such as thin walled parts, elastic element and other parts of the processing. With high energy density beam for welding, cutting, making holes, spraying, surface modification, etching and fine processing. 1. The laser processing technology Laser processing equipment and processes abroad has developed rapidly, now has 100 kW high power CO 2 laser , kW level high beam quality of Nd: YAG solid laser, some with optical fiber can be transfer, telecommuting. Big power laser processing equipment, high automatic degree and has been widely used CNC control, multi-axis linkage, and is equipped with laser power monitoring, automatic focusing, industrial TV shows and other auxiliary system. Laser hole of minimum aperture has amounted to 0.002 mm, has succeeded in application of automation system of six coordinate laser hole special equipment for processing, with holes on the combustion chamber, gas turbine engine to achieve to cast layer, the effect of the micro cracks. Laser cutting is suitable for the made of heat resistant alloy, titanium alloy, composite material parts. Currently BoCai cutting speed can be up to 15 m/min, narrow kerf width, generally between 0.1 1 mm, heat affected zone is only 10% 20% of the kerf width, maximum cutting thickness of 45 mm, has been widely used in plane three-dimensional skin ship plate, frame, ships and helicopter rotor, engine combustion chamber, etc. Laser welding thin plate has been quite common, most are employed in the automotive industry, aerospace and instrumentation industries. Laser subtle welding technology has become an aviation electronic equipment, high precision mechanical equipment in the micro encapsulation nodes one important means of micro connection. Laser surface strengthening, surface remelting, alloying, amorphous processing technology application is more and more widely, laser microfabrication applications in electronics, biology, medical engineering has become an irreplaceable special processing technology. Laser rapid prototyping technology has expanded from research and development stage to application stage, has shown broad application prospects. At home in the early 70 s has begun for laser processing applied research, but the development speed is slow. Hole in the laser system, laser heat treatment, welding, etc. Although have a certain application, but the quality is not stable. Has developed a solid laser processing systems with optical fiber transmission, and realize the optical fiber coupling synchronization of the three beams welding and laser welding of quartz watch movements. Completed the laser sintering rapid prototyping principle prototype, and with polyester and epoxy resin sand sintered powder materials, rapid prototyping of typical parts, such as impeller, the gear. Laser processing technology in the next few years should combine pre-study achievements have been achieved, according to demand, focus on zero defect laser processing of gas membrane pores and control technology of real-time detection, high strength aluminum) (lithium containing aluminum, aluminum and magnesium alloy laser welding technology, laser sintering rapid prototyping technology, powder of metal parts laser precision machining and important component of the research of laser shock processing, etc. Achieve zero defect with holes on the high temperature turbine engine processing, can make the blade service life of 2000 hours; To welding instead of nc machining plane bearing components, as well as welding for riveting of ribbed wall; Realize the important parts of surface strengthening, improve security, reliability, etc., so that advanced laser manufacturing technology play a more important role in military industry. 2. The electron beam processing technology Electron beam processing technology become more mature in the world, wide application range. Finalize the design production abroad 40 kv 300 kv electron gun (mainly including 60 kv, 150 kv), has been widely used CNC control, multi-axis linkage, a high degree of automation. Electron beam welding has been successfully used in special materials, dissimilar materials, complex space curve, non-uniform welding, etc. Is currently studying weld automatic tracking, wire filling welding, vacuum welding, such as maximum welding penetration of up to 300 mm, deep weld width than those days. Electron beam welding has been used in space shuttle launch vehicle, the main bearing components are large structures such as the combination of welding, as well as the aircraft beam, box, landing gear parts, whole engine rotor shaft, casing, power and other important structures and nuclear power plant pressure vessel manufacturing. Such as the f-22 fighter with advanced electron beam welding, reduce aircraft weight, improve the performance of the machine; Su - 27 and other series of large bearing components, such as the gear, the load bearing frame, adopts high voltage electron beam welding technology. Domestic various types of aircraft and engines and a variety of models of the missile shell, oil tank, the exhaust structures have been adopted the electron beam welding. Therefore, the application of electron beam welding technology is more and more widely, the demand for electron beam welding equipment is becoming more and more big. Electron beam welder abroad to Germany, the United States, France, Ukraine, etc, have reached the engineering production. Is characterized by variable frequency power supply, the volume of equipment, noise, and high pressure performance is greatly improved; In terms of control system, using advanced computer technology, adopts the advanced CNC and PLC technology, make the control more reliable, equipment operation more simple and intuitive. Vacuum electron beam physical vapor deposition technology abroad, have been used for aeroengine turbine blade high temperature anti-corrosion insulation ceramic coating, to improve the thermal shock resistance of the coating and the life. Electron beam lithography and electron beam irradiation curing resin matrix composites technology is at the research stage. Electron beam processing technology in the future should actively expand professional field, closely tracking the international advanced technology development, in view of the demand, focus on key techniques of electron beam physical vapor deposition, the main bearing structure electron beam welding, electron beam irradiation curing technology study, key techniques of electron beam welding machine, etc. 3. The ion beam and plasma processing technology Function of surface coating has high hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance function, can significantly improve the life of the parts, with wide USES in industry. Currently in the United States and European countries most use microwave ECR plasma source to the preparation of various functional coatings. Plasma body spraying technology already in engineering application, has been widely used in aviation, aerospace, ships, etc. Products are key components in the field of wear-resistant coating, seal coating, thermal barrier coating and heat shielding layer, etc. Plasma welding has been successfully applied to 18 mm storage tank welding of aluminum alloy. Equipped with robots and plasma welding seam tracking system in complex space welding seam has practical application. Microbeam plasma welding are widely used in precision components of welding. Plasma spraying has been applied to weapons and equipment of developed in our country, mainly used in wear-resistant coating, seal coating, high temperature protection coating and thermal barrier coating. Vacuum plasma spraying technology and omni-directional ion implantation technology has begun to study, with abroad still has big distance. Plasma welding is used in the production, but the welding quality is not stable. Ion beam and plasma processing technology in the future should be combined with the results have been achieved, according to demand, and ion implantation on the thermal barrier coating on the surface modification of the new technology research, at the same time, on the basis of the already obtained preliminary results, further research on plasma welding technology. 4. Electric processing technology Widely used abroad, electrochemical machining, in addition to the blade and the integral impeller has expanded to the casing, the plate of ring parts and deep hole processing, using electrochemical machining can work out high precision metal reflective mirror. Current electrochemical machining machine tool capacity has reached 50000 amps, and has set up a CNC control and multiple parameter adaptive control. With holes on the electrical discharge machining using multi-channel and nanosecond ultra high frequency pulse power and electrode processing of special equipment at the same time, more 2 3 seconds/hole machining efficiency, surface roughness Ra0.4 microns, general high-grade electric spark forming and cutting has been able to provide micron grade machining precision, can be processed 3 microns of micro hole axis and 5 microns. Precision pulse electrolysis technology has amounted to about 10 microns. Electrolysis with edm compound machining and electrolytic grinding, edm grinding has been used in production. According to the status quo, the development direction of special processing technology should be: (1) continuous improvement, improve the quality of the high energy beam source, and to develop in the direction of high power, high reliability. (2) high energy beam machining equipment to muti_function, motors and intelligent direction, makes every effort to achieve the goal of standardization, seriation and modularization. Expand the application scope, to develop in the direction of composite processing. (3) is steadily high energy beam machining new technologies, new processes, new equipment engineering and industrialization of work. Above to achieve development goals, must carry out the following processing technology research: (1) laser processing technology Micro cracks to cast layer, efficient laser processing technology research with holes on the turbine blades; titanium alloy, aluminum alloy, super steel dissimilar material artifacts and laser welding process of large curved surface parts research, three-dimensional laser cutting process specification and surface quality of the online measuring control technology and control technology research and improve the high temperature alloy, aluminium alloy, and other important components impact fatigue resistance of laser technology research; High-power laser rapid prototyping technology research, laser cladding ceramic coating technology and coating structure and performance study. (2) electron beam processing technology 150 kv and 15 kw high pressure gun and high voltage power supply technology research; Electron beam physical vapor deposition technology research; Large thickness of the cross-section of electron beam welding technology of titanium alloy research and quality evaluation; Typical electron beam curing process of composite aircraft components research and engineering research; Multifunctional electron beam processing technology research. (3) the ion beam and plasma processing technology Complex parts conformal implantation and mixed deposition technology research, to obtain high density plasma method research; Spatial structure of welding technology parameter adaptive control and weld automatic tracking system, in the process of the plasma arc welding and deformation control technology research; Plasma spraying ceramic thermal barrier coating structure, technology and engineering research; Laminar-turbulent automatic conversion technology and axial feeding, three-dimensional spraying technology research; Laminar plasma spraying, system development and its spraying technology research. (4) machining technology High quality deep hole electro-hydraulic beam processing technology research; High efficiency, high quality photographic electrochemical machining technology research group of hole; Multi-spindle, multi-channel electrical discharge machining of holes, special-shaped hole technology research; The large capacity (5000 a and above) precision electrochemical machining technology research; Electrolysis - edm compound machining technology research. Study the technical key is: improve the quality of the high energy beam; To carry out special processing of automatic control and computer modeling and simulation technology research; New materials processing characteristics research; Research of special processing equipment, etc. 特种加工概论特种加工亦称“非传统加工”或“现代加工方法”，泛指用电能、热能、光能、电化学能、化学能、声能及特殊机械能等能量达到去除或增加材料的加工方法。本文所述的特种加工技术主要是指激光加工技术、电子束加工技术、离子束及等离子加工技术和电加工技术等。 随着新型武器装备的发展，国内外对特种加工技术的需求日益迫切。不论飞机、导弹，还是其它作战平台都要求降低结构重量，提高飞行速度，增大航程，降低燃油消耗，达到战技性能高、结构寿命长、经济可承受性好。为此，上述武器系统和作战平台都要求采用整体结构、轻量化结构、先进冷却结构等新型结构，以及钛合金、复合材料、粉末材料、金属间化合物等新材料。 为此，需要采用特种加工技术，以解决武器装备制造中用常规加工方法无法实现的加工难题，所以特种加工技术的主要应用领域是： 难加工材料，如钛合金、耐热不锈钢、高强钢、复合材料、工程陶瓷、金刚石、红宝石、硬化玻璃等高硬度、高韧性、高强度、高熔点材料。难加工零件，如复杂零件三维型腔、型孔、群孔和窄缝等的加工。刚度零件，如薄壁零件、弹性元件等零件的加工。高能量密度束流实现焊接、切割、制孔、喷涂、表面改性、刻蚀和精细加1. 激光加工技术国外激光加工设备和工艺发展迅速，现已拥有100kW的大功率CO2激光器、kW级高光束质量的Nd:YAG固体激光器，有的可配上光导纤维进行多工位、远距离工作。激光加工设备功率大、自动化程度高，已普遍采用CNC控制、多坐标联动，并装有激光功率监控、自动聚焦、工业电视显示等辅助系统。 激光制孔的最小孔径已达0.002mm，已成功地应用自动化六坐标激光制孔专用设备加工航空发动机涡轮叶片、燃烧室气膜孔，达到无再铸层、无微裂纹的效果。激光切割适用于由耐热合金、钛合金、复合材料制成的零件。目前薄材切割速度可达15m/min，切缝窄，一般在0.11mm之间，热影响区只有切缝宽的10%20%，最大切割厚度可达45mm，已广泛应用于飞机三维蒙皮、框架、舰船船身板架、直升机旋翼、发动机燃烧室等。 激光焊接薄板已相当普遍，大部分用于汽车工业、宇航和仪表工业。激光精微焊接技术已成为航空电子设备、高精密机械设备中微型件封装结点的微型连接的重要手段。激光表面强化、表面重熔、合金化、非晶化处理技术应用越来越广，激光微细加工在电子、生物、医疗工程方面的应用已成为无可替代的特种加工技术。激光快速成型技术已从研究开发阶段发展到实际应用阶段，已显示出广阔的应用前景。国内70年代初已开始进行激光加工的应用研究，但发展速度缓慢。在激光制孔、激光热处理、焊接等方面虽有一定的应用，但质量不稳定。目前已研制出具有光纤传输的固体激光加工系统，并实现光纤耦合三光束的同步焊接和石英表芯的激光焊接。完成了激光烧结快速成型原理样机研制，并采用环氧聚脂和树脂砂烧结粉末材料，快速成型出典型零件，如叶轮、齿轮。激光加工技术今后几年应结合已取得的预研成果，针对需求，重点开展无缺陷气膜小孔的激光加工及实时检控技术、高强铝(含铝锂、铝镁)合金的激光焊接技术、金属零件的激光粉末烧结快速成型技术、激光精密加工及重要构件的激光冲击强化等项目的研究。实现高温涡轮发动机气膜孔无缺陷加工，可使叶片使用寿命达2000小时以上；以焊代替数控加工飞机次承力构件，以及带筋壁板的以焊代铆；实现重要零部件的表面强化，提高安全性、可靠性等，从而使先进的激光制造技术在军事工业中发挥更大的作用。2.电子束加工技术电子束加工技术在国际上日趋成熟，应用范围广。国外定型生产的40kV300kV的电子枪(以60kV、150kV为主)，已普遍采用CNC控制，多坐标联动，自动化程度高。电子束焊接已成功地应用在特种材料、异种材料、空间复杂曲线、变截面焊接等方面。目前正在研究焊缝自动跟踪、填丝焊接、非真空焊接等，最大焊接熔深可达300mm，焊缝深宽比20：1。电子束焊已用于运载火箭、航天飞机等主承力构件大型结构的组合焊接，以及飞机梁、框、起落架部件、发动机整体转子、机匣、功率轴等重要结构件和核动力装置压力容器的制造。如：F-22战斗机采用先进的电子束焊接，减轻了飞机重量，提高了整机的性能；“苏-27”及其它系列飞机中的大量承力构件，如起落架、承力隔框等，均采用了高压电子束焊接技术。国内多种型号的飞机及发动机和多种型号的导弹壳体、油箱、尾喷管等结构件均已采用了电子束焊接。因此，电子束焊接技术的应用越来越广泛，对电子束焊