俄罗斯全面中英文介绍

Russianfood,鱼子酱,有时是黑鱼子酱,是一种奢侈美味,包括加工过,腌制过,未经杀菌的鱼子.鱼子受精的组成可以是“新鲜”（非巴氏杀菌）或巴氏杀菌,后者的美食和经济价值要少得多.,Caviar,sometimesblackcaviar,isaluxurydelicacy,consistingofprocessed,salted,non-fertilizedsturgeonroe.Theroecanbefresh(non-pasteurized)orpasteurized,thelatterhavingmuchlessgastronomicandeconomicvalue.,Borscht,whichissometimesalsospelledborschandborshch,isalovelyvegetablesoupthatisalmostalwaysmadewithbeets.罗宋汤（borscht），有时也拼作borsch和borshch，是一种美味的蔬菜汤，大多数情况下是用甜菜煮成。Insomecountriestomatomayoccurasthemainingredient,whilebeetrootactsasasecondaryingredient.此外，马铃薯也可能是罗宋汤的主料，而甜菜根则是第二主料。Borschtcanbespicedupwithroastedapplesandsmokedgoosebreast.罗宋汤可以用烘烤过的苹果和熏鹅脯来提味。,Russias俄罗斯的,社交礼仪,Socialmanners,达瓦里希，Hi,1.SayHello,1.Russiansareveryparticularaboutthecall,butifyoujusttodealwiththem，Youdonthavetoworryaboutthisverymuch.2.Inthestreets,shops,youcancalleachotheryou(威),orcomrade(达瓦里西).3.Iffurtherconversation,youcanaccordingtotheothersexandage,arecalledSir(嘎斯巴季尼),Miss(捷乌什嘎),Ms.(达姆),Friends(得路克),youngman(马拉多依).,俄罗斯人对称呼相当讲究称呼，不过如果你和他们只是一般打打交道，就不用清楚所有的章法了。在大街、商店，你可称对方“您”(威)，或“同志”(达瓦里希)。如果进一步交谈，你可以按对方性别年龄，分别称“先生”(嘎斯巴季尼)、“小姐”“捷乌什嘎”、“女士”(达姆)、“朋友”(得路克)、“小伙子”(马拉多依)。,2.GreetingEtiquette,Russiansmeetingetiquetteisshakinghands,ingeneral,theyhaventseeneachotherforalongtime,theywillkissingandhuggingeachother.moreover,manwillkissladyshands.,俄罗斯人一般的见面礼是握手，久别的亲朋好友常用亲吻拥抱礼，男士一般吻女士的手背,4.ClothingEtiquette,InRussianfolk,marriedwomenmustwearheadscarves;unmarriedgirlsarenotwearingheadscarves,butoftenwearahat.,在俄罗斯民间，已婚妇女必须戴头巾；未婚姑娘则不戴头巾，但常戴帽子。,3.GuestEtiquette,Intheformalcircumstance,Russiansusingthe“breadofsalt”togreetguestsandshowthehighestrespectandwarmestwelcome.在隆重的场合，俄罗斯人用“面包加盐”的方式迎接贵宾表示最高的敬意和最热烈的欢迎。,TheurbanenvironmentofRussia,Russiahasninetimezones（时区）,astheworldslargest,RussiasmurderrateistwiceasmuchasintheUnitedStates,RussiasLakeBaikal（贝加尔湖）hastwentypercentoftheworldsfreshwater,俄罗斯RUSSIAPOLITICAL,国旗及国徽,苏联解体之后，俄罗斯进行了复杂而深刻的变革，确立了以总统为国家元首、内阁对议会负责、三权分立、地方自治的政治制度，形成了总统共和制的民主联邦国家。1993年12月12日经全民投票通过，同年12月25日正式生效。该宪法是俄罗斯独立后的第一部宪法，规定俄罗斯是共和制的民主联邦法制国家，确立了总统制的国家领导体制。这样的制度移植在与本土政治、经济和文化传统碰撞、融合过程中又不可避免地产生出自己的特点，如超级总统制、有限的联邦制、政权党，等。,AfterSovietUniondisintegrates,Russiahascarriedoncomplexandtheprofoundtransformation,establishedtakepresidentastheheadofstate,thecabinethasbeenresponsiblefor,theseparationofpowers,thelocalself-governmentpoliticssystemfortheparliament,hasformedpresidenttherepublicansystemdemocraticfederationcountry.OnDecember12,1993votedJapaneconomy(stock)allthepeoplepasses,onDecember25officiallybecameeffectiveinthesameyear.AfterthisconstitutionistheRussianindependencefirstconstitution,stipulatedRussiaistherepublicansystemdemocraticfederationstatewithanadequatelegalsystem,hasestablishedthepresidentialsystemnationalleadershipsystem.Suchsystemtransplantinwiththenativeplacepolitics,theeconomicalandintheculturaltraditioncollision,thefusionprocesstheinevitablerealestategivesbirthowncharacteristic,likesuperpresidentialsystem,limitedfederalsystem,politicalpowerparty,andsoon.,RussianCulture,战斗民族的文化,Literature(文学),LeoTolstoy（列夫托尔斯泰）isoneofRussiasgreatnovelists.Oneofhismostfamousnovels,WarandPeace（战争与和平）(1869),showeddeepconcernformoralissuesandforthewelfareoftheRussianpeople.,Religion（信仰）,Byfar,themostcommomreligioninRussiaisOrthodoxChristianity(东正教)ThisistheEasternbranchofChristianitythatspreadtoRussiainthe900sandbecamethestatereligion.,Customs(习俗）,Russiausefulbread(面包)andsalt（盐）tomeetthehonoredguesthabit.Withbradandsaltrespectionguests,becausesaltinhistoryisveryexpensive,hasfollowedsofar,saytothehonoredguestfriendlyandrespect.,RUSSIANMILITARY,俄罗斯军事,Afteryearsofreform,severallarge-scaleRussianmilitarydisarmament,theRussianarmedforceshasbeenchangingthestrengthofthecase,throughthepublicmediamaterialsstatistics,thelatestRussianmilitarystrengthis:personnelstrengthofapproximately1,132,000soldiers,867,000civilianpersonnel.Russianarmedforcessystemconsistsofthreemilitaryservices(Army,AirForce,Navy),3arms(strategicrockettroops,aerospacedefense,airborne)composedofthefollowing,accordingtotheorderofthebranchesofthemilitary,thelatestRussianmilitarystrengthtobebrief.,RussianArmyGeneral（俄陆军概况）,ArmyheadquartersinMoscow,thecurrentcommanderNikolaiZaitsevColeMiligeneral,thetotalnumberofabout32.2millionpeople,armsofthearmyisformedwithmotorizedinfantry,tankcrews,artilleryandrockettroops,armedforces,airdefense,specialforcesconstitutingacar,reconnaissance,communications,radio-electronicwarfareunits,NBCprotectionforces(threeanti-military),securityforceslogistics,technicalsupportforces.RussianFederationArmedForcesArmyMilitaryOrganizationexistingsix,ninecorps,anarmy,strengthentheregion,militaryinstitutions,enterprises,organizationsdirectlyunderthecentralforces.,RussianAirForceGeneral（俄空军概况）,AirForceheadquartersintheoutskirtsofMoscowRaystown,thecurrentcommanderVladimirMikhailovgeneral,about18millionpeople,mainlycomposedasfollows:AirForceStrategicCommandandAirDefenseBattleMoscowregion,eightbattlecorps(Army),about20tacticalcorps(divisionandcorps).AirForcedeploymentinthewholeterritoryofRussia,about6000varioustypesofactivefighters,transportaircraftandhelicopt