英专八级人文重要考点总结——英美文学

英语专业八级人文知识英国文学Part one Old and Medieval English Literature1. Old English Poetry and “Beowulf”(贝奥武浦) “Beowulf ” the national epic of the Anglo-Saxon and English people Alliteration( 头韵） national epic: 国家史诗（赞颂一个国家的丰功伟绩 ）2.Middle English Literature and the Canterbury TalesThe Romance( describing the life and adventures of a noble hero) 浪漫传奇 King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table. 亚瑟王与他的圆桌骑士Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟 the “_ father of English poetry_”, “The Canterbury Tales” is Chaucers masterpiece (stories narrated by Pilgrims朝圣者) he introduced rhymed couplet to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. (Couplet: A stanza of two lines, usually rhyming. )couplet: 对句，对联 stanza:诗的一节Renaissance (14851660) 文艺复兴 The Background: the society was in its transition from the feudalism to capitalism. Revival or rebirth of classical arts, culture and philosophy after the dark ages of medieval The key word for it is _ humanism_, emphasized secular concerns , express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie. Shakespeare, Spenser, and Marlowe are all famous literary figures in this period Thomas More (1478-1535) Utopia (socialism) The definition of Utopia is no place. Edmund Spenser (1552-1599) “A poets poet” The Faerie Queen 仙后Francis Bacon培根 (1561-1626)1 “Advancement of Learning” 学术的推进: 2 “New Instrument” :新工具 the inductive method of reasoning3. “New Atlantics” : an ideal society 新大西岛4. “Essays” / 58 essays论说文集 A wide variety of subjects: love, truth, friendship, beauty, studies, richesHis style: clearness, brevity, force of expression his essays is an important landmark in the development of English prose Christopher Marlowe(1564-1593)1.University wits, the greatest pioneer of English drama2. blank verse Verse consisting of unrhymed lines, usually of iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格). 无韵诗，素体诗3. Doctor Faustus浮士德William Shakespeare： the greatest English poet and dramatist154 sonnets（十四行诗） （商籁体）,37 plays, including 14 comedies, 12 tragedies, and 11 historical plays, 2 long poems.But for such a great writer, we have very little definite knowledge about his life. Shakespeares Tragedies(1) Hamlet (2) Othello (3) King Lear (4) Macbeth Shakespeares Comedies(1) The Merchant of Venice (2) A Midsummer Nights Dream (3) As You Like It 皆大欢喜 (4) Twelfth night The Merchant of Venice to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable greed and brutality (Shylock) Hamlet hesitate between fact and fiction, language and actionTo be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take action Soliloquy or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters （独白）Poetry1. Narrative poetry the epic the romance popular ballads 2.Lyric poetry the elegy: a lyric poem lamenting the death of an individual. 挽歌 the ode: a lyric poem of considerable length to sing in honor a person or a thing. It is serious in subject and formal in style. 颂歌3.Dramatic poetry : dialogue in the dramaSonnetA 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes. Rhyme: abab cdcd efef gg 3 quatrains(3 four-line stanza )+ 1 couplet(2 lines)quatrains:四行诗The period of the English Bourgeois Revolution Historical background :two revolutions: puritan revolution and glorious revolution the transition from the absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy 1. two literary schools of poets the school of Metaphysical 玄学 the school of Cavaliers. 骑士2. the most important poet: John Milton Metaphysical Poetry（玄学派诗歌)It is the poetry of John Donne and other seventeenth-century poets who wrote in a similar style. dislike traditional poem Scholar, Highly abstract or theoretical;John Milton约翰弥尔顿 the last great poems Paradise Lost失乐园 Paradise Regained复乐园 Samson Agonistes力士参孙 . The two most essential things: Puritanism and his republicanism. Paradise Lost the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. the main idea of the poem is a revolt against Gods authority Satan is the real hero of the poem. Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will.John Bunyan (1628-1688)班扬 Puritan author His best known work, The Pilgrims Progress天路历程 a religious allegory（宗教预言） 18世纪英国文学Cultural Background1. Enlightenment Movement 启蒙运动A progressive intellectual movement Enlighteners considered “Enlightenment” or “education” of the people to be their chief objective. They believed in the power of reason (the age of reason )two groups: the moderate (Pope, Defoe, Addison)（温和派） support the principles of the existing social order the radical (Swift, Fielding, Sheridan)（激进派）crisis Sentimentalism（感伤主义）18世纪英国文学Complex: An age of prose ( Addisons essay Swifts satire Fieldings novel) 1. Neo-classicism新古典 A revival interest in old classic works, order, logic(PopeAddisonSteel: model themselves after Greek and Latin authors) 2.Sentimentalism (Gray Goldsmith Richardson Sterne: discontent with the social reality “Heart”)3.The beginning of modern novel Major novelists :Defoe SwiftFielding Richardson, 4. Pre-romanticism in English poetry 5. English Drama ( Sheridan: the school for Scandal)Neo-classicism新古典A revival interest in old classic works, order, logic (model themselves after Greek and Latin authors) 1.Alexander Pope蒲伯: Heroic couplet英雄双韵体 2.Joseph Addison艾迪生 Sir Richard Steele斯梯尔 :The Spectator旁观者 3.Samuel Johnson : DictionaryAlexander Pope蒲柏 Neo-classicism新古典 Heroic couplet英雄双韵体 Lines of iambic pentameter rhyme in pairs ；Pope carried this to its last stage of perfection； An Essay on Criticism Sentimentalismdiscontent with the social reality Thomas Gray格雷 (poem) Laurence Sterne (novel)Thomas Gray (1716 -1771) Sentimentalism The graveyard school墓园派 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 墓园挽歌The beginning of modern novelSmollett: First important sea novelist Laurence Sterne斯泰恩 : Sentimentalism Samuel Richardson 理查生: Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded 帕美拉Clarissa Harlowe, or Virtue Triumphant 克拉丽莎1.Daniel Defoe迪福 : Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记Robinson is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. 2.Jonathan Swift斯威夫特 ： a master satirist Gullivers Travels 格列佛游记3.Henry Fielding： Father of English novel、The founder of English realistic novel Tom Jones汤姆琼斯 Romanticism in BritainThe New Literary Trend (1798-1832)1.Dissatisfaction with the society (1) A revolt against it (2) An escape from it2. An introspection into ones inner world ( attention on spiritual and emotional life)3. The passions of man and the beauties of nature 4. A period of poetical revival(1) The Romantic period is an age of poetry. (Blake , Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley , Keats)(2) The Romantic period is a great age of prose. Coleridge , Hazlitt, Lamb (3) This period is also a great age of novels.Walter ScottScotts historical novels combine a romantic atmosphere with a realistic depiction of historical background and common peoples life. Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period realism.William Blake布莱克 Symbolism: 象征主义1.The earliest poems: Poetical sketches素描诗集 2.Songs of Innocence天真之歌3.Songs of experience 经验之歌_ 4.famous poem: The tigerLondonThe Chimney SweeperRobert Burns (1759-1796) 1.Written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗集 2. Songs of love and friendshipa new spirit of romanticism“A Red, Red Rose”一朵红红的玫瑰 3 The rural theme / Beauties of nature “My Hearts in the Highlands”我的心呀在高原 Samuel Taylor Coleridge(1772-1834)柯勒律治 Poetic and critic “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” 1798 古舟子咏 “Kubla Khan” 1816 忽必烈汗 Wordsworth and Coleridges Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集 William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯 1.“Lucy”-露西组诗(She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways） harmony between humanity and nature2. “The Solitary Reaper”-孤寂的刈麦人 pathetic pictures of the labouring people3. “I wondered lonely as a cloud”我孤独如云 deep love for natureGeorge Gordon“Childe Harolds Pilgrimage” 1812恰罗德哈罗德游记 “Don Juan” 1812-1823 masterpiece唐璜 a great comic epic of the early 19th century. The “ Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin 名诗：She Walks in Beauty The Isles of Greece Percy Bysshe Shelly雪莱 (1792-1822)1. “Queen Mab”:麦布女王 His first long poem expresses almost all his major political ideas. 2. “Prometheus Unbound”:解放了的普罗米修斯 His masterpiece; a lyrical drama. 3. Lyrics on nature and love: e.g. “Ode to the West Wind”; “To a Skylark”西风/云雀颂 “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”John Keats(1795-1821) Not noble Died of TB Died at 25Ode on MelancholyOde on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂 It reveals the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passion.Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂 It reveals the contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness and human world of agonyOde to Psyche Ode to Autumn秋颂 The Development of Victorian Literature Victorian Literature, as a product of its age, naturally had its quality of magnitude and diversity. It was many-sided and complex, and reflected both romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in peoples life and thought.the great period of the novel in Britain Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people The Genres of Victorian Literature1)The novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought.Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, Elizabeth Gaskell, George EliotRobert Browning勃朗宁 (1812-1889)the most original poet, who improve and mature the dramatic monologue戏剧独白 Wrote an admiring letter to Elizabeth Barret( an invalid, a poet, six years elder) famous romance secretely wedded, eloped to Italy in 1846 Sonnets From the Portuguese (love poems to her husband)葡萄牙十四行诗 The ring and book (poetic drama) My last Duchess (dramatic monologue) A poem in which a single character, addressing a silent listener, explains his actions at an important moment or crisis in his life Home Thoughts From AbroadAlfred Tennyson(1809-1892) Poet Laureate A real artist invents dramatic monologueJane Austen 简奥斯丁1775-18171. Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺2. Sense and Sensibility理智与情感 3. Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见4. Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德庄园 5. Emma 爱玛 6. Persuasion 劝导Austens writing style 1. The founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middle-class people.2. Vivid pictures of everyday life of simple country society, the small world she lived in3. Delicate description of the daily talks and doings of young people4. Quiet irony and analysis of characterCharles Dickens (1812-1870)one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age famous for his forceful social criticismurban poor (Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people ) Character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his works A mingling of humor and pathos 悲伤 The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club匹克威克外传 Oliver Twist 奥利弗退斯特/雾都孤儿American Notes 美国札记 The Old Curiosity Shop 老古玩店 Dombey and Son 董贝父子David Copperfield 大卫科波菲尔 Hard Times 艰难时世 A Tale of Two Cities 双城记Great Expectation 远大前程 Thackeray (1811-63)萨克雷 Representative of critical realismdifferent from Dickens, Less interested in direct social criticism Showing peoples vanity and their deluded efforts to achieve wealth and social statusThe book of Snobs (1846-47)势利者集 Vanity Fair (1847-48)名利场 Pendennis (1848)潘登尼斯 Henry Esmond (1852)亨利爱德芒德 The Newcomes (1853)纽卡姆一家 The Virginians (1857)弗吉尼亚人 Vanity Fair 名利场Vanity Fair is Thackerays masterpiece. The term vanity fair originates from the allegorical story The Pilgrims Progress, by John Bunyan. The sub-title of the book, “A Novel Without a Hero”(the characters are all flawed to a greater or lesser degree ) The novel satirizes society in early 19th-century England (characterised by hypocrisy and opportunism). George Eliot(1819-1880)insightful psychological novels（心理小说 ）Writing about life in small rural towns,亚当比德 Adam Bede (1859) 弗洛斯河上的磨坊 The Mill on the Floss (1860)织工马南 Silas Marner (1861) 米德尔玛契Middlemarch (1871-1872) -a portrait of life in a provincial town, is considered her masterpiece.As a woman of exceptional (特有的)intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women The Bronte SistersCharlotte Bronte (1816-1855) Jane Eyre Shirley ProfessorEmily Bronte爱米丽 勃郎特1818-1848 Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄 （Heathcliff）Anne Bronte 安妮勃郎特 Agnes Grey艾格尼斯格雷 简爱 Jane Eyre (1847) Jane Eyre Mr. Rochester The center theme: women should have equal rights with man. （The position of woman in society） The problem of the bourgeois system of education; The problem of orphan;Thomas HardyUnder the Greenwood Tree(1872) 绿茵下 Far from the Madding Crowd(1874) 远离尘嚣 The Return of the Native(1878) 还乡 The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886) 卡斯特桥市长 Tess of the DUrbervilles(1891) 德伯家的苔丝Jude the Obscure(1896) 无名的裘德 His principal works are the Wessex novels i.e. novels describing the characters and environment of his native countryside. He truthfully depicts the impoverishment and decay of small farmers 威塞克斯小说 His pessimistic philosophy seems to show that mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile and mysterious fate, which brings misfortune to human life. English literature at the turn of the centuryThe turn of the century Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), John Galsworthy George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)Oscar Wilde (1854-1900),Irish poet and dramatist The literary school of decadence apostle of Aestheticism “art for arts sake”.The Picture of Dorian Gray(1891)道林格雷的画像 剧作his comic masterpieces The Importance of Being Earnest (1895)埃耐斯特的重要性 .Lady Windermeres Fan(1892)温德米尔夫人的扇子 An ideal Husband理想丈夫 童话 The Happy Prince. (his fairy tales especially )快乐王子John Galsworthy(1867-1933高尔斯华绥 The first trilogy “The Forsyte Saga”福尔塞世家 :The Man of Property(1906)有产业的人（It was a landmark in the development of Galsworthys art. It established his place in literature as a representative of bourgeois realism in the 20th century English novel.） In Chancery(1920)骑虎难下 To let (1921)出租; The second trilogy, “A Modern Comedy”:现代喜剧 The White Monkey(1924)白猿 The Silver Spoon (1926)银匙 Swan Song (1928)天鹅曲Bernard Shaw Shaw was an essay-writer， language scholar and critic， but is best-remembered as a blem plays.Widowers Houses 鳏夫的房产 Mrs. Warrens Profession 华伦夫人的职业The Devils Disciple 魔鬼的门徒 Man and Superman 人与超人Major Barbara 巴巴拉少校 Heartbroken House 伤心之家 The Apple Cart 苹果车H.G. Wells （1866-1946）威尔斯 Wells is celebrated as a popularizer of science， but his best novels explore serious social and cultural themes， 科幻小说： The Time Machine时间机器 E.M. Forster福斯特 （1879-1970）A Passage to India印度之行 Howards End 霍华德庄园 The Longest Journey最漫长的旅程 The Room With A View可以远眺的房间 Where Angels Fear to Tread天使们忘而却步的地方William Somerset Maugham(1874-1965)毛姆 1915Of Human Bandage人性枷锁 1919The Moon and Sixpence月亮与六便士 1930Cakes and Ale寻欢作乐 1944The Razors Edge刀锋 1951short storiesArnold Bennett， 1867-1931Naturalism Old Wives Tale老妇谭Joseph Conrad康拉德 (1857-1924)by birth a Pole His experience as a sailor made the sea his favorite theme. Conrads narratives may resemble adventure stories in incident and setting， but his real concern is with issues of character and morality. Heart of Darkness 黑暗的心灵 Lord Jim 吉姆老爷An Outcast of progress文明的前哨 The Chance 机缘The Nostromo 诺斯特罗莫 The secret Agent间谍“The Nigger of the Narcissus” (1899) is a magnificent and symbolic story of a ship in a storm. 水仙号上的黑鬼Modernism (1)A reaction against realism(2)Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.(3)The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature,man and society, man and man, and man and himself.(4) The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public, more on the subjective than on the objective.They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. In their writings, the past, the present and the future are mingled together and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual.James Joyce(1882-1941)乔伊斯 Irish novelistSecond only to Shakespeare in his mastery of the English language definitely established “ stream of consciousness” as a valid way of writing fiction. 1914Dubliners短篇小说集（都柏林人）, short stories about the hard life of poor people in Dublin 1916 A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man青年艺术家的画像, a novel which is largely autobiographical, about a boy growing up in Dublin. 1922 Ulysses尤利西斯, a novel about three main characters in Dublin, told entirely through “stream of consciousne