2011年卫生类职称英语教材新增文章及译文【A级】

2011年卫生类职称英语教材新增文章及译文【A级】阅读理解新增文章第三十四篇Be Alert to1 Antimicrobial ResistanceThe ability of micro-organisms to find ways to evade the action of the drugs used to cure the infections they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue. Some bacteria have developed mechanisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics normally used for their treatment(multi-drug resistant bacteria)，so pose particular difficulties，as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy. They constitute a growing and global public health problem. WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to 1imit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics，reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.An article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases2 on 11 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics. The article has drawn attention to the issue of AMR3(antimicrobial resistance)，and，in particular，has raised, awareness of infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear，this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission，and to define the most effective measures for control.Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action include consumers，managers of hospitals，patients，as well as national governments. the pharmaceutical industry，and international agencies.WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance; rational antibiotic use，including education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics：introducing orenforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription; and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures. including the use of hand-washing measures，particularly in healthcare facilities.Successful control of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has been documented in many countries，and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies，and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHOs World Health Day 2011.第三十四篇 警惕抗菌药物的耐药性 微生物引发感染后需要药物治疗，但是这些微生物渐渐对特效药产生了抗药性。细菌的抗药性。逐渐成为全球关注的公众卫生事件。一些细菌通过改变自身机理，对许多用于治疗感染的抗生素药 物产生了抗药性(这就是所谓的“多重耐药菌”)，从而使治疗变得很棘手，因为在治疗过程人们只有很少的选择，甚至已经没有选择。这些问题成为一个日趋严重的全球性公众健康问题。世界卫生组 织建议各国应准备实施医院感染控制措施，以限制多重耐药菌的种类，并加强全国性政策谨慎使用。抗生素以减少耐药菌的产生。 2010年8月11日刊登在柳叶刀一传染病期刊上的一篇文章中提到一种基因，这种基因可以 使多种类型的细菌对几乎所有的抗生素产生极强的耐药性，引起了世人对AMR(即“耐药性”)，尤其是对多重耐药菌感染的关注。 多重耐药菌不是新生细菌，并且还会不断出现，这就需要对其实施监控和深入研究，以便了解多 重耐药菌传播的范围和方式，从而采取有效手段进行防控。 这就要求人们提高对细菌耐药性的警惕，并且消费者、医院管理人员、病人、政府、药品生产企业以及国际机构都要采取适当的行动。 世界卫生组织强烈呼吁各国政府在以下领域采取集中控制和防御措施：AMR监管，抗生素合理使用，对公众及医务人员正确使用抗生素的教育，立法限制非处方购买抗生素以及对感染的预防和控制措施，包括洗手这种方法，尤其是在医疗界。 对多重耐药菌的成功防控已经在许多国家得到了证实，只要能够系统地运用，现有的预防和控制手段可以有效地减少多重耐药菌的传播。世界卫生组织将一如既往地支持各国实施相关措施，并协调所有国际努力，与细菌耐药性进行斗争。耐药性将成为2011年世界健康日的主题。词汇：Evade vt.逃避，避开 prudent adj.慎重的，谨慎的Pose vt.提出 monitor vt.监控alternative adj.可供选择的(途径或事物) surveillance n.监视，监管rational adj.合理的，有理性的implement vt.实现，实施 adherence n.坚持，固守strain n.种类 document vt.证明，支持reinforce vt.加强力量 relevant adj.相关的注释：1.be alert to：对警觉，注意2.The Lancet Infectious Diseases：柳叶刀一传染病期刊3.antimicrobial resistance(AMR)：抗菌药物耐药性练习：1.Why is the use of antibiotics arousing globally increasing interest?A. The misuse of the antibiotics has caused stronger bacteria resistance and no new drugs against the bacteria are available at present.B The micro-organisms develop much faster than the past，so the researchers are more interested.C The antibiotics for multi-drug resistant bacteria are highly priced and there will be a big market for the drug industry.D The antibiotics has been found more powerful for the treatment of the multi-drug resistant bacteria.2.Which of the following is true of the article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases?A The issue of AMR led the scientists to be alert to the new human gene.B A new drug will be soon available for any multi-drug resistant bacteria.C A new strain has been found to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics.D AMR aroused the awareness of the scientists to the infections caused by the antibiotics.3. Who of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage to take cautious and proper action about the AMR?A Those who use antibiotics.B Those who sell antibiotics.C Those who produce antibiotics.D Those who study in universities.4.All the following recommendations to the governments from WHO is true EXCEPTA education to the users of antibiotics.B control on the use of antibiotics in health facilities.C introduction of new regulations on the sale of antibiotics.D limit on the hospitals to store more antibiotic drugs than they Can use.5.What can you infer from the passage?A WHO can only recommend the governments to control and prevent the transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms.B Even with the new strains against the existing antibiotics，the transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms is still under control.C Without the support from WHO，no country can be safe in the war against the transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms.D WHO will spare no effort in antimicrobial resistance in 2010 and will set a special day for it in 2011.答案与题解：1.A文中第一段指出，有些致病菌对现有的抗生素产生了一定的耐药性，而目前有效的替代药物还没有出现，这是一个棘手的问题，因此引起了全球关注。因此，答案为A。2.C 文中第二段说明，杂志中提到发现了一种几乎对所有抗生素都具有抵抗性的新的细菌，这一发现引起了世人对AMR，尤其是对耐药菌感染的关注。因此，答案为C。3.D 文中提到应对AMR特别关注的人群包括：消费者，医院管理人员，病人，政府，药品生产企业以及一些国际机构，文中没有提到大学机构。因此，答案为D。4.D WHO提出的建议包括：对AMR进行监管，合理使用抗生素，教育公众及医务人员要正确使用抗生素，立法限制非处方购买抗生素以及对感染采用预防和控制措施，没有提到限制医院储备抗生素。因此，答案为D。5.B 虽然目前还没有发现更有效的新抗生素，但文中提到在许多国家对耐药性微生物的控制取得了很大成功，而且目前的预防手段仍然能够有效减少耐药微生物的传播。因此，答案为B完型填空新增文章第十二篇Pandemic H1N1 1 2009The most active areas of pandemic influenza transmission currently are in central and eastern Europe. Focal increases in rates during recent weeks were reported in at least two eastern European countries. A high intensity of respiratory diseases activity （1） concurrent circulation of pandemic influenza still （2） parts of southern and eastern Europe, （3） in Greece, Poland，and Ukraine.In Western Europe，influenza （4 ）remains active and widespread, but overall disease activity has peaked. All influenza viruses in Western Europe were pandemic H1N1 2009, however, very small （5 ）of seasonal influenza viruses，covering less than l% of all influenza viruses （6 ），were reported in Russia. （7） ，limited available data indicate that active, high intensity transmission is occurring in Northern African countries （8 ）the Mediterranean coast.In Central Asia，limited data （9） that influenza virus circulation remains active, but transmission may have recently peaked in some places. In West Asia，Israel，Iran，and Iraq also appear （10 ）their peak period of transmission within the past month，though （11 ）areas continue to have some active transmission and levels of respiratory disease activity have not yet returned to baseline levels. In East Asia，influenza transmission remains active but appears to be （12） overall. （13） increases in ILI2 were reported in Mongolia after weeks of declining activity following a large peak of activity over one month ago.In North America，influenza transmission （14） widespread but has declined quickly in all countries. In the tropical regions of Central and South America and the Caribbean，influenza transmission remains geographically widespread but overall disease activity has been declining or remains unchanged in most parts， （15） focal increases in respiratory disease activity in a few countries.第十二篇 2009年甲型HlNl流感大流行 近日，欧洲中部及东部成为流感传染最为活跃的地区。近几周来，在欧洲东部至少有两个以上的国家被报传染率急速攀升。在欧洲东南部，尤其是希腊、波兰及乌克兰等地，严重的呼吸系统疾病伴随着传染同时发生。 在欧洲西部，尽管流感仍在广泛扩散但已出现下降趋势。根据来自俄罗斯的报道，这些传染多由HlNl型病毒引发，只有不到l是由季节流感病毒引起的。该报道还指出，根据有限的数据显示，地中海沿岸的北非地区现在正为流感高发地带。 在亚洲中部地区，根据有限的数据表明虽然流感病毒传播仍然十分活跃，但是在部分地区已呈现下滑迹象。在西亚的以色列、伊朗及伊拉克地区，过去的一个月已经摆脱最高峰值开始下降。但中亚和西亚这两个地区的病毒传播仍然比较活跃，呼吸系统疾病的发病数仍没有降到基线以下。东亚地区的传播速度也出现了明显的下滑。只有蒙古在数周前由峰值逐步下滑后出现了小幅度的回升。 在北美地区，流感传染依旧泛滥，但已经开始出现快速下滑趋势。在中、南美洲的热带地区，以及加勒比海地区，流感传播仍然活跃，但总体上已经得到控制并且开始好转，只有少数几个国家的呼吸系统疾病发病率仍呈上升趋势。词汇：pandemic adj 在广大地区流行的(疾病) peak v达到顶点seasonal adj季节的transmission n.传播 occur vt.发生currently adv. 时下地，当今地 Mediterranean adj. 地中海的，地中海附近(各国的)focal adj.焦点的，与焦点有关的intensity n. 强度 Israel n.以色列concurrent adj 同时存在的，同时发生的 Iran n.伊朗Iraq n.伊拉克circulation n.流传，流通 Mongolia n.蒙古国Greece n.希腊 Caribbean n.加勒比海Poland n. 波兰 geographically adv. 地理的Ukraine n.乌克兰注释：1.H1N1：H1N1是一种病毒，是Orthomyxoviridae系列的一种病毒。它的宿主是鸟类和一些哺乳动物。2.ILI：Influenza-like illness，流感样病例。它的定义是：体温 =38，伴有咳嗽或咽喉疼痛等症状的急性呼吸道感染患者。练习：1.A of B with C for D in2.A remains of B keeps C exists in D develops3.A particularly B usually C exactly D completely4.A transport B transmission C development D occurrence5.A amounts B counts C calculations D numbers6.A to find B finding C finds D found7.A However B Nevertheless C But D In addition8.A along B on C at D around9.A advise B propose C suggest D recommend10.A to pass B passing C to have passed D passed11.A both B all C none D neither12.A declining B reducing C below D under13.A Little B Big C Slight D Greatl4.A reduces B remains C increases D