英语科技论文写作(四).ppt

英语科技论文写作（四）,2008.4.,课堂练习,PutthefollowingpassageintoEnglish.在气液和液液传质过程中，由于相界面上产生表面张力梯度和密度梯度，从而引发界面湍动。这是一种重要的流体力学不稳定现象，它能够影响传质速率，是提高传质效率的一个有效途径。自从20世纪60年代以来，人们对界面湍动进行了大量的研究工作，但大多数的实验还停留在现象观察阶段。鉴于此，本文建立了一套气液接触传质设备，研究引起界面湍动的Marangoni效应对传质系数的影响，为进一步的实验和理论研究提供有效的依据。Marangonieffect;interfacialturbulence;surfacetension,句型库_研究目的,Thisproblemisconcerned(deals,bears)(chiefly,largely,mainly)with.Thisisaproblemrelatingto.OurworkisdevotedtoTheprimarygoalofthepresentresearchisTheworkpresentedinthispaperfocusesinThechiefaimofthisstudyisThelaboratorystudydemonstrates(suggests,indicates,reveals,establishes),句型库_引言_研究目的,Doingthiswork,weintend(hope,expect,attempt)toCarryout(undertaking,initiating,performing)thisstudy,wehopetoTheworkpresentedinthispaperfocusesonseveralaspectsofTheprincipalpurpose(objective,task)ofthepresent(further,preliminary)workistoinvestigatethefeaturesof(mechanismsinvolvedin,effectsproducedby),句型库_引言_研究背景及历史,Thisproblemwas(first)advancedbyTheproblemunderdiscussionwasformulated(raised,posed,broughtup,putforward)bySincethentheproblemhasattracted(fascinated)manyscientists(workersinthisfield).Thisproblemhasbeenclarified(elucidated,solved)Theproblemascanbeseen(asisknown)is(still)poorly(inadequately)understood.,句型库_引言_研究背景及历史,Comparewiththecurrentresearch,thepreviousworkwasinconnectionwithTheworkwearedoingiscloselyrelatedtothedeliberationsdescribedinThenewfindingsfromtheexperimentagreewellwiththeresultsobtainedinSeveral(numerous,many,few)studiesaremade(carriedout,performed)toelucidatethenature(understandthebehavior,revealthecause)ofAstudyofthekindhas(never)beenmade(untilnow,untilafewyearsago).,句型库_引言_问题的难易,Itseems(exceedingly,enormously)difficulttoobtainknowledgeoftheproblemItproves(quite,totally)impossible(unrealistic)totryItisratherdifficulttosolvetheproblemTheproblemisratherinvolved.Theprobleminvolves(certain,tremendous)difficulties.Itiseasytopresent(review,analyze,discuss)theprobleminallitscomplexity(inverydetail).Itisnoeasytasktogainaninsightintotheintricatedetailof,句型库_引言_问题的范围,Themainaspect(core,essence)oftheproblemisStudiesoftheseeffectscovervariousaspectsofOurstudywiththistechniqueconfinedtoTheproblemiswithinthescopeofOurproblemliesbeyondtherangeof,句型库_正文_理论说明,OurtheoryisbasedontheassumptionthatThistheoryproceedsfromtheidea(principle)ofTheunderlyingconceptofthetheoryisasfollows.Thereisasimilar(atentative,analternative)theorythatThebasic(fundamental,essential)featureofthistheoryisTheobjectofthistheoryisto,Thenewly-advancedtheoryhassome(certain,many)advantages(assets,strongpoints,positivefeatures,deficiencies,drawbacks,inadequacies,flaws,shortcomings).Thevalidityofthetheoryhasbecomeobviousinthelightofrecentfindings.Thisnewly-developedtheoryfindsexperimentalsupportThetheoryreceiveduniversalrecognition(generalacceptance).,句型库_正文_理论说明,句型库_正文_公式推导,isgivenby:asfollows：asinthefollowing：Thefollowingequationisobtained.ThisbecomesTherefore,wehavecanbeexpressedascanbederived:canbewritten:canbedescribedbycanberepresentedas,句型库_正文_方法介绍,引用已有方法ThemethodofwasfirstdevelopedbyThemethodofcameintouseaslongagoasTheoriginalproposalofthismethodwasfirstpublishedin,句型库_正文_方法介绍,提出新方法Themethodweusediffers(greatly,essentially)fromtheconventionalone.Thenewly-elaboratedtechniqueisdifferentfromtheonepreviouslyused.Themethodisnowgreatlyimproved,句型库_正文_方法介绍,方法的评价Theprocedurewefollowedhascertainadvantagesovertheexistingmethod.Thismethodhasmanyadvantagesoverthoseavailable(theexitingones).Thismethodisadvantageousinmanyrespects(as)comparedwiththoseavailable(theexitingones).Oneoftheassetsofthistechniqueisitssimplicity(reliability,sensitivity).,句型库_正文_实验描述,实验目的Wemade(carriedout,performed,initiated)thisexperimenttoshow(demonstrate,elucidate,evaluate)acorrelationbetween(certainphenomena,themechanismofthehypothesisof,somefeaturesof)Experimentonaremade(underway)toEarlier(previous)experimentswiththistechniquewereintended(designed,designated)to,句型库_正文_实验描述,实验导致的结论Theexperimentsreportedheredemonstrateavarietyofchangesin(acorrelationbetween,amuchresistanceto)Ourexperimentswithfurnishsomenewinformation(furtherdata,newevidence)aboutthemechanism(theeffluence)ofOurexperimentsupportsourassumption(hypothesis,evidence)thatFurtherexperimentsinthisarealeadustoconclude(believe,suggest)thatFromtheseexperimentswecanconcludethat,句型库_正文_实验描述,Onthebasisofthesedata(Fromthesedata)onecanconcludethatOnthebasisofthesedata(Fromthesedata)itcanbeconcludedthatThesedataleadustoaconclusionthatThesedataleadustoconcludethatThesedataenableustoconcludethatThisexperimentfailedtoshow(demonstrate)thisexperimenthasnotshown(demonstrated),句型库_正文_结果和结论,结果的意义Theresultspresentedinthispaperare(seem)Thefindingsreportedhereis(quite)striking(remarkable,fascinating).Thesepreliminaryfindingsareveryreliable(encouraging,promising,convincing,ambiguous).Theresultsreportedhereprove(confirm,support,bearout)thehypothesis,assumption,obseration)that,句型库_正文_结果和结论,导致结论ThefindingssuggestthatThesefindingsleadtheauthortoconclusionthatOurdataleaveopenthequestionofwhetherInthefuture,wewillextendthepresentstudiestoOurworkhascontributedtotheunderstandingofTheresearchworkhasbroughtaboutadiscoveryofFurtherprogresscanbeprovidedbythisexperiment.,句型库_其它常用句型,1、对A和B的比较表明AcomparisonofAandBAcomparisonofAwithBshowsthatAcomparisonbetweenAandB2、现有的availabletheexistingthecurrent,句型库_其它常用句型,3、所产生的TheresultantTheresulting4、该理论认为Thetheoryholds(maintains,claims,implies)that5、这个理论来源于Thetheorycomes(stems,emerges,originates)fromThetheoryisobtained(provided,furnished)from,句型库_其它常用句型,6、本章论述了Thischapterdealswith(treats,covers,describes,discusses,involves,bearson)Thischapterisconfinedto(devotedto,concernedwith)7、与成反比beinverselyproportionaltovaryinverselywithdependinverselywith,句型库_其它常用句型,8、A随B的变化曲线图thegraph(plot)ofAasafunctionofBthegraph(plot)ofAversus(against)Bthegraph(plot)ofthedependenceofAon(upon)Bthegraph(plot)ofthevariationofAwithB,句型库_其它常用句型,9、保持不变remainconstantstayunchangedbekeptfixedbeheldthesamebemaintainedunalteredbeleft,句型库_其它常用句型,10、获得的结果与计算机模拟相一致agreeswithisinagreementwithTheresultisinlinewiththecomputersimulation.obtainedisconsistentwithfitsinto,句型库_其它常用句型,11、得到了广泛的应用bewidelyusedbeinwideusebewidelyinusefindwideapplication(use)12、表示了AisanindicationofAgivesanindicationofAindicatesAisindicativeof,句型库_其它常用句型,13、把M代入N（我们）得到SubstitutingMin(into)N,weobtain(haveorget)gives(yields,produces)SubstitutingMinto(in)Nresultsinleadsto,句型库_其它常用句型,14、该试验未能说明Thisexperimentfailedtoshow(demonstrate)Thisexperimenthasnotshown15、我们做了很多实验来验证这一理论preformedAlotofexperimentsaredonetotest(verify,madeprove,check)conductedthe,句型库_其它常用句型,16、前面的例子表明previousTheprecedingexamplesshowsthatforgoing17、这是由引起的isduetogivesrisetoThisleadstoresultsinarisesfrom,句型库_其它常用句型,18、问题的关键是ThekeytotheproblemisThecruxTheheartoftheproblemisThemainaspectTheessence,句型库_其它常用句型,19、这需要进一步的研究bearsresearchdeserveseffortThisdemandsfurtherstudyrequiresworkcallsforinvestigation,句型库_其它常用句型,20、分成两大类fallintomajoraredividedintotwogeneralgroupsareclassifiedintobroadclassesareofmaincategoriesTherearetwomajorgroupsof,句型库_其它常用句型,21、该研究的主要目的在于chiefaimmainpurposeTheprimaryobjectofthestudyismajorobjectiveprincipalgoal,句型库_其它常用句型,inthehopeof(that)withtheviewtodoThestudyhasbeenstartedinordertodototheendthatsothatThestudyisintended(designed)todoPerformingthestudywehopethatintendtodo(expecttodo),句型库_其它常用句型,22、方程表明indicatesimpliesshowssuggestsdemonstratesThisequationrevealsestablishedbearsoutconfirmssupportsfavorsprovides,句型库_其它常用句型,23、的体积小（质量好，重量轻，价格低）smallinsize(goodinquality,lightinweight,lowinprice)24、毫无疑问ThereisnodoubtthatThereisnoquestionthatWithoutdoubt(question),Beyonddoubt(question),No(outof)doubt,句型库_其它常用句型,25、该式适用于（对是成立的）holdsforholdstrueforThisequationistrueforisvalidforappliesto,句型库_其它常用句型,26、这与没有（几乎没有，有一点，有很多）共同之处。Thishasnothing(little,something,much)incommonwith27、最好是Itis(most)desirableto(do)thatItwouldbebestif,句型库_其它常用句型,28、这一点应受到（引起）我们的重视（关注）。arouseattractThisshouldgainourattention.havereceive,句型库_其它常用句型,29、这是与有关的问题。concernedwithconcerningrelatedtoThisisaproblemrelatingtobearingondealingwith,句型库_其它常用句型,30、他们是根据而提出了这一理论。putforwardadvanceddevelopedproposedisbasedonTheysuggestedthistheory,whichrestsoncreatedproceedsfromconstructedformulatedelabrated,科技论文写作中的词汇,科技论文中大量使用各学科的专门术语，还经常使用一些日常语言中不怎么使用的书面词汇，主要是突出科技英语正式、庄重的语体特征，同时应避免使用浮华、带有感情色彩的词语，当然并不是说科技论文中不使用普通词汇。另外，一些动词短语往往由正式动词替代，以求简练。,科技论文写作中的词汇,普通英语词汇科技英语中的非技术词aboutapproximatelyaskinquirebegincommencechangetransformfinishcompletegetobtainhavepossessmethodtechniquequickrapidsimilaridenticaluseemploy,utilizeenoughsufficientbywhichwherebyinwhichwhereinintheendeventually,科技论文写作中的词汇,动词短语正式动词turnoncompletetakeinabsorbputuperectputinaddwearawayerodetakeawayremoveuseupconsume,exhaustlookoverexaminekeepupmaintainbringoutintroduce,科技论文写作中的词汇,注意词汇的正确搭配，希望在阅读文献时注意摘录。e.g.Three-phaseslurryreactorhasseveraladvantagesoverfixed-bedreactor.应避免口语中使用的词语，使句子比较稳重。lotsof(alotof)manyquiteafewseveral一般在科技论文中不使用生活或新闻报道中使用的缩略词语。lablaboratoryautoautomobileadadvertisement,科技论文写作中的词汇,趋于用名词来表示动作。Mass-transferiscomparedwithheat-transfer.Acomparisonofmass-transferwithheat-transferismade.Theperformanceofthisflowmeterisanalyzed.Ananalysisoftheperformanceofthisflowmeterismade.Egivesanindicationof(indicates)activationenergy.Fig.2-6providesanillustrationof(illustrates)theeffectofreactiontemperatureontheyield.,科技论文写作中的词汇,在某些情况下，英、汉语的词序是不同的，写作时应特别留意。e.g.Whatiscalledtrickle-bedreactorisnomorethanaspecialkindofthree-phasereactor.Themaintheoreticaladvancesinthisdecadeareasfollows.Thisbookintroducesanewsetoftechniquesforprocesssimulation.Theseproductshavereachedtheadvancedworldlevel.,科技论文写作中的词汇,来回backandforth左右rightandleft东南southeast西北northwest有时表示同一概念时，可进行多样化的表达方式，以避免文章的单调乏味。,句子的特征,句子长，结构严谨。可采用三种手段处理句子。（1）with短语、形容词短语、分词短语等（2）with结构、分词独立结构等（3）各类从句，尤其是定语从句,句子的特征,With(1)“with+某些抽象名词”等效于这些名词所对应的副词，但语气更强。Theseexperimentsshouldbedonewithcare.Thisparametercanbemeasuredwithaccuracy.(2)with与vary,change,increase,decrease等动词连用时可表示“随着”之意。Theconductivityofasemiconductorvarieswithtemperature,句子的特征,(3)将with用在句首可表示“对于，有了”等意思。Withthealternatingcurrent,thingsaredifferent.对于交流电来说，情况就不同了。Withradar,wecanseedistantobjects.有了雷达，我们可以看到远处的物体(4)可构成一种“with结构”，其应用特别广泛。,句子的特征,“with结构”指以下的形式：分词介词短语形容词（短语）with+名词（或代词）副词不定式短语名词（短语）,句子的特征,作状语写作重点：处于句首表示条件、时间和原因，处于句尾表示附加说明、方式、条件。Withfrictionpresent,apartofpowerhasbeenlostasheat.由于存在摩擦，所以一部分功率作为热损耗掉了。Bothpracticaldesigntechniquesandtheoreticalproblemsarecoveredwithemphasisongeneralconcepts.（本书）既讲了实际的设计方法，同时也讲述了理论问题，而侧重点则放在一般概念上。,句子的特征,Eachplanetrevolvesaroundthesuninanellipticalorbit,withthesunatonefocusoftheellipse.每颗行星在椭圆轨道上绕太阳运行，而太阳处于椭圆的一个焦点上。Allpresentstatesarestablewithnoinputspresent.在没有输入的情况下，目前的所有状态均是稳定的。Thesecondtermisevaluatedsimilarly,withZafunctionofyalone.第二项可以同样计算出来，只要把Z仅作为y的函数就行。,句子的特征,Aninitialanalysisofthedeviceparametershasbeenmadewithsatisfactoryresults.AbriefintroductiontotheprinciplesofaCSTRisgivenwithemphasisonreactormodel.作定语Thisisaninequalitywithzeroontheright.这是一个右边为零的不等式。,句子的特征,Thedimensionofthechannelisaboutaslargeasahydrocarbon,itsdiameterbeingabout10-12cm.Anewmethodforsolvingthisproblemispresentedinthispaper,whichissimpleandpracticable.Themathematicalmodelderivedbythismethodprovestobeofpracticalsignificance,thuscreatinggoodconditionsformakingoptimaldesigns.,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,（1）主语系动词表语（名词）这种句型所表达的语气比用形容词作表语的句型更强烈。Thisistoosmallasignal.Thisissosensitiveaninstrumentthatitcanmeasuretheslightchangeinpressure.（2）采用“主谓宾”句型代替汉语中的“主系表”句型。撰写论文时受汉语的影响，很不习惯使用这种结构。,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,“Have”句型即句中谓语动词为have。凡在汉语句中似乎找不到的动词一般可使用这一句型，它主要用于表示尺寸、大小、比较、优缺点等概念。A.表示尺寸、大小、长度、高度“Something+have+a(an)+表示大小的名词+of+数量”Thewallofthereactorhasathicknessof1centimeter.Thispipehasanapproximatelengthof50meters.,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,B.表示比较“somethingA+have+比较级（或as+形容词原级）+要比较的名词+than+somethingB”Thissubstancehasamorecomplicatedchemicalstructurethanthatone.Alcoholdoesnothaveashighaboilingpointaswater(does).,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,C.表示优缺点“主语+have+优缺点的名词”Thereactorhastheadvantagesofsimplestructureandhighefficiency.Thethree-phaseslurryreactorhasthedisadvantageofitsheight.,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,（3）采用BE句型。这一句型我们也不是十分熟悉。A.表示大小、数量Something+be+数量+表示大小的形容词（或in+表示大小的名词）Thedistillationcolumnis20metershigh.（或inheight）Theseperforatedplatesare2centimetersthick.当然根据语法条文，也可写成以下的句型，中国人特别习惯这一句型。Theheightofthedistillationcolumnis20meters.,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,B.表示比较物A+be+比较级（或as+原级）+in+要比较的对象+than(as)+物BThissubstanceismorecomplicatedinchemicalstructurethanthatone.Alcoholisnotashighinboilingpointaswater(is).中国人的习惯Thechemicalstructureofthissubstanceismorecomplicatedthanthatofthatsubstance,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,(4)不少情况下使用静态结构来表示状态、特征、情况以取代采用行为或过程的句法结构。使用“系动词+表语”的结构。表语一般是形容词，有时也可是名词或介词短语。Theflaskisbreakable(canbebroken).Thismethodisapplicable(canbeapplied)toprocesssimulation.Theresistanceofmass-transferisignorable(canbeignored).,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,Ahyperbolaisindicative(indicate)ofaninverseproportion.Eq.1isanillustration(illustrates)ofglobalkineticsmodel.Theproblemisunderconsideration(isbeingconsidered).Thisproductisingreatdemand(isneededbyagreatmanycompanies).,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,(5)不少情况下用短语代替从句，特别是代替状语从句和定语从句，使句子更为紧凑，避免结构松散。A.用介词短语代替状语从句。Aftertheexperimentshavebeencompleted,After(AtorON)thecompletionoftheexperiments,Ifthetemperatureisgreaterthan60,Atatemperaturegreaterthan60,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,Ifthetemperatureisdecreasedby10,Foradecreaseintemperatureof10,Ifthepressureremainsconstant,Atconstantpressure,B.用作主语的名词短语代替表示条件、原因、目的状语从句。Iftheresultsareanalyzed,itcanbeshownthat=Ananalysisoftheresultsshowsthat,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,Sincethereisnoatmosphereinspace,scientistscouldmakepuredrugsthere.=Theabsenceofatmosphereinspacewouldenablescientiststomakepuredrugsthere.Ifexperimentaldataarecomparedwiththecalculatedones,itcanbeshownthat=Acomparisonofexperimentaldata,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,(6)限定性的短语或从句按照传统语法，当你希望从一组事物中，把其中一个(一部分)特别区分出釆，以“限定说明”其与其他部分不同之处时，要采用“that”(而不是”which”)，也就是说，that引出的是实质性的信息。这个短语或从句就成了主句或句子的必需成分，它们是限定性的短语或从句。没有这个短语或从句，主句或句子就失去了基本含义。,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,Comparisonwillberestrictedtoacetylenecompoundsthat(不用which)havethesamefunctionalendgroups.ReactionleadingtothedesiredproductsareshowninScheme1.(7)非限定性短语或从句当一个短语或从句虽然能传达信息，但并不是主要的而只是附加的信息，那么它们称为非限定性短语或从句。也就是，当它们被删除时，主句没有失去其根本含义。非限定性从句的引入采用“which”，非限定性短语和从句与句子的其他部分用逗号隔开。,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,Allthechemicalsthatlostlabelsmustbelabeledaswaste,whichwillbeshippedoutanddestroyedbytheWasteTaskUnit.MelvinCalvin,whowontheNobelPrizein1961,elucidatedthebiochemicalpathwaysinphotosynthesis。,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,注意：1、应模仿国外科技文献中的一些固定、地道的说法及特殊的句型。Thedeviceissmallinsize.Emphasisisputonwhatisdescribedinthischapter.Thisdeviceischaracterizedbysmallsize,lightweight,highefficiencyandlowcost.Theserectorsare(ofdifferentsizes)differentinsize.,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,Thesereactorsvary(differ)insize.Theyieldandtemperaturearerelatedbythefollowingequation.一般常用“AandBarerelatedbyC”或“AisrelatedtoBbyC”来表示A和B之间的关系由C表示。,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,2、在表示“的方法是”时，往往不采用“Themethodforis”的句型，而是采用“isfound(determined,increased,achieved,solved,calculated,reduced,obtained,satisfied,separated,constructed,analyzed,adjusted,minimizedetc.)by”这一结构。Thesidereactionisminimizedbyproperreactordesign.Theoperationconditionsaredeterminedbycatalystused.,经常使用的一些句子的表达方式,3、并列复合句中的语法形式应一致所谓的语法形式要一致，就是说并列复合句中各分句一般来说应使用同一时态，同一语态，有时甚至使用同一句型。特别是不要前一分句使用主动态，而后一分句用被动态4、科技论文中不使用口语体的缩略形式。Ithasbeenshownthat不应写成Itsb