英国的早期历史

BritainPrehistorytoRenaissance,TheBogbodies,Druids,Anglo-Saxons,RomansandNormans.,TheBeakers2500BCE,WhileChinaandEgyptwereformingtheWorldsfirstcity-statestheBeakerpeoplearrivedontheBritishIslesfromWesternEurope.BeakerisanothernameforajarorbottleBeakertechnologyledtothemeltingoforetocreatebronze(bronzeage)Nowrittenlanguage,TheBogPeople,Bodiespreservedintheearth(bogs)tellusaboutpre-historicBritain.Earliestonefounddatesto5500BCEManybogbodiesshowsignsofbeingbrutallykilled,OnewellpreservedBogbody,StoneCircles,Stonehenge,Startedbeingbuiltaround1500BCEStandsontheSalisburyPlaintwomiles(threekilometers)westofthetownofAmesbury,Wiltshire,inSouthernEnglandConsistsofaseriesofearth,timber,andstonestructuresthatwererevisedandre-modeledoveraperiodofmorethan1400years,PossibleusesofStonehenge,Ritualfunctions:sacrificestogods,publicviewingarea,religiousperformanceAstronomicalfunctions:couldbeusedtotellcertainseasonalchanges,eclipsesorotherastronomicalobservationsThesetwofunctionswereprobablyputtogetherandusedbypriestsasasourceofpower,Over1000stonecirclesinBritain,MostarenotaswellpreservedasStonehenge,Sowhobuiltthestonecircles?,BuildingofcircleslastedthousandsofyearsNotjustonegroupbuiltallthecirclesThevariedstylesofcirclestestifytothefactthatmanydifferentculturesbuiltthecircles.,DRUIDS,AdruidwasamemberofthepriestlyandlearnedclassintheancientCelticsocietiesofBritainDruidscombinedthedutiesofpriest,judge,scholar,andteacherReverenceforaspectsofthenaturalworld,suchastheland,seaandskyRonaldHuttonpointsoutwecanknowvirtuallynothingofcertaintyabouttheancientDruids,sothat-althoughtheycertainlyexisted-theyfunctionmoreorlessaslegendaryfigures.”,DruidscelebratingthesummersolsticeatStonehenge,Celts,WecansayCelts(Britons)weretheearliest“civilisation”inBritainThecultureoriginatedinEasternEurope2000BCE,startedrunningoutoftinandbronzeandmovedwestwardeventuallysettlinginGreatBritainaround700BCE,TheCelts,DistributionofCelticPeople,Celtlifestyle,HuntersandfarmersDrainedmarshlandtocreatelandforfarmingKnowninhistoryfortheirwarriorprowessandtheirabilitytofrightentheenemythroughshrieksandwailsLittlewrittenhistoryabouttheCeltsWrittenhistorybeginsin55BCEwhentheRomansarrivedinBritain.,TheRomans,CeltsandRomans,CeltshadtradegoingwithRomewhoruledFrance55BCEJuliusCaesarwenttoBritainwithanexpeditionbutdidnotstay.HewasbeatenbacktwicebytheCeltickingCunobelinusTheRomanoccupationofBritainbeganin42ADRomanEmperorClaudiuswith40,000troopswaseasilyabletobeatCaratacus,aCelticking,CeltsandRomans,RomansdrovemanyoftheCeltstothemountainousareasofScotlandandWalesRomansmodernizedmuchofwhatisnowEngland-builttowns,theatres,buildings,roads,irrigation,sanitation.Broughteducation,medicine,wine,anorganizedsystemofgovernment,andsilkandcottonfromAsia.,Celtresistance,ThoughtheRomanswereneverseriouslythreatenedbytheCelts,therewerealwaysfightsbetweenthetwoBoudicca60AD:famouswomanCeltgeneralwholeduprisingagainsttheRomans.Lost80.000soldiers,Boudicca,Boudiccasinspiration,BoudiccawasaqueeninEastAngliaandherhusband,thekingruledunderRomanauthority.WhenherhusbanddiedtheRomanstookoverthekingdomTheRomansbeatBoudiccaandrapedherdaughtersFormedarmyandmarchedunsuccessfullytoLondon,Anglo-Saxons,Anglo-Saxons,410ADRomanshadtodefendtheirEmpirefromGermanictribessotheyhadtomovetroopstootherpartsoftheempireAfterRomanslefttheCeltswerepreyforPictsandScotsbutnotforlongCeltsformedalliancewiththeAngles,SaxonsandJutes(Anglo-Saxons)AfterthistimetheAngloSaxonConquesttookplaceinBritainforover100years.ThiswasthestartofwhatwecallTheDarkAges,Anglo-Saxons,CeltssettledinScotland,IrelandandWaleswhileAnglo-SaxonsstayedinEngland.Anglo-SaxonsformedthesmallkingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,EastAnglia,Mercia,andNorthumbria.KingdomsoftenfoughtwitheachotheruntilWessextookoverinthe9thcentury.,Anglo-Saxonlanguagepoint,Tuesday-Tiu(Godofwar)Wednesday-Woden(Kingofheaven)Thursday-Thor(Godofstorms)Friday-Freya(Goddessofpeace),StAugustine,SaintAugustine,597PopeGregoryI(Gregoriancalendar)sentSaintAugustinetoconvertheathensintoChristians.SaintColumbawasAugustinesMissionarytotheBritishIsles.ChristianityandtheoneGodhelpedBritainformthemonarchywiththeKingasfigured.ThisbegantheheydayofthepowerfulBritishKings,HouseofWessex,HouseofWessexruledfrom829-1066withabrieflossofcrowntothehouseofDenmark.HouseofDenmarkruledfrom1013-1042,AlfredtheGreat,AlfredofWessex871-899,Knowas“AlfredtheGreat”andthe“FatheroftheBritishNavy”forhisbattlesagainsttheDanesAfterafewlostbattlesAlfredwasabletoregroupanddefeattheDanesatthebattleofWedmore878.InatradeforpeaceAlfredofferedtheDanespartsofNorthernandEasternEngland.BecameknownasDanelaw.AlfredsothercontributionstoEngland-promotededucationandbecameawriter.HelpedspreadChristianity.,TheVikings,Danishtakeover,AfterAlfreddiedin901thesucceedingkingsreconqueredDanelawandtroublebrokeout988EthelredtheUnreadypaidtheDanes(Viking)invaderstogoawaybutinsteadofleavingtheytookthemoney,becamestronger1016aDanishking,SweynForkbeardbecamethekingofEnglandThesecondDanishkingwasCanute,Canutecommandingthesea,TheNormans,TheNormansbroughtanendtothedarkagesandthebeginningofthemedievalperiodwhichwentfrom1066to1485(theRenaissance)TheNormaninvasionalsothebeginningoftheMiddleEnglishperiod,OriginoftheNormans,OtherVikingswhoalsocamefromthenorthliketheDaneslaidwasteandplundertotheNorthofFranceandwouldhavecontinuedsouthhadtheFrenchandNormansnotstruckadeal.FrenchkingofferedaportionofnorthernFranceTheVikingssettleddownthereandsoonadoptedFrenchlanguage,customsandhabitsBecametheNormans,HouseofWessexandtheKingofNormandy,1042WessexregainscontrolofcrownWessexkingEdwardtheConfessordiesandpromisescrowntoHaroldWilliam,KingofNormandywasEdwardscousin.Healsowantedthecrown.TwoleadersmetforbattleinsouthernEnglandinSeptember1066,Williamtheconqueror,WilliamsarmydefeatsHaroldandheadstoLondonNotstrongenoughtotakeLondonsotheycampedoutsidethecityCutsupplylinestothecityInamomentofdesperation,thenoblemenandclergyofLondoncameoutandgaveWilliamthecrown.,WilliamI(TheConqueror).,Williamslegacy,BuilttheTowerofLondonashispersonalcastleHecreatedthe“DomesdayBook”whichtoldofhislandholdingsinEngland.Thisdeterminedhowmuchhecouldcollectintaxes.EncouragedthefinanciallyastuteJewstosettleinEnglandfromFrancetohelpboosttheeconomy,TowerofLondon,HenryII,HenryII1154-1189,HenryhadoneofthelongestandmostpowerfulreignsintheeraControlledmuchofthewestcoastofEuropeaswellasIrelandandWalesFoundedPlantagenetdynastyNeverabletodefeattheScottishPassedmanylawsdealingwithtaxesandcourtsPartiallyresponsibleforArchbishopofCanterburyThomasBeckettsdeath(histombisthedestinationofthepilgrimsinChaucersCanterburyTales),FrenchinfluenceontheEnglishlanguage,DuringsometheNormanperiodEnglandwasalmostabilingualcountry.TheNormansconsideredEnglandtheirnewhome.StructureofEnglishremainedthesameOtherwordsdealingwithgovernment,landholding,war,hunting,cooking,dressandlawwereadopted.,Examples,PorkSwineLambMuttonOnthemenuAlacarteCocktailAperitifNannyAupairHaveanicetripBonvoyageOnthewayEnrouteFoolishmistakeFauxpasType/styleGenreFatTuesdayMardiGrasMashespaperPapiermchMeetwithsomeonerendez-vous,YougotmeTouchThereitisVoil!FryoverhotheatSautWithgratedcheeseorbreadaugratinRespondpleaseRSVP(Rpondez,silvousplat)ReasonforbeingraisondtreGoodbyeAdieuGoverningbodyParliament,RobinHood,RobinHood,RobinHoodofSherwoodForestNottinghamTimeofNormanKingRichard1st1189-1199NoevidencethatRobinHoodexistedalthoughthelegendissostrongthatitisthoughtthatsomebodylikehimmusthaveLegendaryHerowhorobbedthetaxcollectorsandlocalBaronsandreturnedthemoneytothepoor,TheMagnaCarter,1215TheMagnaCarta(BaronsLaw),BaronswerethelandownersandsuppliedthekingwithtroopsandtaxesalsohadSerfs(basicallyslaves)whoworkedthefieldsandlandTheMagnaCartawasapactbetweentheKings(KingJohn)atthetimeandTheBaronsTheMagnaCartawasthefirstattemptatlesseningsomeoftheKingspowerAlsosaidthatnofreemanshouldbearrestedwithoutatrial,WilliamWallace,WilliamWallace,LegendaryScottishherowhofoughtagainstKingEdwardLongshanks1272-1307Madefamousbycontemporarymovie,BraveheartBeganhiswarforindependencebykillingthesonoftheEnglishgovernorofDundeeWonsomemajorbattlesuntilheandhisforcesweredefeatedatFalkirkin1298,TheFeudalSociety,HundredYearsWar1337-1453,EdwardIII:DefeatedtheFrencharmyatthebattleofCrcy,1346.HenryV:MadefamousbyShakespearedramaofthesamename.BrieflytookcontrolofFranceafterwinningthebattleofAgincourt,1415.,Crcy.,Agincourt.,HundredYearsWar1337-1453,JoanofArc:heroineinFrenchhistoryUnitedcommonpeopleagainsttheEnglishLaterburnedatthestakeAfterHundredYearswarEnglandandFrancebecametwoindependentstates.,JoanofArc.,ThePeasantsRevolt,PeasantUprising1381,HightaxestofundHundredYearsWar(oneshillingperhead)causedthepeasantstouniteandrevolt.JohnBall,JackStrawandWattTy