埃及和希伯来.ppt

ENG155EuropeanandAmericanCulturalHeritage,Lecture1:TheFirstCivilizations,ContactInfo.:,Prof.DuanQing(Ph.D)AssociateProfessorRm.1305,CreditBuildingduanqing197264493104,GreatHallofBulls,LascauxCaves,HomoSapiens,400,000yearsagoNomadicexistenceAgriculturalvillagesSizablecities,ThePaleolithicAge(OldStoneAge),CavepaintingsinLascauxinFranceandAltamirainSpain(28,000-22,000B.C.),TheNeolithicAge(NewStoneAge),AgriculturebecameanotherenduringthemethroughouthistoryFoodsupplywastheimperativesteptobetakenonthepathtocitiesandcivilization,FoodStorageataskforthecommunitysocialcooperationanapproachtopoliticalorganizationandgovernmentLanddependenceTerritorycontrolwar,EarlyNearEasternVillages,ZagroshillseastoftheTigrisRiverJericoandJarmo2000to3000peplevillages(8000B.C.)TravelCommunalgodsDomesticatedanimals,Mesopotamia,FormingofcitiesEarliestsystemofwriting,civilization,SocialorganizationwithmorecomplexrulesthanthosethatguideddwellersincavesortheearliestfarmersMoresophisticateddivisionsofauthorityandlabor-TellHamoukar(Syria)4000B.C.Governmentandlaw,Sumer,ReligionandgovernmentCitiesUruk50,000people(3000B.C.)Classes:priests,commoners,andslavesZiggurataterracedtowerPatronGodTradeMathematics(sexagesimal),Writing,Cuneiformscripts(symbols)TheEpicofGilgameshSargonofAkkad(Semites):Akkadian,Hebrew,andCanaateUr-Nammu,TheBabylonianKingdom,HammurabiandHisLawCodeCombinedthepowerofbothlawandreligiousbelieftocreateacivicorderforhissociety,Egypt,TheOld,Middle,andNewKingdomgs(pharaoh)King=god(Horus,Osiris)MaatrightorderHieroglyphsLiterature,medicine,andsurgery,Hatshepsut,TheHyksosHatshepsutThutmoseIIITutankhamenRamesII,Palestine,PhoenicianalphabetHebrewbibleJacobIsrael(GodstroveorGodruled)Exodus-Moses,TenCommandments,OnegodunifyhispeopleAcodeoflawsethicalconductThefirstinterventionofreligionintotheprivatebehaviorofhumanbeings,IsraelandItsSociety,Father-dominatedthroughthepatriarchsandGodConquestofCanaan(1230B.C.)LackacentralgovernmentPhilistinesKingSaulandDavidSolomontheTempleinJerusalem,Messiah,Apersonpossessingadivinepowerorpurpose;Referringtopeople,itcametomeanone“anointed”byGodtoperformaspecialmissionAkingwouldsomedayappear,adescendantofDavid,whowouldrestorethepowerandgloryofIsraelonearth,Christianity,BothchildrenofJudaismandhavedrawnonthemoralityandethicsoftheolderfaith,TheAssyrianState,TheChaldean