现金和应收账款

Balance Sheets,Cash and Receivables,Chapter 7,Intermediate Accounting12th EditionKieso, Weygandt, and Warfield,Cash and Receivables,什么是现金对现金的管理和控制对现金的报告现金相关项目汇总,现金,应收账款,应收账款的确认应收账款的计量应收票据的确认应收票据的计量应收账款和应收票据的处置列报与分析,流动性最强交易的标准媒介对所有其他项目进行计量和会计处理的基础Examples: 硬币、纸币以及可动用的银行存款、可流通的邮政汇票、保证支付的支票、银行本票、私人支票以及银行汇票也视为现金.,What is Cash?,LO 1 Identify items considered as cash.,现金,有些可流通票据为小投资者提供了赚取利息的机会。这些项目被划分为短期投资比划分为现金更为妥当 因为有变现成本和风险。货币市场基金货币市场储蓄单存单短期单据,What is Cash?,LO 1 Identify items considered as cash.,这些是不是现金？,远期票据和借据=应收款库存邮票=办公用品存货或预付费用备用基金和找零备用金=现金,What is Cash?,LO 1 Identify items considered as cash.,分类存在的问题:,短期的流动性强的投资,Reporting Cash,LO 2 Indicate how to report cash and related items.,现金等价物,随时转化为已知金额的现金很快到期，不存在什么重大的利率风险. 总的来说，只有三个月或者更短时间内到期的投资才符合这些定义.,Examples: 国库券、商业票据以及货币市场基金.,有时直接把现金等价物和短期投资放在一起，并附注后者的金额。,Reporting Cash,LO 2 Indicate how to report cash and related items.,现金等价物= 现金?,经济环境恶化时，某些证券可能会跌价 极端条件下甚至不能流通FASB限制和减少现金等价物很多公司只报告现金及短期投资,误导读者了吗？,当金额重大时，企业处于报告的目的会把受限制的现金，从常规现金中分离.企业应将受限制的现金划分为流动资产还是长期资产取决于可使用日期或是付款日期.,Reporting Cash,LO 2 Indicate how to report cash and related items.,受限制的现金,Examples, restricted for:固定资产扩建偿还长期债务或者用于报名费存款、未领取的奖金、指定用途的现金.,Reporting Cash,LO 2 Indicate how to report cash and related items.,受限制的现金,Illustration 7-1,当企业签发的支票超出了现金账户的金额.,Reporting Cash,LO 2 Indicate how to report cash and related items.,银行透支,通常，企业需要在流动负债部分报告银行透支， (应付账款).银行透支一般不能冲减现金账户。例外情况是，当企业在透支的同一家银行开设有其他账户，而且这一账户里面有可供使用的金额时，才要求冲减.,建立恰当的控制以防止主管或职员进行任何非授权交易提供必要的信息以便于对库存现金和现金交易进行适当的管理。.企业需要对现金进行有效的内部控制.,Management and Control of Cash,LO 1 Identify items considered as cash.,现金交易的会计处理存在两个管理问题:,现金太多是好事吗？,现金是最容易被侵占和滥用的资产,办理现金收支业务的几项规定：,1、现金收入当日送存；2、支付现金不得从现金收入中直接支付（坐支）；3、提取现金，应写明用途，经财务部门签字盖章，银行审核后支付；4、特殊情况使用现金，向开户银行申请；5、不准用凭证顶替库存现金；不准谎报用途；不准出借银行账户；不准设置“小金库”。现金管理暂行条例1988，现金管理暂行条例实施细则1988“现金日记账” 与 实际库存数 每日核对余额“现金日记账” 与 “现金”总账 每月核对余额对外币现金按币种设置明细账核算。,THE IMPREST PETTY CASH SYSTEM,Shortage: dr. Cash over and short cr. Cash Over: dr. Cash cr. Cash over and short,shortage dr. Other expense cr. Cash over and short Over: dr. Cash over and short cr. Other revenue,Fail to prove out,At the end of the year,（三）现金溢余或短缺 通过“待处理财产损溢”账户核算 按管理权限报经批准处理时：,现金溢余转入,现金短缺转入,“其他应付款”账户（应支付的）,“营业外收入”账户（无法查明原因的）,“其他应收款”账户（应收赔偿的）,“管理费用”账户 （无法查明原因的）,、现金短缺的处理：借：待处理财产损溢待处理流动资产损溢 贷：库存现金由个人赔偿：借：其他应收款应收现金短缺款（某人） 贷：待处理财产损溢待处理流动资产损溢由保险公司赔偿：借：其他应收款应收保险赔款 贷：待处理财产损益待处理流动资产损溢原因不明：借：管理费用现金短缺 贷：待处理财产损益待处理流动资产损溢,、现金溢余 借：库存现金 贷：待处理财产损溢待处理流动资产损溢应支付有关人员或单位款： 借：待处理财产损溢待处理流动资产损溢 贷：其他应付款应付现金溢余（某人或某单位）原因不明： 借：待处理财产损溢待处理流动资产损溢 贷：营业外收入现金溢余,1现金收支业务的会计处理4月12日，金山企业开出现金支票1张，提取现金2000元，以备临时使用 借：库存现金 2000 贷：银行存款 20004月14日，企业行政管理部门报销办公用品费用600元。 借：管理费用 600 贷：库存现金 600,顺达公司盘点库存现金时，发现盘盈现金100元。 借：现金 100 贷：待处理财产损溢待处理流动资产损溢 100找出溢余原因予以冲销： 经调查，该盘盈的100元现金中，有70元为客户多付款，有30元无法查明原因。 借：待处理财产损溢待处理流动资产损溢 100 贷：其他应付款应付现金溢余款 70 营业外收入 30,（3）短缺：闽福公司清查库存现金时，发现现金短款60元。 借：待处理财产损溢待处理流动资产损溢 60 贷：库存现金 60,查明短缺原因予以冲销： 经调查，上述60元短款中有20元是由于出纳的责任所导致，其余40元无法落实责任，经批准核销。 借：其他应收款应收现金短缺款 20 管理费用现金短款 40 贷：待处理财产损溢待处理流动资产损溢 60,Cash and Receivables,什么是现金对现金的管理和控制对现金的报告现金相关项目汇总,现金,应收账款,应收账款的确认应收账款的计量应收票据的确认应收票据的计量应收账款和应收票据的处置列报与分析,Receivables,LO 3 Define receivables and identify the different types of receivables.,在未来某一特定日期支付特定金额的书面承诺,企业持有的对客户的索取权，以及其他对货币、商品或服务的要求权,购买方为已销售的商品和劳务而支付款项的口头承诺,应收账款,应收票据,（商业）应收款项,非商业应收款举例,Receivables,LO 3 Define receivables and identify the different types of receivables.,预付给主管和员工的款项预付子公司款对潜在毁损或损失的保证金为履行义务或支付款项而担保的押金应收股利和应付利息索取权向保险公司要求事故赔偿金对诉讼案件中被告的索取权向政府机构要求税收退款向公共承运人索取毁损或丢失的商品向债权人索取退回的、毁损的或丢失的商品向客户索取可返还的物品（木箱、集装箱等）,非商业应收款一般具有独特的性质，应该单列,Receivables,LO 3 Define receivables and identify the different types of receivables.,Cash and Receivables,什么是现金对现金的管理和控制对现金的报告现金相关项目汇总,现金,应收账款,应收账款的确认应收账款的计量应收票据的确认应收票据的计量应收账款和应收票据的处置列报与分析,Recognition of Accounts Receivables,LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.,计量交换价格的计量考虑两个因素:折扣（商业折扣和现金折扣）的可获得性, 销售日与到期付款日之间的时间长度（即利息因素）。,交换价格有多种商业文件, 通常是发票，可以作为交换价格的证明。,Recognition of Accounts Receivables,LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.,商业折扣在报价基础上打折在会计中不显示客户按真实发票价格付账,10 % Discount for new Retail Store Customers,Recognition of Accounts Receivables,LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.,现金折扣（销售折扣）鼓励提前付款总价法与净价法,Payment terms are 2/10, n/30,20 days, 2%？ 我愿意接受!,Example: On June 3, Benedict Corp. sold to Chester Inc., merchandise having a sale price of $5,000 with terms of 2/10,n/60, f.o.b. shipping point. On June 12, Benedict received a check for the balance due from Chester. Prepare required journal entries assuming Benedict records the sale at gross.,Sales 5,000,Accounts receivable 5,000,June 3,Recognition of Accounts Receivables,LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.,Cash ($5,000 x 98%)4,900Sales discounts 100 Accounts receivable 5,000,June 12,Gross Method 总价法,Example: On June 3, Benedict Corp. sold to Chester Inc., merchandise having a sale price of $5,000 with terms of 2/10,n/60, f.o.b. shipping point. On June 12, Benedict received a check for the balance due from Chester. Prepare required journal entries assuming Benedict records the sale at net.,Sales 4,900,Accounts receivable 4,900,June 3,Recognition of Accounts Receivables,LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.,Accounts receivable 4,900,Cash 4,900,June 12,Net Method 净价法,Example: On June 3, Benedict Corp. sold to Chester Inc., merchandise having a sale price of $5,000 with terms of 2/10,n/60, f.o.b. shipping point. On June 29, Benedict received a check for the balance due from Chester. Prepare required journal entries assuming Benedict records the sale at net.,Sales 4,900,Accounts receivable 4,900,June 3,Recognition of Accounts Receivables,LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.,Accounts receivable 4,900,Cash 5,000,June 29,Sales discounts forfeited 100,未实现的商业折扣,Net Method 净价法,在实务中, 企业忽略了与短期应收账款有关的利息收入。 因为同当期实现的净收入相比，这部分折现的金额通常并不大.,不考虑利息,LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.,Recognition of Accounts Receivables,Cash and Receivables,什么是现金对现金的管理和控制对现金的报告现金相关项目汇总,现金,应收账款,应收账款的确认应收账款的计量应收票据的确认应收票据的计量应收账款和应收票据的处置列报与分析,VALUATION OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE,计量应收账款确定其可变现净值需要：估计坏账估计各种退回或折让 :,应收账款数字游戏：你有没有准备“甜品罐子”,Nortel 公告称，它2003年的净利润实际上只有它原来报告的数量的一般。而且，它低估了2002年的净利润。 这是怎么回事？一种说法是， Nortel 显然是试用了“甜品罐子”，用坏账准备账户“储存”了一部分本应报告在2002年的利润，留到2003年再报告。,LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.,备抵法估计可能发生的坏账记入到销售收入对应年度,直接冲销法理论上存在的问题：不匹配应收账款不表示可实现净值,直接冲销法。在某一特定款项被明确确定为坏账之前，不必做任何分录。确定为坏账时才记录损失，借记应收账款，贷记坏账费用。备抵法。根据赊销总额或者是尚未偿还的应收账款总额来估计可能发生的坏账。在记录销售收入的期间内，编制分录将这一估计值作为费用和应收账款的间接减项来入账。,How are these accounts presented on the Balance Sheet?,Accounts Receivable,Allowance for Doubtful Accounts,Beg. 500,25 Beg.,End. 500,25 End.,Accounting for Accounts Receivable,LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.,AssetsCurrent Assets:Cash $ 346Accounts receivable500 Less allowance for doubtful accounts 25 475Inventory 812Prepaids _ 40Total current assets 1,673Fixed Assets:Office equipment 5,679Furniture & fixtures 6,600Less: Accumulated depreciation (3,735)Total fixed assets 8,544 Total Assets $10,217,LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.,AssetsCurrent Assets:Cash $ 346Accounts receivable, net of $25 allowancefor doubtful accounts 475Inventory 812Prepaids _ 40Total current assets 1,673Fixed Assets:Office equipment 5,679Furniture & fixtures 6,600Less: Accumulated depreciation (3,735)Total fixed assets 8,544 Total Assets $10,217,LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.,Journal entry for credit sale of $100?Accounts receivable100Sales 100,Accounts Receivable,Allowance for Doubtful Accounts,Beg. 500,25 Beg.,End. 500,25 End.,Accounting for Accounts Receivable,LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.,Journal entry for credit sale of $100?Accounts receivable100Sales 100,Accounts Receivable,Allowance for Doubtful Accounts,Beg. 500,25 Beg.,End. 600,25 End.,Sale 100,Accounting for Accounts Receivable,LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.,Collected of $333 on account?Cash333Accounts receivable333,Accounts Receivable,Allowance for Doubtful Accounts,Beg. 500,25 Beg.,End. 600,25 End.,Sale 100,Accounting for Accounts Receivable,LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.,Collected of $333 on account?Cash333Accounts receivable333,Accounts Receivable,Allowance for Doubtful Accounts,Beg. 500,25 Beg.,End. 267,25 End.,Sale 100,333 Coll.,Accounting for Accounts Receivable,LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.,Adjustment of $15 for estimated Bad-Debts? Bad debt expense15Allowance for Doubtful Accounts15,Accounts Receivable,Allowance for Doubtful Accounts,Beg. 500,25 Beg.,End. 267,25 End.,Sale 100,333 Coll.,Accounting for Accounts Receivable,LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.,Adjustment of $15 for estimated Bad-Debts?Bad debt expense15Allowance for Doubtful Accounts15,Accounts Receivable,Allowance for Doubtful Accounts,Beg. 500,25 Beg.,End. 267,40 End.,Sale 100,333 Coll.,15 Est.,Accounting for Accounts Receivable,LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.,Write-off of uncollectible accounts for $10?Allowance for Doubtful accounts10Accounts receivable10,Accounts Receivable,Allowance for Doubtful Accounts,Beg. 500,25 Beg.,End. 267,40 End.,Sale 100,333 Coll.,15 Est.,Accounting for Accounts Receivable,LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.,Write-off of uncollectible accounts for $10? Allowance for Doubtful accounts10Accounts receivable10,Accounts Receivable,Allowance for Doubtful Accounts,Beg. 500,25 Beg.,End. 257,30 End.,Sale 100,333 Coll.,15 Est.,W/O 10,10 W/O,Accounting for Accounts Receivable,LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.,AssetsCurrent Assets:Cash $ 346Accounts receivable, net of $30 allowancefor doubtful accounts 227Inventory 812Prepaids _ 40Total current assets 1,673Fixed Assets:Office equipment 5,679Furniture & fixtures 6,600Less: Accumulated depreciation (3,735)Total fixed assets 8,544 Total Assets $10,217,LO 4 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of accounts receivable.,LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.,备抵法估计可能发生的坏账:销售收入的百分比应收账款百分比,直接冲销法理论上存在的问题：不匹配应收账款不表示可实现净值,直接冲销法。在某一特定款项被明确确定为坏账之前，不必做任何分录。确定为坏账时才记录损失，借记应收账款，贷记坏账费用。备抵法。根据赊销总额或者是尚未偿还的应收账款总额来估计可能发生的坏账。在记录销售收入的期间内，编制分录将这一估计值作为费用和应收账款的间接减项来入账,损益表法,资产负债表法,销售收入百分比法成本与收入配比赊销 - 坏账费用,应收账款百分比法可实现净值应收账款 - 坏账所占百分比,Uncollectible Accounts Receivable,LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.,Example DataCredit sales $500,000Estimated % of credit sales not collected1.25% Accounts receivable balance $72,500Estimated % of A/R not collected 8%Allowance for Doubtful Accounts:Case I$150 (credit balance)Case 2$150 (debit balance),Uncollectible Accounts Receivable,LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.,Charge sales$500,000Estimated percentagex 1.25%Estimated expense$ 6,250=What should the ending balance be for the allowance account? - Case 1 and Case 2,Uncollectible Accounts Receivable,Percentage of Sales Method,LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.,Uncollectible Accounts Receivable,Actual balance (credit),(150),150,Adjustment,(6,250),(6,250),Ending balance,(6,400),(6,100),Journal entry:,Allowance for doubtful accounts 6,250,Bad debt expense 6,250,Case 1,Case 2,Percentage of Sales,LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.,销售收入百分比法 :,Summary,坏账费用的估计是与虚账户（销售收入）相关的，备抵账户的余额可以不考虑。所以，销售收入百分比法实现了成本与收入的恰当配比。人们也经常把这种方法叫做损益表法。,Uncollectible Accounts Receivable,Uncollectible Accounts Receivable,Accounts receivable$ 72,500Estimated percentagex 8%Desired balance$ 5,800=What should the ending balance be for the allowance account? - Case 1 and Case 2,Percentage of Receivables,LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.,Uncollectible Accounts Receivable,Actual balance (credit),(150),150,Desired balance,(5,800),(5,800),Adjustment,(5,650),(5,950),Journal entry Case 1:,Allowance for doubtful accounts 5,650,Bad debt expense 5,650,Case 1,Case 2,Percentage of Receivables,LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.,Uncollectible Accounts Receivable,Actual balance (credit),(150),150,Desired balance,(5,800),(5,800),Adjustment,(5,650),(5,950),Journal entry Case 2:,Allowance for doubtful accounts 5,950,Bad debt expense 5,950,Case 1,Case 2,Percentage of Receivables,LO 5 Explain accounting issues related to valuation of accounts receivable.,Summary,Uncollectible Accounts Receivable,应收账款百分比法,坏账费用与实账户（应收账款）相关，坏账额和备抵账户的数额受相关的资产负债表当前余额的影响。能够更加准确的计量资产负债表中的应收款. 建立应收账款的 账龄分析表.,Collection of Accounts Receivable Written Off,当企业确定无法收回某笔应收账款时: dr. 坏账备抵 cr. 应收账款如果之前已经注销的应收账款又被收回: dr. 应收账款 cr. 坏账备抵 dr. 现金 cr. 应收账款,Cash and Receivables,什么是现金对现金的管理和控制对现金的报告现金相关项目汇总,现金,应收账款,应收账款的确认应收账款的计量应收票据的确认应收票据的计量应收账款和应收票据的处置列报与分析,Receivables,LO 3 Define receivables and identify the different types of receivables.,在未来某一特定日期支付特定金额的书面承诺,企业持有的对客户的索取权，以及其他对货币、商品或服务的要求权,购买方为已销售的商品和劳务而支付款项的口头承诺,应收账款,应收票据,（商业）应收款项,有正式的期票来支持.,Recognition of Notes Receivable,LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.,应收票据,可流通票据出票人为收款人签发票据带息票据有设定利率零利率票据或无息票据，将利息隐含作为票面金额的一部分,Recognition of Notes Receivable,LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.,通常的来源渠道：,企业未获偿付的应收款需要展期时，常会从客户那里取得应收票据。 高风险或新客户对雇员或子公司的贷款财产、厂房及设备的销售娱乐业所有的赊销都用应收票据,LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.,Recognition of Notes Receivable,短期票据,长期票据,面值-减坏账备抵（跟一般的应收账款处理方式相同，不考虑资金时间价值）,预期可收回的现金的现值（考虑资金的时间价值）,Exercise Balance Bar Co. lends Bio Foods $100,000 in exchange for a $100,000, 5-year note bearing interest at 8 percent annually. The market rate of interest for a note of similar risk is also 8 percent. How does Balance Bar record the receipt of the note?,Note Issued at Face Value,LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,8,000,8,000,8,000,$8,000,8,000,$100,000,Table 6-4,$8,000 x 3.99271 = $31,942,Interest,Factor,Present Value,PV of Interest,Note Issued at Face Value,LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.,Table 6-2,$100,000 x .68058 = $68,058,Principal,Factor,Present Value,PV of Principal,Note Issued at Face Value,LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.,Summary,Present value of Interest $ 31,942Present value of Principal 68,058Bond current market value $100,000,Note Issued at Face Value,LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.,LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.,Recognition of Notes Receivable,长期票据,预期可收回的现金的现值（考虑资金时间价值）,Interest RatesStated rate = Market rateStated rate Market rateStated rate Market rate,Note Issued atFace ValuePremiumDiscount,Exercise Balance Bar Co. receives a 5-year, $100,000 zero-interest-bearing note. The market rate of interest for a note of similar risk is 6 percent. How does Balance Bar record the receipt of the note?,Zero-Interest-Bearing Note,LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,0,0,0,$0,0,$100,000,Present value of Principle:$100,000 (PVF5, 6%) = $100,000 x .74726 = $74,726,Journal Entries for Non-Interest-Bearing note,Present value of Principal $74,726,LO 6 Explain accounting issues related to recognition of notes receivable.,Zero-Interest-Bearing Note,实际利率法,Amortization ScheduleNon-Interest-Bearing Note,LO 6