人教版必修一至必修四语法大全

语法：一、倒装结构 1. 副词here,there, in, out,up ,down, away,back,now, then, ahead 等位于句首,当谓语动词是be,come, go, follow,run等表示位置移动的动词，而且主语又是名词时,需要把谓语动词放主语之前，即全部倒装。Here comes the bus.注意:A 此类倒装不用进行时态度。B若主语是代词时，不用倒装。-Where is your dog? -There it is.2. 含有否定意义的词放句首，部分倒装。 A具有否定意义的副词放句首： not,never,seldom,hardly, rarely.little,scarely,few Never has she seen a movie like that.B,含有否定意义的连词放句首:not onlybut also., neither.nor., no soonerthan., scarely.than.,Hardly.when., not until. *not only, no sooner,hardly.scarely要倒,but (also), than, when后面的句子不倒. neither.nor.两部分都倒装。 No sooner had she fallen asleep than she heard a knock at the door. Hardly had it grown dark when she realized it is too late to go home. Not only is the teacher himself interested in football but all his students are beginning to show an interest in it. Not until the game had begun did he arrive at the sports ground.C, 含有否定意义的介词放句首：by no means, In no time,in no case, on no account,under no circumstances. By no means could he succeed.3 only状语，部分到装 Only when she came home did he learn the news.4 表示上文的状况也适合另外一人或事： 肯定:so+助动词(动/情态)+主语 I have finished reading the text, so has my sister.否定:neither(nor)+助动(动/情态)+主语 I could not persuade him to accept it, nor could I make him see its importance.5 as 作“尽管虽然”，引导让步状语从句 Much as he likes her,he does get annoyed with her sometimes.6 so .that., such .that.的句子结构中，若so,such 和与其所修饰的词置于句首，实行部分倒。 So confused did he become that he didnt know how to start his lecture.7 省略if的虚拟条件倒装句时间从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式 （与现在事实相反）过去式（be: were）Should(would, could, might)+v（与过去事实相反）had doneShould(would, could, might)+have done（与将来事实相反）一般过去式were to +原形should +原形同1Were they to arrive/ should they arrive before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.They would certainly have come and helped us had they had time.Had it not been for my illness, I would have lent him a helping hand.8为使描绘显得生动，有些与介词同形的副词可以移到句首，谓语放到主语前面。In came a girl. Down flew the eagle. 代词作主语时，主谓语序不变。Out he rushed.九、There be 句型。There are many students in the classroom.巩固练习1. Only when you have got enough data_ come to a sound conclusion.A can you B you can C would you D you would2._ food and drinks, but they also brought cards when they had a picnic outside.A Not only brought they B Not only they broughtC Not only did they bring D Not only they did bring3._ got into the room_ she found a man lying on the ground.A She hardly had; then B Hardly had she; whenC She had not; than D Not had she; when4.So hard_ it to live in an English-speaking country that he determined to study English well.A he has felt B has he feltC he did feel D did he feel5.There is no need quarreling with him, neither_ no need talking with him.A there is B is there C there are D are there6.Only when I was fifty years old_ how important the English is!A had I realized B I realized C did I realize D I had realized7._, I have never seen such beautiful scenery.A As long as I have traveled B Much as I have traveledC Now that I have traveled so much D As I have traveled so much8._, you would have got the first place.A You had run faster than before B Had you run faster than beforeC If you should run faster than before D If you ran faster than before9. Only in recent years_ begun to realize that they should protect wild animals.A people have B since people haveC have people D people who have10.“_received high pay as today”. Said a boss of the company.A Never have so many women B Never so women haveC The women arent ever D Women who have never11.Not only_ difficult to study, but it was too dull to learn.A was it B it is C it was D is it12._ a little more time to think, he might have succeeded.A If he took B If he has takenC Had he taken D should he take13._ no air or water, there would be no life in the world.A There are B There was C Is there D Were there14. By no means_ their own language well.A it is true that all people know B is it true that do all people knowC it is true that do all people know D is it true that all people know15._ so busy, I should go with you to see our teacher in middle school.A Were I not B Was I not C If I am not D I were not16.Only after liberation_ to be treated as human beings.A did the slaves begin B the slaves had begun C the slaves did begin D had the slaves begun17. You ought to have given them some help. _, but it didnt work.A So ought you B So I oughtC So did you D So I did18._ that even people in the next door could hear him.A So loudly did Tom speak B Such loudly did Tom speakC So loudly he speak D Such loudly he speak19. My parents have been married for 50 years and never _with each other.A they had quarreled B they have quarreledC have they quarreled D had they quarreled20. You forgot your bag when you went out to the airport. My God, _.A so did I B so I did C I did so D I so did21.Not only_ interested in computer but_ beginning to show an interest in it.A is the teacher herself; all her students are B the teacher herself is; are all her studentsC is the teacher herself; are all her students D the teacher herself is; all her students are22. On the wall _two large photos of your parents who were dead five years ago.A hang B hangs C hanged D hanging23. Only when_ how important the English is.A did I work I realized B I worked did I realizeC did I work did I realize D I worked I realized24. Only when her teacher scolded her _ she was wrong to do it.A she realized B does she realizeC did she realize D had she realized25. No sooner_ home than I found a man lying on the ground.A had I got B I had got C did I get D I did get26._, you wont be able to succeed except that your teacher helps you.A Try as you will B As you will tryC You as will try D Will you try as27.Excuse me, I have left my book at home, could I use yours? _.Use mine. A Here it is B Here are youC Here is it D Here you are28. _ that all the teachers and students went out to play volleyball.A The weather so fine was B So fine was the weatherC So the weather was fine D So was the fine weather29. The man isnt like a worker, nor_ a teacher.A he is like B he looks like C is he like D does he like30. Seldom_ TV during the summer holiday, because the examination is coming.A they watch B are they watchingC had they watched D do they watch31. Under her arm_ a pair of shoes that she had bought a few days before. A was B had C is D there is32. Many a time_ to see me while I was in hospital during the Spring Festival.A did he come B he did come C he came D came he33. In hardly any situation_ her happy.A you can find B that you can find C can you find D you found二、被动语态1、一般将来时被动语态1）动作发生在将来；强调动作的承受者，或不能或无须提及动作的执行者。lThepeopleofBeijingwillplantmoretreesandbuildnewroads. - Moretreeswillbeplantedandnewroadswillbebuilt.Theywillpaymoretotheathletes.- Morewillbepaidtotheathletes.Theywillencouragechildrentotakemoreexercise.- Childrenwillbeencouragedtotakemoreexercises.2）否定句：not置于shall/will之后。Hewillnotbesenttheretomorrow.疑问句：疑问词+will+主语+be +过去分词+其他？WhenwilltheSARSpatientbeoperatedon?Bywhomwillthetaskbefinishednextweek?3）表示将来意义的被动结构还有：1.begoingtobedone;2.betobedone;3.will（shall）getdone等。Someoldbuildingsaregoingtobepulleddown. The29thOlympicGamesistobeheldinBeijingin2008.TheworkerswillgetpaidbeforetheendofDecember.注意这些结构的否定式、疑问式等。例如：Thesetreesarenotgoingtobecutdown. -Arethesetreesgoingtobecutdown?-Yes,theyare.Themachinesarenottoberepairedtonight. -Aretheytoberepairedtomorrow?-Yes,theyare.4）注意事项在时间、条件状语从句中，应使用现在时表示将来时。同样，应使用现在时的被动语态表示将来时的被动语态。例如：Hesayshewillleavethecompanyifheispunishedforthis.Whenthedamiscompleted,theChangjiangRiverwillbecontrolled.使用一般将来时被动语态时，学生易遗漏被动式中的be。例如：【误】Anewfilmwillshownatthecinemanextweek【正】Anewfilmwillbeshownatthecinemanextweek2、现在完成时被动语态1）现在完成时态和被动语态结构的叠合，即“ have + been + done”。 2）肯定：Her bike has been stolen. 否定：The task has not been finished yet. 一般疑问句：Has a new computer been bought? 特殊疑问句：How many buildings have been built in this school?3、现在进行时的被动语态：现在进行时的被动语态表示此时此刻某事正在被做。1）构成：be + being+过去分词2）肯定：The car is being repaired. 否定：Some animals are not being protected well. 一般疑问句：Is this bridge being repaired now? 特殊疑问句：What is being done to the machine?4、巩固练习1. Hundreds of jobs _if the factory closes. A. lose.B. will be lost.C. are lost.D. will lose2.Would you like to_the 2008 Olympic Games_in Beijing? A. join; hold. B. join in; will be held. C. take part in; which will hold. D. take part in; which will be held.3. My uncle_until he was forty-five.A. married.B. didnt marry.C.was not marrying. D. would marry.4. -. How long_you _?-For five years. We _ in 2001A. have; been married; got married.B. did; marry; gotmarried;C. have got married; married. D. were; married; married.5. Sandy could do nothing but _to his teacher that he was wrong.A. admit.B. admittedC. admitting.D. to admit6. 7. I was _by the _news of Georges sudden death.A. amazed; amazing. B. amazing; amazed. C. upset; surprised. D. surprised; upset.8. Im sure he_in the new kindergarten.A. will be taken good care.B. will be taken good care of C. will take care D. will take care of.9. The headmaster, as well as some teachers and students_to visit the sick students in hospital this afternoon.A. is going. B are going. C. had gone. D. have gone10. I have to go to work by taxi because my car _ at the garage.A. will be repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. has been repaired11._ a new library _ in our school last year? A. Is; built B. Was; built C. Does; build D. Did ; build 12. An accident _ on this road last week. A. has been happened B. was happened C. is happened D. happened 13. So far, the moon _ by man already. A. is visited B. will be visited C. has been visited D. was visited 14. Older people _ well. A. looks after B. must be looked after C. must look after D. looked after15.A talk on Chinese history _ in the school hall next week. A. is given B. has been given C. will be given D. gives 16. A lot of things _ by people to save the little girl now. A. are doing B. are being done C. has been done D. will be done 17.-When _ this kind of computers_? -Last year. A. did; use B. was; used C. is; used D. are; used 18.The Great Wall _ all over the world. A. knows B. knew C. is known D. was known 19. With the development of science, more new technology _ to the fields of IT.A. has introduced B. is being introduced C. is introduced D. was introduced20. More money _ for the Hope Project.A. is being collected B. is collecting C. has collected D. be collected21. Cellphones _ by more and more teens.A. are using B. is used C. are being used D. being used22. A new library _ in our school.A. is building B. is built C. have built D. is being built23. Many new functions _ to cellphones nowadays.A. have added B. are adding C. were added D. are being added24. Some courses _ in English in many universities.A. are being taught B. are teaching has taught D. have been taught25. -Can we move into our new house now? -No, because it _.A. is painted B. is being painted C. has been painted D. is painting三、情态动词1. 用法是：情态动词+行为动词原形 2. 情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有下列: can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would),have (to) ,had better. 3. 具体用法1）can和could的用法表示能力或客观可能性，可用be able to代替。I can paint pictures.还可以表示请求和允许。 Can/Could you open the door? cannottooenough表示“无论怎样也不过分”，“越越好”。You cannot be too careful to cross the road.2) may和might的用法表示许可。 May I play outside? 回答时(口语中常用) no , you cant . yes, please 用mustnt表示强烈禁止。 表示推测、可能 He may be wrong.用于祈使句中表示祝愿。 May you be happy.3) must和have to的用法表示必须、必要。（must表示主观多一些而have to则表示客观多一些） 回答must引出的问句时，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustnt，而要用neednt或dont have to。 “must be + 表语”的结构表示推测，它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。 4) dare和need的用法need表示“需要”或“必须”，作情态动词时，往往用于否定句或疑问句中。 Dare作情态动词时，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，一般不用在肯定句中。 Dare和need常用作实义动词，有时态、人称和数的变化，所不同的是，作实义动词时，在肯定句中，dare后面通常接带to的不定式，在否定和疑问句中，dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。5）shall和should的用法shall用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意愿。 should表示劝告、建议，其同义词是ought to。出现在虚拟语气中。表示建议、要求、命令等动词（order, request, command, insist, suggest）后的从句用should。if 条件句引导的虚拟语气中，should, would, could的选择看情况而定。6）will和would的用法表示请求、建议等，would比will委婉客气。 would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。would表过去习惯时比used to正式，并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。 7）ought to的用法表示推测。注意与must表示推测时的区别： He must be at home by now. （断定他已到家） He ought to be home by now. （不十分肯定） This is where the oil must be. （比较直率） This is where the oil ought to be. （比较含蓄） 8）used to，had better，would rather的用法1. used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在，在间接引语中，其形式可不变。如： He told us he used to play football when he was young. 疑问句 Did you use to go to the same school as your brother? Used you to go to the same school as your brother? 否定句 I usednt to go there. （usednt 亦可拼作usent，但发音皆为ju:snt。）I didnt use to go there. 否定疑问句 Usent you to be interested in the theatre? Didnt you use to be interested in the theatre? Had better意为“最好”，后接v.原型。 注：had best与had better同意，但较少用。You had better用于同辈或小辈，对长辈不可用。 Would rather意为“宁愿”，表选择，后接v.原型。 由于would rather表选择，因而后可接than。 4、巩固练习1. “I thought you wouldnt mind.” “Well, as a matter of fact I dont, but you _ me first.” A. should askB. should have asked C. must askD. must have asked2. “I called you yesterday. A woman answered, but I didnt recognize her voice.” “Oh, it _ my aunt Jean.”A. must beB. must have been C. might beD. can have been3. That car nearly hit me; I _. A.might be killed B.might have been killed C. may be killedD.may been killed4. Its a very kind offer, but I really _ accept it. A. mustntB. neednt C. cantD. dont 5. The police still havent found her, but theyre doing all they _. A. mayB. can C. mustD. will6. You _ practise the drums while the baby is sleeping. A. needntB. mightnt C. mustntD. wont 7. You _ him the news; he knew it already. A. neednt tellB. neednt have toldC. mightnt tellD. mightnt have told8. As shes not here, I suppose she _ home.A. must goB. must have gone C. might goD. might be going9. Are you still here? You _ home hours ago. A. should goB. should have gone C. might goD. may have gone10. “I called you yesterday. A woman answered, but I didnt recognize her voice.” “Oh, it _ my aunt Jean.”A. must beB. must have been C. might beD. can have been11. I _ have met him a long time ago. Both his name and face are very familiar.A. mayB. can C. wouldD. should 12. “Shall we go shopping?” “Sorry, we _ buy anything now because none of the shops are open.”A. mustntB. neednt C. cantD. shouldnt13. They often go to the restaurants for meals. They _ be very poor.A. mustntB. cant C. may notD. neednt 14. I didnt see her in the meeting room this morning. She _ have spoken at the meeting.A. mustntB. shouldnt C. needntD. couldnt15. He _ the test again, in which case, his mother will be very disappointed. A. might failB. must have failed C. should failD. could have failed四、虚拟语气1、if条件句的虚拟语气从句（条件）主句（目的）表示于现在事实相反的虚拟条件句If+主语+动词的过去式（be用were）主语+would(should could might)+动词原型表示与过去事实相反的拟条件句If+主语+had+动词的过去分词主语+would（should could might）+have+动词的过去分词表示与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句If+主语+should（were to）+动词原型/动词的过去式主语+would（could should might）+动词原型2、表示建议，命令，要求，忠告，等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气表示“提议，劝告，建议”的：propose,suggest,recommend,advise.表示“要求”的：ask,desire, request,demand,require,beg表示“同意，坚持”的：insist表示“决定，命令”的：decide,order3、巩固练习1. You did not let me drive. If we _in turn, you _ so tired A. drove; didnt get B. drove; wouldnt get C. were driving; wouldnt get D. had driven ; wouldnt have got2. I suggested the person _ to be put into prisonA. refers B. referring C. referred D. refer3. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it_A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken4. I insisted _to see a doctor, but he insisted nothing _ wrong with him A. on him to go; should be B. he went; be C. he go; was D. he should to; is5. -Would you have called her up had it been possible-Yes, but I _busy doing my homeworkA. was B. were C. had been D. would be 6. I was ill that day, otherwise I _ the sports meetA. would have taken part in B. took part in C. had taken part