英语专业毕业论文写作指导复习资料

毕业论文撰写,论文写作题型,攻坚型 争辩型 推展型 阐释型 综合型,论文写作题型,攻坚型 攻坚型就是前人还没有论述过的问题，论者是第一次论述，所以论述起来有一定的难度，我们称之为“攻坚型”。,论文写作题型,争辩型所谓争辩型就是对有争议的问题发表自己的看法，或者对别人的观点进行反驳和商榷。如哈姆雷特是一个人文主义者吗与杨周翰同志商榷,论文写作题型,推展型推展型是指在别人研究的基础上，对某个问题再深入研究。属此类。如许多论者写作安娜?卡列尼娜的悲剧的论文，就先针对安娜悲剧的几种观点展开说明，然后提出自己的观点并论述。这也同样属于推展型的论文。,论文写作题型,阐释型阐释型就是指把前人对某问题的研究成果加以整理，消化，提出有代表性的观点并写成有说服力的论文。如项链主题三题，总结了文学评论家对项链思想意义的三种不同观点，论者加以比较，然后肯定、赞成其中最为准确的一种，在扩展、肯定时说出自己的理由，找出有说服力的新论据。,论文写作题型,综合型综合型不要求提出自己独到的看法，只要求准确、精当地综述前人或同时代人对某一问题的研究结论。,Abstract Writing,Abstract Writing,Questions about abstract:What is an abstract?Why should a thesis have an abstract?3. How many parts should an abstract have?,Abstract Writing,Definition： Abstracts, like all summaries, cover the main points of a piece of writing.,Abstract Writing,Condensing Information for Research Papers In addition to stating the main point of the paper, research-based papers often need to set up the context and scope of the research as well. Setting the context includes stating the subject of your work as well as the problem that prompted/ caused your research. You might also refer to major researchers who have already done work on your topic as a way of setting the context. Remember, too, that your abstract must always include the main point of your paper, so dont neglect that focus as you work on stating the problem and context.,Abstract Writing,English Abstracts: Condensing Information for Research PapersThe Key Concepts in an AbstractContext / scope (mentioning major researchers who have already done work on your topic)Problem3. Main point of the paper,Abstract Writing,“The Craft of Research” (研究是一门艺术) (1995) by C. Booth , a retired professor of Chicago University: p208-209摘要 （abstracts) “在某些领域里，特别是自然科学和社会科学，文章常以摘要作为开头。摘要是告诉读者期待接下来会是什么的简短总结。”,Abstract Writing,语境(context) + 难题(problem) + 主要论点 这种摘要是个简略的导言，一一两个句子起头来建立先前研究的语境，接着以一两个句子陈述难题，然后以研究的主要结果来作为结论： 一直以来，关于电脑的通俗看法认为，以字符为基础的用户界面，比图形化用户界面更能出尽较为重大的工作，这个信念是由Hailo (1990) 所确立的。（语境） 但Hailo的研究因他试图证实这个说法而有偏误。（难题） 在本研究中，并未发现使用以字符为基础的用户界面与使用以图形为用户界面的学生的表现有差异。（论点）,Abstract Writing,Abstracts by Foreign Writers Sample 1Abstract: Research reported by Daly, Miller, and their colleagues suggests that writing apprehension (焦虑) is related to a number of factors we do not yet fully understand. This study suggests that included among those factors should be the belief that writing ability is a gift. . . .,Abstract Writing,Abstracts by Foreign Writers Sample 2Abstract：This article explores basic writing students current writing processes, their thoughts on their writing, and their introduction to a structured writing process model. Findings are based on a semester-long study and include observations of and interviews with basic writing students at Sierra College of Rocklin, California. Ultimately, the article suggests that educators can assist basic writers in becoming successful college writers by introducing them to a structured writing process model while also helping them to become reflective about their own writing processes,Abstract Writing,Abstracts by Chinese Writers Abstract: This paper introduces class writing and group writing as effective activities in ELT writing classes, by exploring its theoretical reasons and practical methods. Two possible implications (意义) in teaching are also discussed, based on the authors own practice and survey.,Abstract Writing,Abstracts by Chinese Writers Sample 2Abstract: This paper introduces class writing and group writing as effective activities in ELT writing classes, by exploring its theoretical reasons and practical methods. Two possible implications (意义) in teaching are also discussed, based on the authors own practice and survey.,Abstract Writing,Abstracts by Chinese Writers Sample 1Abstract: Provocative引发争议的 and probing questions intensify the classroom learningThis makes formerly passive students into full participants，while the probing aspect allows the instructor to ascertain (查明/弄清） the students skill-level and proceed at a pace not beyond their abilityThis article introduces my method of college English text teaching by analyzing the present condition of English learning of Medical postgraduatesIn my text teaching class, I put forward a lot of questions concerning the text; different questions at different stages of the text for students to answer，including pre-reading questions，time-controlled comprehension questions，questions about words or sentences and text analyzing questions,Introduction Writing,The necessary parts in an introduction,present relevant background or contextual material define terms or concepts when necessary explain the focus of the paper and your specific purpose reveal your plan of organization,The necessary parts in an introduction,1. Introduces the topic 2. States why the topic is important3. States that there is a difference of opinion about this topic4. Describes how the assignment will be structured and clearly states the writers main premise,The necessary parts in an introduction,1. Introduces the topic 2. States why the topic is important3. States that there is a difference of opinion about this topic4. Describes how the assignment will be structured and clearly states the writers main premise,Introduction by Foreign Writers(1-1),Critical thinkinghas been variably conceived of as a buzzword, a fad, or as an educational ideal in the educational discourse in many Western countries. In the recent era of globalization, critical thinking as a national educational goal is specified and emphasized in the official statements of countries in different parts of the world. In general, it is believed that good thinkers make good citizens and that critical thinking instruction has to do with developing good thinkers, effective learners and good citizens. However, while there may be consensus about the importance of developing critical thinking in students, there appears to be great diversity in how it should be done.,Introduction by Foreign Writers(1-2),In the literature, a myriad of definitions are proposed, an assortment of characterizations offered and a great variety of instructional programs advocated. In the current market, a plethora of texts and programmes is promoted. All these texts and programmes claim to increase critical thinking skills in students, many complete with teacher manuals and student workbooks. Although the activities associated with these programmes appear to have validity and are frequently both interesting and challenging for students, the theoretical rationale原理的阐述 is often weakly developed. The diversity in how the term “critical thinking” is conceived results in confusion and problems in the educational discourse.,Introduction by Foreign Writers(1-3),While policy-makers, educators, researchers, program developers and practitioners are talking keenly about critical thinking, in reality, they may be talking about very different things. It is likely the world over that neither teachers nor students know precisely what they exactly mean when they refer to critical thinking or thinking critically, let alone hold a shared understanding of evidence for proficiency.,Introduction by Foreign Writers(1-4),In this paper I argue that critical thinking as an educational goal of developing good thinkers, effective learners and good citizens will remain to be an unfulfilled promise unless some major concepts and issues are clarified and barriers to the implementation履行、实现 of the goal are identified and addressed. In what follows, I first discuss some problematic assumptions underlying成为的基础 the values, conceptualization, and the pedagogy of the current received approach to critical thinking instruction. Drawing on the notions of fallibilism, pragmatism, and the reasoned discourse of community of practice and inquiry, I re-examine the fundamental values as well as the definitive characteristics of critical thinking. After delineating the problems of the current received generic skills-only approach to critical thinking instruction and assessment, finally, I argue for a more substantive skills-plus-dispositions approach and discuss a paradigm shift,毕业论文写作 Types of Introduction,New Discussion of an Old Subject: Present a new reason to discuss an old hat subject, creating interest for your readers by seeing the subject from a fresh perspective.,毕业论文写作 Types of Introduction,Sample For years, fans, coaches, parents, and athletes themselves have been concerned about sports injuries, because these injuries are as old as the sports themselves. But with what has been learned through current studies in sports medicine, we need to look at this age-old problem in a new way. We need to take what has been learned about muscular development at different ages, about bodily reactions to diet, and about the cardiovascular心血管 system and encourage coaches and trainers to incorporate this new information into exercise routines they develop for their athletes. With this new focus, young athletes would not have to face age-old problems.,毕业论文写作 Types of Introduction,Question Use a question or a set of questions to get readers attention, remembering that readers will supply their own answers or imagine yours. Phrase the questions well and make sure to answer the question(s), or imply the answer(s), in the body of your essay.,毕业论文写作 Types of Introduction,Sample Do I want to get up early, early, early in the morning? Do I want to have sore muscles, blisters, and shin splints 胫骨疼痛? No. Do I want to be a jogger? Definitely not! I may be the last woman in my neighborhood who will stand (or sit) firm against one of Americas trends to get up and get active, but the joggers life is not for me. Although I realize that there is something to be gained from regular exercise through jogging, I want to protect my dignity, my mornings, and my body. Stand firm against: firmly oppose,毕业论文写作 Types of Introduction,Quotation Use what someone else has written or said in a poem, short story, book, interview, or article. Clearly identify who made the statement and identify the sources of the quotation (or its context). Also refer to the quotation and discuss it; dont just float a quotation and expect your readers to understand why you used it.,毕业论文写作 Types of Introduction,Sample Exercise, in moderation 适度, will help most people, but not enough people are willing to be moderate. In an article in Discover magazine, Dr. Jerome Tob explains that people tend to look at exercise in much the same way they do a new drug. They think if a little bit helps, then a lot of it must cure everything. This, of course, is a foolish way to think about exercise. Even though people begin to exercise with the intention of improving their health, if they are not careful about how they plan their exercise routines, they are asking for trouble.,毕业论文写作 Types of Introduction,Facts and Figures Cite major pieces of information-mentioning facts, numbers, or percentages-as long as there is some correlation between the facts and your essay. Also make sure that the facts are interesting or useful.,毕业论文写作 Types of Introduction,Sample Scientific studies at the University of California suggest that men gain one pound of body weight each year from thirty-five to sixty-five, while they lose, at the same time, half a pound of lean tissue. If these figures are accurate, then we can see why Dads, Uncles, Grandpas, and friends go from one waist size to the next with each passing year. Some middle-aged men will say this is nature taking its course. However, if middle-aged men begin regular exercise routines, then it is likely that they will be able to reduce the figures from the California study and keep their younger figures as well.,Introductions by Native Speakers,1 The way we live is important to our life. In a large city, people can choose from high rise living or detached houses. Each of these choices has pros and cons. Living in a house has three major advantages: access to a yard, larger interior spaces, and more personal freedom.,Introductions by Native Speakers,2 道德缺陷与智慧不足同为世间罪恶之根源。但人类迄今尚未发现根除道德缺陷之法 反之，智慧之提升并非难事，所有合格的教育者皆通此道。因此，在人们发现传授道德的方法之前，世界的进步源自智慧之增益，而非道德之改观。 （怀疑论集，罗素著）,Introductions by Native Speakers,3 Recently, I saw a program on TV about overweight babies. One of them, at 12 months, was 120 pounds. Although most Canadians are not quite so fat as this, we do have problems with our weight. There are three factors that contribute to this problem.,Introductions by Native Speakers,4 Entertainment often brings to mind a positive picture. We may imagine a good football match, or a beautiful symphony. Some forms of entertainment, however, are less appealing. Here are three kinds that I personally dislike.,A Teachers Introduction,The teaching of a foreign language inevitably involves the teaching of foreign culturesEnglish，as a foreign language in China，should be regarded not only as a resource for learning foreign cultures but also as a means of cultural interactionBut how should we teach culture in foreign language education in China? In this article，the author attempts to offer an answer to this question by putting forward a proposition for developing learners cultural capacity in EFL learning. With the discussion of the importance of cultural studies in TEFL，the paper focuses on the three dimensional approach to developing learners cultural capacity and implications for TEFL in China,Conclusion Writing,Conclusion,A conclusion provides a thoughtful end to a piece of writing; unfortunately, many conclusions in college-level papers are little more than summaries of what has already been said.,Whats a conclusion?,A Conclusion,includes a brief summary of the papers main points.asks a provocative question.uses a quotation.evokes a vivid image.calls for some sort of action.ends with a warningsuggests results or consequences.,Strategies for Concluding writing,1. Summary Often a summary of major points from the discussion will provide the clearest ending for your essay, although it will also be the most predictable and least interesting of endings. Consider combining a summary with another strategy - to get the clarity of one and the freshness of the other.,Strategies for Concluding writing,1. Sample When I began swimming regularly, I noticed several important changes in myself. My daily swimming improved my general appearance by toning协调 my muscles and melting away some of the fat around my middle. My endurance - my ability to walk between buildings and up stairs - improved because I was in better physical shape. I learned self-discipline through forcing myself to swim each day to complete my required number of laps. So, though swimming was no miracle cure for all my problems, it did bring about some positive changes in me.,Strategies for Concluding writing,2. Visualize the Future For this strategy, consider what the situation discussed in your essay (or the person, place, or thing) will be like in the near or distant future. Make your projections 设计、计划 reasonable, basing them on evidence currently available; remember that you are not writing science fiction.,Strategies for Concluding writing,2. Sample Aerobic dance有氧舞蹈, because it is fun, inexpensive, and healthy, is an excellent way for women, and men too, to get the exercise they need. The increasing number of aerobic dance classes offered at local gyms, the increasing number of television programs being aired, and the increasing number of aerobic exercise records and discs being distributed suggest that this form of exercise is increasing in popularity普及. Who knows? Perhaps in five or ten years aerobic dance will be as standard a form of exercise as the sit-up仰卧起坐 or push-up俯卧撑.,Some Suggestions,When writing a conclusion,do not introduce information that was not covered in the body of the essay. That not only breaks the logical links between parts of the paper but also suggests that you have ignored a point which should have been discussed. It should also be clear from the content of the conclusion that you are drawing the essay to a close, so you need not state in conclusion or in summary.“ Finally, balance the length of the conclusion with the length of the entire essay, using interesting details and strategies,Some Suggestions,When writing a conclusion,do not introduce information that was not covered in the body of the essay. That not only breaks the logical links between parts of the paper but also suggests that you have ignored a point which should have been discussed. It should also be clear from the content of the conclusion that you are drawing the essay to a close, so you need not state in conclusion or in summary.“ Finally, balance the length of the conclusion with the length of the entire essay, using interesting details and strategies,Some Introductions & Conclusions,One The way we live is important to our life. In a large city, people can choose from high rise living or detached houses. Each of these choices has pros and cons. Living in a house has three major advantages: access to a yard, larger interior spaces, and more personal freedom. Freedom for ourselves, more space, and our own yards are the chief reasons we prefer to live in a house instead of a high rise. Whatever we want to do, it seems easier when we have a house: enjoy our garden, accommodate our guests, have a noisy party. Before deciding on where you live, remember to consider the advantages of a house.,Some Introductions & Conclusions,Two Recently, I saw a program on TV about overweight babies. One of them, at 12 months, was 120 pounds. Although most Canadians are not quite so fat as this, we do have problems with our weight. There are three factors that contribute to this problem. These three are some major causes of obesity in Canadians today. If we behave in this way, we will continue to suffer problems with our weight. Overweight people are often unhealthy. It is never too late to begin. Start by walking 10 minutes m