土木工程专业英语第4课lesson4tallbuildings1

English for Special Purposes in Civil Engineering,作者: 蒲万丽,西南石油大学土木工程学院 2007年10月,土木工程专业英语,Lesson 4,text: Tall Buildings,教学要求:1、掌握有关Tall Buildings的专业术语；2、 熟悉一些常见的表达方式；3、 延伸了解著名建筑及其结构形式；4、 能正确、流畅地翻译,Although there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general, spectacular achievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise buildings.,spectacular：惊人的；ultrahigh-rise building： 超高层建筑；,一般来说，人们在房屋建筑技术方面取得了很多成就，但是最引人瞩目的还是超高层建筑方面的设计和施工技术。,The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing. Reinforced concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes. The high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovations and development,of new structural systems.,reinforced concrete ：钢筋混凝土；stressed-skin tube systems： 应力蒙皮筒体结构；,高层建筑的早期发展始于钢框架结构。之后，钢筋混凝土和应力蒙皮筒体结构由于其经济性和富有竞争性，而被用于大量的住宅和商业建筑。由于由于新型结构系统的创新和发展，从50到110层的高层建筑遍及了全美国。,stressed-skin: 应力蒙皮,蒙皮效应是指在建筑物的表面覆盖材料（屋面板和墙板）利用本身的刚度和强度对建筑物整体刚度的加强作用。蒙皮效应的结构概念来自于飞机和轮船行业。,Wing , stressed skin and multi-cellular construction.,Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limit. Excessive lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, ceilings, and other architectural details. In addition, excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because of their perception of such motion. Structural systems of reinforced concrete, as well as steel, take full advantage of the inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore do not require additional stiffening to limit the sway.,lateral sway ：侧移； recurring ： 反复的； partition ： 隔墙； perception： psepn 感觉,知觉,更大的高度要求增加柱、梁的尺寸以使建筑更加坚固，从而在风载下建筑物将不会产生超过一个可接受限值的摆动。过度的侧移会造成隔墙、天花板，以及其他的建筑细部的反复损害。另外，过过大的侧移会被居住者感觉到而产生不适。钢筋混凝土结构以及钢结构体系充分利用了整栋建筑本身的潜在刚度，因此不再需要其他的加强措施来限制位移。,In a steel structure，for example, the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the building. Curve A in Fig. 1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers of stories. Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads. The gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam frame. Structural engineers have developed structural systems with a view to,conventional knvennl ： 普通的，常规的；premium primjm ：额外的费用；,eliminating this premium.,例如，一个钢结构建筑其经济性可用楼层的每平方英尺的含钢量来衡量。在图1中，曲线A表示常规框架中，随着楼层的增加单位用钢量的平均值；曲线B表示当框架在所有的横向荷载中受到保护时的平均用钢量；而上下曲线的差值则代表采用传统的梁柱框架所增加的用钢量。结构工程师通过发展新的结构体系而省下了这笔额外费用。,Floor area means the space on any storey of a building between exterior walls and required firewalls, including the space occupied by interior walls and partitions, but not including exits, vertical service spaces, and their enclosing assemblies.,比较： gross floor area 建筑面积 covered area 占地面积 usable floor area 使用面积 salable floor area 销售面积、实用面积 site area 占地面积,Saleable Area = Area of a flat measured to the external face of the flats enclosing walls and to the centre line of the flats party walls. Gross Floor Area = Saleable Area plus the apportioned amount of the common areas of the building(s) within the estate calculated on a pro-rata basis according to the Saleable Area of the flat and the total Sale able Area of various block types within the estate.,实用面积是每单位由其外墙表面及与毗连单位之分隔墙中线起量度计算的面积。 建筑面积是单位的实用面积加上根据其单位之实用面积与该屋苑各类型楼宇的总实用面积比例所摊分得出之屋苑楼宇内公用地方的面积。,Fig.1. Graphical relationship between design quantities of steel and building he frame. Curve A and curve B correspond to the boundary condition in the two building diagrams.,psf=pounds per square foot,Systems in steel. Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of structural innovations. The innovations have been applied to the construction of both office and apartment buildings.,frames with rigid belt trusses：框架刚性环形桁架；truss ： 桁架；rigid：刚性的 ；,Frames with rigid belt trusses. In order to tie the exterior columns of a frame structure to the interior vertical trusses，a system of rigid belt trusses at mid-height and at the top of the building may be used. A good example of this system is the First Wisconsin,Bank Building (1974) in Milwaukee.,First Wisconsin Bank Building,The foundation uses 500 steel H-piles capable of holding 640 tons each;,The exterior is 66% glass, with a total of 5,000 windows.,The exposed trusses on the tower are echoed by long trusses under the suspended lobby floor.,The building won a Distinguished Building Award in 1974 from the Chicago chapter of the American Institute of Architects.,Framed tube. The maximum efficiency of the total structure of a tall building, for both strength and stiffness, to resist wind load can be achieved only if all column elements can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box in projecting out of the ground. This particular structural system was probably used for the first time in the 43-story reinforced concrete DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building in Chicago. The most significant use of this system is the twin structural steel towers of the 110-story World Trade Center,building in New York.,Framed tube ： 框筒；stiffness：刚度 ；,The maximum efficiency,only if all column elements can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box in projecting out of the ground.,of the total,structure of a tall building, for both strength and,stiffness, to resist wind load,can be achieved,在强度和刚度方面，只有当高层建筑所有柱子互相结合起来使整个建筑成为一个突出地面的空心筒体或者刚性的盒子中,才能最有效地抵抗风荷载 。,World Trade Center building,Column-diagonal truss tube. The exterior columns of a building can be spaced reasonably far apart and yet be made to work together as a tube by connecting them with diagonal member intersecting at the center line of the columns and beams. This simple yet extremely efficient system was used for the first time on the John Hancock Center in Chicago, using as much steel as is normally needed,diagonal daignl ：对角线的,斜的 ；column-diagonal truss tube:柱对角桁架筒体；intersecting: 交叉的,for a traditional 40-story building.,柱对角桁架筒体。建筑外部的柱子间距可以适当加宽，同时仍然能通过梁柱中线处对角的杆件连接使之作为一个筒体而共同工作。这种简单而非常有效的方法第一次应用是芝加哥的约翰汉考克中心，只用了相当于传统40层建筑的用钢量。,John Hancock Center,John Hancock Centers distinctive X-bracing has made it an architectural icon, and eliminates the need for inner support beams, greatly increasing the usable floor area.,This was the first trussed-tube skyscraper ever built.,Bundled tube. With the continuing need for larger and taller buildings, the framed tube or the column-diagonal truss tube may be used in a bundled form to create larger tube envelopes while maintaining high efficiency. The 110-story Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in Chicago has nine tubes, bundled at the base of the building in three rows. Some of these individual tubes terminate at different heights of the building, demonstrating the unlimited architectural possibilities of this latest structural concept. The Sears tower at a height of 1450 ft (442,m), is the worlds tallest building.,Bundled tube：束筒,The construction with separate tubes provides lateral strengths to withstand the strong Chicago wind loads, as each tube only needs to take a part of the pressure.,Structure system of Sears Building,束筒。为了继续更大更高的建筑，框筒或者柱对角桁架筒体结构可成绑成更大的封闭的筒体，从而收效更高。芝加哥110层的西尔斯瑞巴克总部大楼有9个筒体，在大厦的底部排为3排。其中部分筒体在不同的高度终止，证明了这种无限建筑可能性的最新结构概念。 西尔斯大厦高1450英尺（442米），是世界上最高的建筑。,Stressed-skin tube system. The tube structural system was developed for improving the resistance to lateral forces (wind or earthquake) and the control of drift (lateral building movement) in high-rise building. The stressed-skin tube takes the tube system a step further. The development of the stressed-skin tube utilizes the facade of the building as a structural element which acts with the framed tube, thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads in high-rise buildings, and resulting in cost-effective column-free interior space with a high,lateral loads ：水平荷载，横向荷载,应力蒙皮筒体。筒体结构体系的发展提高了高层建筑抵抗横向荷载（风载和地震）飘移（建筑物的侧向运动）的能力。薄壳筒体使使筒结构体系有了进一步的发展。应力蒙皮筒体的进步在于利用（高层）建筑的外表面（墙和板）作为与框筒共同作用的结构构件，这样就给高层建筑抵抗横向荷载提供一个非常有效的办法。并且，节省了成本，柱距不受限制，有效提高了使用面积与建筑面积之比。,ratio of net to gross floor area.,Because of the contribution of the stressed-skin facade, the framed members of the tube require less mass, and are thus lighter and less expensive. All the typical columns and spandrel beams are standard rolled shapes, minimizing the use and cost of special built-up members. The depth requirement for the perimeter spandrel beams is also reduced, and the need for upset beams above floors, which would encroach on valuable space， is minimized. The structural system has been used on the 54-story One Mellon Bank Center in Pittsburgh.,spandrel beam : 窗下墙的墙托梁；built-up members：组合构件 ；iperimeter primit ：周长,周界；,有了应力蒙皮表面的作用，筒体中框架构件需求大大减少，而更轻更经济。所有典型的柱子和外墙托梁为标准的型钢，使得组合构件的使用和花费最小。四周外墙托梁的深度要求也减小了，而且那些要占据宝贵空间的反梁的数量也降低到最少。 这种结构体系已经在54层的匹兹堡的梅隆银行中心使用过。,Systems in concrete. While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start, development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a competitive challenge to structural steel systems for both office and,flat-plate：平板式；,Framed tube. As discussed above, the first framed tube concept for tall buildings was used for the 43-story DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building. In this building, exterior columns were spaced at 5. 5-ft (1.68-m) centers, and interior columns were used as needed to support the 8-in.-thick (20-cm) flat-plate,apartment buildings.,concrete slabs.,Tube in tube. Another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings combines the traditional shear wall construction with an exterior framed tube. The system consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area. The system (Fig.2), known as the tube-in-tube system, made it possible to design the worlds present tallest (714 ft or 218m) lightweight concrete building (the 52-story One Shell Plaza Building in Houston) for the unit price of a traditional shear wall structure of only,Tube in tube：筒中筒；shear wall ：剪力墙,35 stories.,筒中筒。用于办公建筑的另一种钢筋混凝土结构，是将传统的剪力墙与外部的框筒联系起来。这种体系由间距很密的柱子组成的外部框筒和与围绕中心设备区的刚性剪力墙内筒组成。这种筒中筒体系（图2），建成了目前世界上最高的轻型混凝土建筑休斯顿52层的One Shell Plaza Building，造价相当于35层的传统剪力墙建筑。,shear wa