管理专业英语完整版

2018/2/15,1,管理科学与工程 专业英语,刘枬重庆交通大学管理学院,2018/2/15,2,何谓专业英语？,隶属于科技英语，是自然科学和工程技术方面的科学著作、论文、教科书、科技报告和学术讲演中所使用的英语；以表达科技概念、专业理论为主要目的，是结合特定专业的科技英语，有很强的专业性，与专业知识配合密切；英译应为English for Professional / Specific / Specialized Purpose，而不是Professional English。,2018/2/15,3,Chinglish,,2018/2/15,4,课程目的何在？,掌握专业英语术语，提高阅读和翻译专业英语文献的能力；了解国外专业领域的最新发展动态和前沿知识；掌握流行的研究方法和工具。,2018/2/15,5,学习方法,熟读专业文献（以原版专业教科书为佳，自学为主）；精读专业论文（选择性地阅读前沿性的论文，自学和课堂解读结合）；综合专业书籍，结合教师个人经历，有针对性地学习实用的方法和工具（教学结合，自己常动手）。,2018/2/15,6,兔子定理与研究生教育,兔子定理导师负责给研究生指出兔子在哪里，并指导学生学会打兔子的本领（如何写论文）；研究生则是从导师那里了解到兔子的位置、大小、肥瘦，并采用从导师那里学到的打兔子本领擒获一只兔子（完成论文）。,2018/2/15,7,兔子定理与研究生教育,四个阶段本科及以前的阶段。这一阶段是学习捡“死”兔子的过程。知识都是现成的、经前人验证了的，本科生学习的是如何把兔子捡到手、拿回家；硕士生阶段。需要在导师的指引下，打一只活的、在视野里奔跑的兔子（有待解决的问题、还没有被验证的知识）；博士生阶段。需要在导师的指导下去森林中找一只兔子，并判断是否值得去猎取，再用更高级的猎取技术去将兔子取在手中；博士后阶段。此时，导师叫合作导师，他要和博士后一起来确定究竟到哪里去寻找兔子，此时面对的可能是不一样的森林，需要一起商量后确定是否需要在这里狩猎，并重复以上过程。,2018/2/15,8,参考书,（以工程管理专业为例）工程管理专业英语，徐勇戈等，中国建筑工业出版社2006年版工程管理专业英语，王竹芳，北京大学出版社2006年版国际工程管理实用英语口语，张水波、刘英，中国建筑工业出版社 2008年版高等学校工程管理系列经典教材国际工程合同管理(双语) ，韦嘉，中国建筑工业出版社2010年版,2018/2/15,9,研究资源,研究资源（论文数据库等）/（SCI、ISTP数据库）/（EI数据库）/（收录有Automation in Construction）/（收录有Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management）/（收录有Construction Management and Economics）Ingentaconnect、swetswise、scopus等国内的万方、知网、维普等Open Access Journals & Resources (ITC、/、http:/usir.salford.ac.uk/）,2018/2/15,10,Purpose of this Programme,to equip you with the understanding, skills and techniques to enable you to carry out your postgraduate researchto give you a broad understanding of research approaches and methods, which will enable you to read and understand a wide range of research papers and articles, in order to enhance your research competence and to enable you to pursue future research activitiesto give you the opportunity to develop a range of generic and transferable skills relevant to your wider professional and academic developmentto provide opportunities for you to discuss ideas and methods and to network with fellow studentsto support you in completing your research in a timely way,2018/2/15,11,What is Research,Research can be defined as the search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation, with an open mind, to establish novel facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or develop new theories, usually using a scientific method.,2018/2/15,12,Choosing a Topic from where?,First of all, the topic must be in your study area. It would be quite difficult for a researcher in one scientific field to undertake a research study involving a topic in an entirely different scientific field.,Area,Field,Aspect,Topic,A discipline, e.g. marketing,A component of the area or a sub-discipline, e.g. international marketing,A more specialized aspect of the field, e.g. export strategy, penetrating a new market,An identified issue or problem within the aspect, e.g. how to export a particular type of goods into China,2018/2/15,13,Choosing a Topic is that interesting?,A researchers basic curiosity about an observed phenomenon typically provides sufficient motivation for choosing a research topic.Your topic must interest you this is essential as you will be spending a long time on it, so you need to keep up your motivation! Make sure that your supervisor is interested in your topic they will spend a lot of time on it too (You can also ask them to come up with some ideas). You are doing something of interest to the research community.,2018/2/15,14,Choosing a Topic- is that feasible?,Will there be sufficient data and will you be able to gain access to it? If you want to conduct a survey, interview key people, or set up an workshop, will this be possible, or will you gain cooperation with your subject? Will you be able to complete the topic in the time available? Draw up a research plan, with a schedule and objectives, and see if you can meet your deadline Do you have, or will you be able to acquire or gain assistance with, the necessary technical skills? e.g. statistical, programming Will you be well covered financially for costs, tuition and living expenses, e.g. the cost of carrying out a survey, travelling to visit companies etc? What are the risks that the project will be impossible to complete?,2018/2/15,15,Choosing a Topic- facts,Unlike PhD, a postgraduate research project is to gain basic research skills and dont require to be original or contribution to knowledgeLiterature is very important in the initial selection of the topic. This should be an extensive reading rather than a formal literature review, which will happen at an early stage of the researchA PG research topic is usually selected from a list provided by your supervisor, or from a consultancy jobYou should have several optional topicsYou can normally complete in the time frame,2018/2/15,16,Preparing a Research Proposal whats for?,Research proposal is a document which finally establishes the need for the study and confirms that the student has or can have the skills or other required resourcesThe research proposal serves as a quality and reality check: it helps confirm that you have a genuine research competence and that you can undertake the research in appropriate wayThe research proposal also clarifies expectations and acts as a record for all concerned of the research to be carried out,2018/2/15,17,Preparing a Research Proposal contents?,You need to read your universitys regulations, or talk to your supervisor, to find the requirements of proposalNormally, a proposal should contain:What are you going to do in your research?Who else has done research like this, and what did they do? How are you going to do this research? Why will this research be important to the academic community? Size can be from a concise one-page outline to a comprehensive report,2018/2/15,18,Literature Review what is literature review?,Literature review is essential to any kind of researchA literature review is a description of the literature relevant to a particular field or topic. It is a “report of primary scholarship” and “an interpretation and synthesis of published works”It gives an overview of what has been said, who the key writers are, what questions are being asked. As such, it is not in itself primary research, but rather it reports on other findings Literature review should never be just a list, or accumulation of other research. You have to criticize them, look at the relationships between the views, or draw out themes,2018/2/15,19,Literature Review role of literature review,literature review is carried out to gain an insight into the theoretical background of the topic To show awareness of the present state of knowledge of a particular field To identify the gap in the research and to provide a foundation for your research. It should help you define a research question, and show how answering the question will contribute to knowledge - creating a research space for your workTo demonstrate your scholarly ability to identify relevant information and to outline existing knowledgeOngoing literature review is to keep in pace with the new development and achievement of related research works,2018/2/15,20,Literature Review Sources,Sources include published journal papers, conference proceedings, books, working papers, reports, theses, internal documents, presentations, press releases and etc library catalogues, databases (e.g. SCI, EI), media releases, research publications, colleagues and etc. Literature evaluationAuthority: is the author identified? Publisher? Content: is it supportive to yours? Primary or secondary? Timeliness: when is it published? Is it still valid? Accuracy: is it peer-reviewed? What methods are adopted?Objectivity: is it biased? Is it a fact or opinion or debate?Online resources, e.g. Wiki, discussion forum, mailing-list,2018/2/15,21,Literature Review Writing,Only complete your review when your thesis is nearly finishedRead the literature reviews in other theses: structure, useful references Examine how literature reviews are undertaken in journal articles, although these are generally much shorter Your words should be objective, balanced and dispassionate Follow the requirement for reference system / styleHarvard system: In main body: Hurley (1998), in reference:Hurley, M. A. (1998) Features and Functions Overload. Information Management & Computer Security, 6(4), 160-161. Numbered system: In main body: Hurley 33, in reference:33 M. A. Hurley, Features and Functions Overload, Information Management & Computer Security, vol. 6, pp. 160-161, 1998 Use software (e.g. EndNote) to manage your references,2018/2/15,22,Literature Review EndNote,EndNote is a software developed by Thomson Reuters, for managing your reference library It can store and organize numerous references and other files It can create instant bibliographies in word processing softwareIt helps you to modify your reference style at your willingness,2018/2/15,23,How to read a research paper?,Reading research paper is partly a matter of experience and skill, and partly learning the specific vocabulary of a fieldIt is not reading a novel, so its not linear. You can skip some points and go where you are really interested in. You are required to read them because: 1. journal papers are current; 2. you can get cutting edge ideas and techniques to your own research; 3. one day soon you could be writing papers too.,2018/2/15,24,Organization of a paper,IMRAD and plusIntroduction: introduces the problem(s) addressed in the paperMethods: how the work was performedResults: conclusions of the paperAnd Discussion: summary of the contributions, philosophical discussions, future research, etc. PlusTitle: what is the paper about?Author list: who did the work? where are they from? (do remember them as they may become your colleagues or bosses)Author list convention: alphabetical or ranked (note: first and corresponding)Abstract: brief outline of the results presented in the paperAcknowledgements, declarations, referencesTables and figuresDifferent journals may have different formatLength, font, paragraph, spacing, column, etc Reference style,2018/2/15,25,How to read a research paper?,Dont panic, follow the step:Skimming: Skim the paper quickly, noting basics like headings, figures and the like. This takes just a few minutes. Youre not trying to understand it yet, but just to get an overview Vocabulary: Go through the paper word by word and line by line, underlining or highlighting every word and phrase you dont understand. Comprehension: Try to deal with all the words and phrases; go back and read the whole paper, section by section, for comprehension.In the Introduction, note how the context is setIn the Methods, try to get a clear picture of what was done at each step In Results, look carefully at the figures and tables, as they are the heart of most papers The Discussion contains the conclusions that the author would like to draw from the dataReflection and criticism: After you understand the article and can summarize it, then you can return to broader questions and draw your own conclusions,2018/2/15,26,Questions when reading a research paper?,IntroductionWhat is the overall purpose of the research? How does the research fit into the context of its field? Is it, for example, attempting to settle a controversy? show the validity of a new technique? open up a new field of inquiry?Do you agree with the authors rationale for studying the question in this way?MethodsWere the measurements appropriate for the questions the researcher was approachingOften, researchers need to use indicators because they cannot measure something directly-for example, using babies birthweight to indicate nutritional status. Were the measures in this research clearly related to the variables in which the researchers (or you) were interested. If human subjects were studied, do they fairly represent the populations under study,2018/2/15,27,Questions when reading a research paper?,ResultsWhat is the one major findingWere enough of the data presented so that you feel you can judge for yourself how the experiment turned out? Did you see patterns or trends in the data that the author did not mention? Were there problems that were not addressedConclusionDo you agree with the conclusions drawn from the data?Are these conclusions over-generalized or appropriately careful. Are there other factors that could have influenced, or accounted for, the resultsWhat further experiments would you think of, to continue the research or to answer remaining questions,2018/2/15,28,Formulating Aims and Objectives What?,What are Aims & Objectives? Research aims and objectives are synonymous in dictionaries In research terms, the word objective is sometimes used to mean more detailed aims The aim is what you want to achieve, and the objective describes how you are going to achieve that aimIt is not uncommon to have more than one objective to satisfy your research aim,2018/2/15,29,Formulating Aims and Objectives Sample,Research AimTo improve the lives of people in London who are long term homeless Objectives To provide information and advice on housing and resettlement To provide training on core job skills and job search skills To offer supported work placements To support people in applying for jobs To facilitate a support group for people,2018/2/15,30,Research Methodology - “Nesting”,Philosophy = assumptionApproach = processing method Technique = specific analytical technique From pre-understanding to understanding, insight and excecution,2018/2/15,31,Research Methodology Philosophy,based on a belief that a universal truth is waiting to be discovered by detached, neutral and objective researchers,Positivism,contends that the reality can be understood only through the subjective interpretation of reality,is suitable if there are testable hypotheses, quantified variables, are able to draw inferences about a population,Criticism,Interpretivism,SurveyExperiment,Literature review,used to understand and interpret daily occurrences and social structures as well as the meanings of a certain phenomenon,Documentation,is the judgment of the merits and faults of the work or actions of an individual or group by another,2018/2/15,32,Research Methodology Approaches,Research approach is defined as the path of conscious scientific reasoning. It connects the philosophy and techniques.It is consisted of a number of methods, including: Laboratory experiment, Field experiment, Survey, Case study, Forecasting / future research, Simulation / game / role playing, Action research, and etc. Not all of the available approaches are suitable for any kind of research; on the other hand, not a single research will adopt all available approaches the selection of appropriate research approaches is constrained by some variables, such as researchs nature, available resources and researchers ability,2018/2/15,33,Research Methodology Selection of Approaches,Laboratory experimentIt permits the researchers to identify precise relationships between chosen variables via a designed laboratory situation to make generalised statements applicable to real-life situation, by using quantitative analytical techniques. It can study a small number of variables on a well controlled and intensive environment. But the extent is limited due to oversimplification and isolation of laboratory situation from the real world.,2018/2/15,34,Research Methodology Selection of Approaches,Field experimentIt extends the laboratory into real-life situations of organization and / or society. So, it has greater realism and is less artificial / sanitized. But, in practice, its difficult to find an organization prepared to be experimented on and also difficult to achieve sufficient control to enable replication.,2018/2/15,35,Research Methodology Selection of Approaches,Surveys They enable researcher to obtain data about practices, situations or views at a particular point in time through questionnaire or interview, and make inferences by using quantitative analytical techniques regarding the relationships. They are able to study a greater number of variables than experiments and can describe a real world. It is also easy / appropriate to generalize the findings. The major weakness is found that little insights related to causes / processes behind the phenomena can be obtained. There is also possible bias in respondents, the researcher and the time when the research is undertaken.,2018/2/15,36,Research Methodology Selection of Approaches,Case studyIt offers the researcher ability to describe the relationships which exist in reality, usually within a single organization It captures “reality” in greater detail and analyses more variables than possibly experiments and surveys do. But, as it is usually restricted to a single event / organization, it is considered weak in generalizing.Also, the studies are lack of control and different researchers would have different interpretations of the same data,2018/2/15,37,Research Methodology Selection of Approaches,Forecasting / future research It uses more mathematical techniques such as regression analysis and time series analysis with some data to make prediction about the future events. It can provide insights into likely future occurrences in situations where existing relationships may lead to This approach is complex and needs higher abilities / skills of the researcherSince it is lack of real knowledge of future events and is based on the past data, the finding may not be “true” and cannot represent the real future, especially when the relationships change dramatically.,2018/2/15,38,Research Methodology Selection of Approaches,Action research It is a form of applied research approach attempting to obtain results of practical value to groups with whom the researcher is alliedIt is similar to case study and so the outcome is u