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Reporter:夏孝杰Team：ChinauniversityofpetroleumTime:October25,2016,青春土建,立志精英,Howtogetoilfromunderground,CONTENTS,目录,Pre-knowledge,目录,Whatisoilrecovery?,Briefdefinition:Acomplicatesystematicengineeringthataimforgettingasmuchpetroleumaspossibleintherangeoffinancialworthwhile.,Accordingtothedifferenttechnicalrequirementstheoilrecoverycanbedividedintothreestage:,Remainingcrudeoil,目录,Howtorealizeit?,Crudeoilisafossilfuel,whichmeansitsmadeupofthedecomposedremainsofancientplantsandanimals.Beforecrudeoilcanberefinedintofuel,whichaccountsforabout75percentofcrudeuse,ithastobeharvested.Thethingthatmakescrudeoilworthallthetroubleisthehydrocarbonsitcontains.Thesearemoleculesmadeupofhydrogenandcarbonthatcontainalotofenergy,whichcanbeusedtopowerourmachinery.Thisprocessofharvestingoilreservesfromgeologicalformationsgenerallyhappensinthreephases:primary,secondaryandtertiaryrecovery.,目录,Primaryrecovery,Primaryoilrecoveryisthefirstphase,whichhappensonceawellhasbeendrilledfromthesurfacetoanundergroundreserve.Gravity,alongwiththepressureinsidethereservoir,forcestheoilintothewellbore.Thewellboreisanothernamefortheholethatwasdrilledtoextracttheoil.Fromhere,theoilisbroughttothesurfacethroughmechanicalmeans,likeapumpjack.Theprimaryphaseofoilrecoverycontinuesuntilthepressureinsidethewellisnolongerenoughtoproduceoilinquantitiesthatmakeitfinanciallyworthwhile.Generallyspeakrecoveryfactorduringtheprimaryrecoverystageistypically5-15%.,Primaryoilrecoveryisthefirststeptoprocessingfreshlydrilledoil.Learnmore.,目录,Primaryrecovery,Whiletheundergroundpressureintheoilreservoirissufficienttoforcetheoiltothesurface,allthatisnecessaryistoplaceacomplexarrangementofvalves(theChristmastree)onthewellheadtoconnectthewelltoapipelinenetworkforstorageandprocessing.Sometimespumps,suchasbeampumpsandelectricalsubmersiblepumps(ESPs),areusedtobringtheoiltothesurface;theseareknownasartificialliftingmechanisms.,Adiagramofapumpjack,目录,Secondaryrecovery,Overthelifetimeofthewellthepressurewillfall,andatsomepointtherewillbeinsufficientundergroundpressuretoforcetheoiltothesurface.Afternaturalreservoirdrivediminishes,secondaryrecoverymethodsareapplied.Theyrelyonthesupplyofexternalenergyintothereservoirintheformofinjectingfluidstoincreasereservoirpressure,hencereplacingorincreasingthenaturalreservoirdrivewithanartificialdrive.,Secondaryoilrecoveryisamethodusedtocollectoil.,目录,Secondaryrecovery,Secondaryrecoverytechniquesincreasethereservoirspressurebywaterinjection,naturalgasreinjectionandgaslift,whichinjectsair,carbondioxideorsomeothergasintothebottomofanactivewell,reducingtheoveralldensityoffluidinthewellbore.Typicalrecoveryfactorfromwater-floodoperationsisabout30%,dependingonthepropertiesofoilandthecharacteristicsofthereservoirrock.Onaverage,therecoveryfactorafterprimaryandsecondaryoilrecoveryoperationsisbetween35%and45%.,Traditionalsecondaryoilrecovery,目录,Tertiaryrecovery,Tertiaryisalsocalledenhancedoilrecovery(EOR),therearethreeprimarytechniquesofEOR:gasinjection,thermalinjection,andchemicalinjection.Gasinjection:reducetheinterfacialtensionbetweenoilandwaterThermalinjection:reducecrudeoilsviscosityand/orvaporizepartoftheoilandthusdecreasethemobilityratio.Chemicalinjection：decreasethemobilityratioand/orreducetheinterfacialtensionbetweenoilandwater.,目录,Tertiaryrecovery,Gasinjection:,Gasreinjectionisthereinjectionofgasintoanundergroundreservoir,(thegasesthatintroducedintothereservoirarenotnaturallyoccurring)Recyclingofnaturalgasorotherinertgasescausesthepressuretoriseinthewell,thuscausingmoregasmoleculestodissolveintheoilloweringitsviscosityandtherebyincreasingthewellsoutput.Thisisnottobeconfusedwithgaslift,wheregasisinjectedintotheannulusofthewellratherthanthereservoir.,Injectioncarbondioxide,目录,Tertiaryrecovery,Thermalinjection:,Themostcommonvehiclethatusedtoheatreservoirissaturatedsteam,bychangingfromgasphasetoliquidphase,itcanreleasemuchenergytoheatreservoir.Theotherwaythatusedinoilindustryiscombustion,Combustiongeneratestheheatwithinthereservoiritself.Continuousinjectionofairorothergasmixturewithhighoxygencontentwillmaintaintheflamefront.Theincreasedheatreducesthesurfacetensionandincreasesthepermeabilityoftheoil.Theheatedoilmayalsovaporizeandthencondenseformingimprovedoil.,目录,Tertiaryrecovery,Chemicalinjection:,Thechemicalsthatweusedinjectionintoreservoirarethesewhichcanaidmobilityorreducesurfacetension.Theycanbedividedintothreetypes:Alkaline:Reactwithorganicacids,resultintheproductiono
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