心理学专业英语翻译

Aggression social learning theory of aggression攻击-攻击的社会学习理论SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY AND AGGRESSION社会学习理论和攻击行为 Social learning theory was developed mainly by Bandura and Walters,and suggests that aggression is learnt from the environment(rather than being an inner drive )through reinforcement and the process of modelling.Modelling involves learning through the observation of other people (model),which may lead to imitation if the behaviour to be imitated leads to desirable consequences. 社会学习理论主要是由班杜拉和Walters发展的，攻击性行为是通过强化和榜样的作用从环境中习得的（而不是一个内在驱动）。榜样行为是指观察学习其他人的行为，如果这些行为被模仿，也许能导致理想的后果。 Bandula distinguished between the learing of aggressing behaviour and the performance of it .Aggessition may be learnt from models through observation ,but the likelihood of it being imitated depends on the perceived consequences of the models aggression if a child sees a models aggression being rewarded,this acts as vicarious (indirect) reinforcement for the child who will proceed to imitate it .If the child sees aggression in others punished then ,although the behaviour is learnt,it is less likely to be imitated .班杜拉把攻击性行为的习得和攻击性行为的表现区分开来。攻击性行为可能是通过观察榜样的行为习得的，但是被模仿的可能性依赖于榜样攻击性的知觉结果，如果一个儿童看到榜样的攻击行为受到奖励，这种表现会促使儿童去模仿该行为。如果儿童看到这种行为受到惩罚，即使习得了这种行为，他们也会很少去模仿他。 Models can be parents,peers or media characters(thus this theory has implications for the portrayal of violence on television).榜样可以是父母、同辈或媒体的角色（因此这一理论已影响到电视上对暴力的描述）SUPPORTING EVIDENCE证据Bandura et al(1963) allowed one group of children to watch an adult model perform certain aggressive acts with an inflatableBobo dollwhich were unlikely to occur normally ,such as throwing the doll upin the air,hittingit with a hammer and punchingit while saying things likepowand boom.When these children were left in a playroom with the inflatable doll ,they frequently imitated the same acts of aggression,compared to a control group who had not seen the model and showed none of the behaviours.在1963年，班杜拉让一群孩子观看成人榜样对现实中不太可能出现的可以充气的玩偶的攻击性行为,比如将玩偶抛向空中,用锤子击打他的同时说像“战俘”的话和发出“轰轰”的声音。当这些孩子们被留在一个带有充气娃娃的游戏室里,他们经常模仿相同的攻击行为,与对照组相比,那些没有看到榜样行为往往不会出现类似的行为。Bandura (1965)used a similar experimental set-up ,but showed different consequences for the models aggression to three groups of children .One group saw the models aggression being rewarded,one group saw the model being punished for the aggression ,and another group saw no specific consequences. 班杜拉(1965)使用一个类似的试验装置,但榜样的攻击性行为对三组儿童产生不同的结果。一组看到榜样的攻击行为受到奖励,一组看到榜样的攻击行为受到惩罚,另一组没有看到具体的后果。When allowed to enter the playroom ,the children who had seen the model punished showed less imitative aggression than the other two groups .However,if all the children were offered rewards for doing what the model had done ,all groups showed high levels of imitation.当儿童被允许进入游戏室后,孩子们看见榜样行为受到惩罚的儿童比另两组儿童表现出更少的攻击性。然而,如果所有的孩子做榜样已经做的行为而受到奖励,所有组都会表现出高水平的模仿行为。 The children in the model punished group had clearly learnt the aggression by observation ,but had not shown their potential to imitate it because they expected negative consequences. 儿童通过观察榜样行为显然已经学会了惩罚，但因为他们预期的负面后果，并不能表示他们真的愿意去模仿他们,。EVALUATION 评价Methodological faluts 错误的方法Banduras social learning theory laboratory experiments have been accused of being overly artifical (hitting a Bobo doll is not the same as inflicting aggression on a real person )and of inducing demand characteristics(the children may have believed that they were meant to behave aggressively ) 班杜拉的社会学习理论实验室试验已经被指责过于人为(攻击玩偶并不能对真实的人产生相似的攻击行为)和诱导需求特性(孩子们可能认为他们是为了表现出攻击性)However ,other experimental studies have demonstrated that children are more likely to hurt other chilren after viewing violent behaviour (Liebert and Baron,1972).然而,其他的实验研究表明,儿童在观看暴力行为后更有可能伤害其他的儿童(Liebert和Baron,1972)。Theoretical faults 理论错误The theory neglects the role of innate factors in aggression .However ,social learning theory does provide a more credible explanatoion of the transmission of violent behaviour than the tranditional behaviourist view of learning .and has investigated the types of models and behaviours that are most likely to be imitated.这个理论忽略了攻击性行为的先天因素作用。然而,社会学习理论并提供一个比传统的行为主义者学习更可靠的暴力行为传播的观点。研究表明这个类型的榜样和行为,是最有可能被模仿的。IMPLICATIONS FOR REDUCING /CONTROLLING AGGRESSION 减少控制攻击的内涵The implication of social learning theory is that if aggressive behaviour is not observed or reinforced in a society ,than it will not naturally occur .However many examples of aggression already frequently occur in the great majority of societies ,and so the theory would be more realistically applied to reducing aggression .This could be achieved by ensuring that aggression is not reinforced,or that negative consequences are seen