初高中衔接英语词性的分类导学案

XX实验高中2014-2015高一上学期 英语 初高中衔接导学案 编写人：XX 审核人：xx 2014-8-26 班级_ 姓名_英语词性的分类及用法Learning content: the classification and use of English words (英语词性的分类及用法)Learning aims: Know the different parts of speech(词性) and be able to use them correctly.【考一考】用所给单词的适当形式填空。1. Li Na is an outstanding tennis _ (play).2. Anna had a fever yesterday, so she was _ (able) to go to school.3. The movie was interesting, but Grace was not _ (interest) in it.4. Thanks to your _ (suggest), I got to complete the job in time.5. It is always _ (sun) here in winter.6. Emily used to be short, but now she is much _ (tall).7. I was so hungry that I had a _ (three) bowl of rice.8. We cant go out to have a picnic because it is raining _ (heavy) outside.9. Justin Biebers first single, One Time, is about one of his favorite _ (topic), puppy love.10. Niushou Hill is an area of natural _ (beautiful). It attracts lots of tourists every spring.【讲一讲】 概述 英语的词类英语的词类通常可以分为十大类：1 名词 n. teacher, book 。表示人或事物的名称。2 代词 pron. we ,me, he 等。 代替名词或数词。 3 数词 num. two, fifth 等。表示数目或顺序 4 动词 v. work, study, live 等。 表示动作或状态 在句中可做谓语。5 形容词 adj. good, big, beautiful 等。表示人或事物的性质或状态， 6 副词 adv . fast, quickly 表示动作特征或形状特征 7冠词 art. a, an, the 表示名词的泛指或特指 8 介词 prep. In, on,by,with 9 连词conj. and,if, but连接词，短语，句子10 感叹词 interj. Oh, ah，My God!表示说话者的感情或口气 一、名词（一）名词的分类名词专有名词人名，地名，机构名China，London，Helen普通名词个体名词cup, apple,student可数名词集体名词Police, family, team物质名词water, rice, cotton不可数名词抽象名词Love, work, success（二）名词复数的变化 规则变化：(1) 一般在复数名词后加“s”: 如： dog dogs book books (2) 以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加“es”：box boxes watch watches(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加“es” : country countries factory factories dictionarydictionaries(4) 以o结尾的名词加“s” : 有生命的物体加“es” : potatopotatoes tomatotomatoes hero-heroes英雄 NegroNegroes 黑人(5) 以f、fe 结尾的名词,变f、fe 为v再加“es” : halfhalves shelfshelves knifeknives leafleaves 复数的不规则变化： man-men womanwomen toothteeth footfeet goosegeese mousemiceChinese-Chinese Japanese Japanese deer-deer fish-fish sheep-sheep a man doctor men doctors a woman teacher-women teachers注意：German-Germans(德国人)（三）名词的句法功能1 在句中作主语 This book is very useful. 2 作表语 My brother is a worker. 3 作宾语或宾语补足语 We made Tom our monitor. 4 作定语 He got three gold medals at 23rd Olympic Games. 5 作状语 The meeting lasted two hours. 6 作同位语 Mr. Smith,our leader, is speaking now.【练一练】用所给的名词的适当形式填空 1.A group of _(sheep) are eating _(grass) and _(leaf) at the foot of the hill.2.There are a few _ (people) in the room. 3.I want two _ (glass) of _ (milk). 4.I have a lot of _ (money) in my pocket.5.People wear shoes on their _ (foot). 6.The _ (woman) teachers are playing basketball. 7.The first room is the _ (teacher) office. 8.Those _ (child) are playing football outside. 9.The doctor has saved a lot of _ (life). 10.There are five _ (pear) trees in the yard. 11.This isnt my book, but my _ (brother). 12.There are some _ (sheep) in the field. 二. 代词（一）含义：用来代替名词或名词短语的词。（二）分类：按意义特征和语法功能可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词等9类。（三）. 分类讲解：1. 人称代词：形式主语 I you he she it we you（你们） they宾语 me you him her it us you（你们） them2. 物主代词的用法：形容词性的物主代词：my our your your his her its theirs名词性的物主代词： mine ours yours yours his hers its theirs3. 指示代词： this these that those it4. 不定代词 只修饰可数名词: many, a number of few, a few 只修饰不可数名词: much , little , a little 修饰可数名词、不可数名词: a lot of= lots of some any 复合不定代词 由every, some, any, no与thing, body, one构成复合不定代词5. 反身代词： 反身代词表自身，句中可作两成分：表示强调同位语，宾语动作回自身。 单数： myself yourself himself herself itself 复数： Ourselves yourselves themselves6、 疑问代词 有who，whom，whose，what和which等。疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作为某一句子成分。例如：Who is going to come here tomorrow? （作主语） What is that? (作表语)7. .关系代词 关系代词是引导定语从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词。关系代词有 who, whose, whom, that, which. 例如：I hate people who talk much but do little.Im looking at the photograph which you sent me with your letter.【练一练】用适当的代词填空 1. She has lost _ pen. Will you lend her _? 2. - Excuse _! Is this bike yours? - No, it isnt _. I think it is Li Lei. - Yes, its _. 3.They have got _ ready for the football match. 4.Lily looks unhappy. _ must have happened to her.5.Theres _ time left. We must hurry. 6.How _ did you pay for the trousers?7. “Help _ to some fruit.” Mother said to the children. 8. They enjoyed _ at the party yesterday. 9. We couldnt eat in a restaurant because _ of us had _ money on us.10. Idbeenexpecting_lettersthewholemorning,buttherewerent_forme. 三. 介词（一）. 含义：又称前置词，是一种虚词。介词不能单独做句子成分。介词后须接宾语，介词与其宾语构成介词短语。（二）：介词的分类：从其构成来看可以分为1、简单介词（Simple prepositions） 如：at ,by, for, in, from, since, through等； 2、复合介词（Compound prepositions） 如：onto, out of, without, towards等；3、短语介词（phrasal prepositions） because of, instead of, on account of, in spite of, in front of；（三）常见介词的基本用法1、with 和一起, 拿着 2、about 关于 3、after 在之后 4、across 横过 5. along 沿着 6、in 在里 on 在上面 under在下面7、near 在附近 8、of 的 9、before 在之前 10、behind 在后面 11、by 到时 12、during 在期间 13、except 除了 14、for 为了 15、from 从 16、to ,at朝方向 17、over 在正上方 18、round/around 围绕 19、towards朝着 20、against 反对 【练一练】用适当的介词填空 1. You can buy some school things _ your way home. 2. What are you talking _ ? 3. Eating too much isnt good _ your health. 4. I dont know which is the way _ the park. 5. He prefers playing football _ playing basketball. 6. _ Mr Wangs help, I have passed the exam.7. The students walked _ the gates with Uncle Wang.8. Im sorryI wont talk to others in class _ now on.9. Im afraid hell fall _ the bike. 10. _ the end of the road youll see the hospital四 形容词（一）含义：用以修饰名词，表示事物的特征的词。e.g. long, empty, cheap, hungry, etc.（二）形容词在句子中的作用：形容词在句子中可定语、表语、宾语补足语、状 1). She is a brave girl and she can do anything. Brave在句中作_ 2). Who lets the door open? Open在句中作_ 3). I went to bed, hungry. Hungry在句中作_ 4). The classroom is clean. clean 在句中作_（三）多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序常用顺序为:限定词-外观-形状-年龄-颜色-国家-材料. e.g. The little white wooden house smells as if it hasnt been lived in for years. 这座白色的木头小房子似乎很多年没有人住过了 五副词（一）含义：用来修饰动词、形容词、其它副词、全句或名词词组及句子的词。如：very, early, out, soon, quickly, fast, late etc.（二）用法：如： My mother is out. 作_ The girl there is my friend. 作_ He runs fast. 作_ I found him outside. 作_（三）. 形容词变为副词：quickquickly, truetruly, happyhappily, possiblepossibly.（四）形容词和副词的比较级和最高级1)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越”。如，He is getting taller and taller.他变得越来越高了。 The flowers are more and more beautiful.花儿越来越漂亮。2）“the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越，越”。如，The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes youll make.你越认真，犯的错误越少。【练一练】用所给词的适当形式填空 1. The weather is getting _ (warm) and _ (warm).2. Africa is the second _ continent. (large)3. The night was very _, so he had to take off his shoes _(quiet).4. Can you play Ping pang _(good)?5.The war broke out between the two countries after an _(friend) talk.6.In fact, the _ (busy )he is , the_ (happy)he feels.六连词（一）、连词定义: 用来连接词、短语或句子的词。（二）、连词分类：1. 并列连词：并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词，短语或句子。 常见的并列连词有： (1)表并列关系的and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor等。 (2)表选择关系的or, eitheror等。 (3)表转折关系的but, while等。 (4)表因果关系的for, so等。2. 从属连词-用来引导从句。 常见的从属连词有： (1)引导时间状语从句的after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。 (2)引导条件状语从句的if, unless等。 (3)引导原因状语从句的because, as, since等。 (4)引导目的状语从句的so that, in order that等。 (5)引导让步状语从句的though, although, even if等。 (6)引导结果状语从句的so that, sothat, suchthat等。 (7)引导比较状语从句的than, asas等。 (8)引导宾语从句的that, if , whether等。【练一练】用适当的连词填空 1. He can speak English_ Chinese. 2.Physics is not so easy, _I like it very much.3.Will Tom wait for her at home _ at the library?4._we got home it was very late.5.I cant sleep well at night, _I often feel very tired in the day.6.Study hard, _ you will fall behind. 7.Youll be late _ you dont get up early tomorrow morning. 8.I didnt buy the dictionary yesterday _ my aunt would give me one. 七动词 （一） 分类： a)按用法分，动词可分为四类： 实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。 b)根据其后是否带有宾语，可分为两类：及物动词vt.，不及物动词vi. c)按句法功能分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。 谓语动词即能做谓语的动词。例: He writes well . 非谓语动词即不能做谓语的动词，但它具有动词的一些特征。 例：He likes reading . / the cup is broken ./ It takes me 20 minutes to go to school . 非谓语动词有着动词不定式，动名词，现在分词和过去分词。（二）初步了解：谓语动词形式意义人称与主语在人称上一致I am reading now.数与主语在数上一致He writes well .时态表示动作发生的时间He wrote a story last week.语态主语指动作的发生者或承受者We study English .The road was filled with rubbish. 语气说话人表达事实，要求，愿望等I wish I could fly. 英语动词是句子的核心。它既决定着句子意思的表达同时又决定着句子的语法结构。可见掌握动词的用法在英语学习中是十分重要的。 (三) 分清及物，不及物动词: a及物动词后面必须跟宾语。如： He reached Paris the day before yesterday. Please hand me the book over there. They asked me to go fishing with them. b不及物动词后面不跟宾语。 如：This is the room where I once lived. 类似的还有：agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, fail, c既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义不变。如begin 都是作开始讲。 Everybody is here , our game begins. let us begin our game. 类似的还有：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, pay, hurt, improve. （四） 动词有五种形态，分别是：原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。 规则动词的过去式过去分词都以-ed结尾，不规则动词的变化是没有规律的，大体上有AAA，ABB, ABC，ABA等类型。如put-put-put, buy-bought-bought, drive-drove-driven, come-came-come.具体要根据每册书最后几页的不规则动词表来记忆。（必修一P103）（五）系动词及其用法总结 系动词亦称连系动词 ，作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。 1）状态系动词 用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如： He is a teacher. （is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。） 2）持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, He always kept silent at meeting. 3）表“像”系动词 用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如： He looks tired. 他看起来很累。 He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。 4）感官系动词 主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 5）变化系动词 主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。 6）终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, trun out, 表达证实，变成之意，例如： The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）【练一练】用所给动词的适当形式填空 1. It _ (take) me I hours _ (do) my homework last night. 2. She _ swimming to skating last year. (prefer) 3. He _ up smoking last year. (give) He _ for about a year. (not smoke) 4. She often _ a blue skirt last year. (wear) 5. Listen! Someone _ a song. (sing)6. Spring in China _ from February to April. (last)构词法英语中常见的构词法有合成、派生和转化。 （一）派生：在词根上加后缀或前缀构成新词。 1 常见的后缀： 名词后缀： (1) -er,-or表示“动作者，人”，如：leader, teacher, singer, actor, visitor, monitor等。 (2) -ese表示“语言，人”，如：Chinese, Japanese等。 (3) -ian表示“人”，如musician, politician, Russian等。 (4) -ist表示“人, 主义者”，如：scientist, artist, communist, socialist等。 (5) -ment表示“运动，结果”，如：development, movement, government等。 (6) -ness表示“状态，性质”，如：kindness, darkness, weakness, happiness, illness等。 (7) -sion表示“动作，状态”，如：discussion, possession, permission等。 (8) -tion表示“动作，状态”，如: action, pronunciation, instruction, education, liberation等。 (9) -al 表示“动作，过程”， 如：arrival, signal等。 (10) -dom表示“状态，职位，领域或身份”，如：freedom, kingdom, wisdom等。 (11) -age表示“状态，身份，地点，场所”，如：advantage, average, baggage, voyage等。 (12) -ess附在名词后，表示“女性的，雌性的”，如：actress, waitress等。 (13) -ics表示“学科名”，如: mathematics, physics, polities等。 (14) -ing表示“动作，动用的过程，动作的结果”，如：building, living, feeling, shopping等。 (16)-ship表示“状态，性质，身份”，如：citizenship, friendship, relationship等。 (17) -th附在部分形容词之后，表示“状态，程度，过程，性质”，如：breath, death, depth, growth, length, strength, truth, warmth等。 形容词后缀： (1) -al表示“的”，如: national, chemical, political等。 (2) -an表示“（地，人）的”，如：African, Asian, American, Italian等。 (3) -ble表示“能够”，如：reasonable, valuable, unforgettable, enjoyable等。 (4) -ern表示“方向”，如：southern, northern, eastern, western等。 (5) -ful表示“充满”，如：beautiful, careful, harmful, successful, mouthful, spoonful等。 (6) -ive 表示“性，倾向”，如：active, expensive, native, relative, protective等。 (7) -less表示“无（反义词后缀）”，如：careless, harmless, useless等。 (8) -y表示“充满，性质”，如: rainy, windy, snowy, cloudy, lucky, dirty等。 (9) -ly表示“像的，有性质的”，如：daily, friendly, lively, lonely, lovely等。 (13) -en表示“由制（构）成的”，如: wooden, golden等。 (14) -some表示“易于的，有倾向的”，如：tiresome, troublesome等。(15)-ous表示“的”，如：famous, mountainous, continuous等。 动词后缀： (1) -en“使”，如：sharpen, deepen, loosen等。 (2) -ize, “使”如：modernize, industrialize, organize等。 2 常见的前缀： (1)dis-否定，如：discover, disappear, discourage, disagree, disadvantage, disappoint等。 (2)en-“使”，如：enable, encourage, enlarge等。 (3)in-(il-, im-, ir-)“不，非”，如：invisible, illegal (非法的), impossible, irregular等。 (4)mis-“误”，如：mistake, misunderstand等。 (5)re-“重复，再”，如：return, rewrite, remarry等。 (6)tele-“远程”，如：telephone, telescope等。 (7)un-“不”，如：unfit, unfair, unknown等。 （二）合成：由两个或更多的词合成一个词。如： 1 合成名词：bookcase, classroom, dining-room, classmate, housework等。 2 合成形容词：seasick, ever-green, good-looking, snow-white, hard-working等。 3 合成动词：overcome, dumbfound, white-wash等。 4 合成副词：however, whenever, maybe, beforehand等。 5 合成代词：himself, everyone, nobody, anything等。 （3） 转化：由一种词类转化为另一种或几种词类。如： 1 You must wash your hands before each meal. (hands为名词) 2 He took off his cap and handed it to me. （handed为动词） 3 You must try to catch up with others. (try为动词) 4 Have a try and you might succeed. (try为名词) 5 The sports meet was h