综合英语 四 Unit 3Alienation and the Internet汇总

Unit3AlienationandtheInternet,Unit3,Itisconvenientforustocommunicatewithfamilymembersandfriends.,Italsohelpstheeducationandoffersallkindsofusefulinformation,forexample,currentaffairs.,Shoppingonlinehasbecomeamodernpartofourlife.Savebothmoneyandtime,andoffersmorechoicesforcustomers.,Wecantakeabreakfromlifethroughtheinternet.,Beingaddictedtotheonlinegamescanalsoruinoneseducationandlife.Theycarenothingbutgames,influcingtheirdevelopmentinbothmentalandphysicalhealth.,AgreatdealofjunkinformationspreadthroughtheInternet,whichdisturbourlifeterribly.,课文内容讲解,PeoplewhospentmoretimeontheInternetspentlesstimesocializingwithfriends.,TheInternetisawonderfulsourcefromwhichwecanretrievevaluableinformation.Moreover,itfacilitatesourcommunicationwithpeoplefarawayfromusatacostsubstantiallylessthanthatoftraditionalmeansofcommunication.Also,itcanbeanimportantbuildingblocktochildrenslearningbecauseavastamountofinformationisonlyclicksaway.Thereisevidencesuggestingthatcomputeruseislinkedtoslightlybetteracademicperformance.,Culturalinformation1,Audiovisualsupplement,Culturalinformation,ProsandConsoftheInternet,Culturalinformation2,Audiovisualsupplement,Culturalinformation,However,thereissufficientevidenceindicatingthattheInternetcanexertaharmfulinfluenceonpeople.Forexample,itsaddictivepowerhasincreasedchildrenand,youngsterstimespentinfrontofthecomputerscreensattheexpenseofotherhealthierphysicalactivities,thusincreasingtheirchanceofgettingoverweightandshort-sighted.Inaddition,childrenhavelimitedabilityoftellingrightfromwrongandthereforearesubjecttothepotentialcontaminatinginfluenceoftheharmfulmaterialsontheInternet.,20世纪60年代末，正处于冷战时期。当时美国军方为了自己的计算机网络在受到袭击时，即使部分网络被摧毁，其余部分仍能保持通信联系，便由美国国防部的高级研究计划局（ARPA）建设了一个军用网，叫做“阿帕网”（ARPAnet）。阿帕网于1969年正式启用，当时仅连接了4台计算机，供科学家们进行计算机联网实验用。这就是因特网的前身。1986年，美国国家科学基金组织（NSF）将分布在美国各地的5个为科研教育服务的超级计算机中心互联，并支持地区网络，形成NSFnet。1988年，NSFnet替代ARPAnet成为Internet的主干网。NSFnet主干网利用了在ARPAnet中已证明是非常成功的TCP/IP技术，准许各大学、政府或私人科研机构的网络加入。1989年，ARPAnet解散，Internet从军用转向民用。,Internet的发展引起了商家的极大兴趣。1992年，美国IBM、MCI、MERIT三家公司联合组建了一个高级网络服务公司（ANS），建立了一个新的网络，叫做ANSnet，成为Internet的另一个主干网。它与NSFnet不同，NSFnet是由国家出资建立的，而ANSnet则是ANS公司所有，从而使Internet开始走向商业化。1995年4月30日，NSFnet正式宣布停止运作。而此时Internet的骨干网已经覆盖了全球91个国家，主机已超过400万台。在最近几年，因特网更以惊人的速度向前发展，很快就达到了今天的规模。,1.Doyougoon-lineeveryday?WhatattractsyoutotheInternet?2.Forhowmanyhoursadaydoyouspendonline?3.Forhowmanyhoursadaydoyouthinkapersonhastostayon-linebeforeheorsheisreckonedtobeaInternetbuff?Isitgoodtobeone?Whyorwhynot?,Pre-readingquestions,FragmentationofSociety,GlobalReading-Mainidea1,Structuralanalysis,Rhetoricalfeatures,IftheInternetallowsforthefreeexchangeofideas,ithelpstounifyus.Thenhowdoesitalienateuswhileunitingus?Howdoesitfragmentsocietywhileglobalizingideas?Thisistheissuethattheauthortacklesinthetext.Thispieceofargumentativewritingfallsintothreeparts.,PartI,(Paragraphs12):Thewriterpresentshisthesisintheopeningpart:theInternetmayberesponsibleforfurtheringthefragmentationofsocietybyalienatingitsindividualusers.,GlobalReading-Mainidea1,Structuralanalysis,Rhetoricalfeatures,PartII,(Paragraphs36):Theauthorsupportshispointwithevidenceandreasonsinthebodyofargumentation.,PartIII,(Paragraph7):Thewriterreiterateshismainideaintheconclusionofthetext.,Thethesisstatementofthetextisinthesecondparagraph:“.theInternetmayberesponsibleforfurtheringthefragmentationofsocietybyalienatingitsindividualusers.”Theconcludingstatementappearsatthebeginningofthelastparagraph:“Allthisbeingsaid,IbelievethatthekeytorealizingthepotentialoftheInternetisinachievingbalanceinourlives.”,Structuralanalysis1,Structuralanalysis,Rhetoricalfeatures,Theseemingself-contradictionthattheInternetcanleadtoglobalizationontheonehandandcausethealienationoftheusersfromthepeoplearoundthemontheotherisreinforcedbytheuseofpairsofantonyms.,Someexamples:globalization/alienation;real/notreal,Practice:Pleasefindmoreexamplesofantonymsinthetext.,Someexamples:globalization/alienation;real/notreal;reality/virtualexistence;outsideplayingwithhisfriends/playhisgamesagainsthisfriendsinthecyberspace,TheInternetprovidesanamazingforumforthefreeexchangeofideas.Giventherelativelyfewrestrictionsgoverningaccessandusage,itisthecommunicationsmodalequivalentofinternationalwaters.Itismypersonalbeliefthatthehumanpotentialcanonlyberealizedbytheglobalizationofideas.IdevelopedthispositionyearsbeforetheInternetcameintowidespreaduse.AndIamexcitedatthepotentialfortheInternettodramaticallyalterourglobalsocietyforthebetter.HoweverIamalsotroubledbythepossibleunintendednegativeconsequences.,WillBaker,ALIENATIONANDTHEINTERNET,Detailedreading1,Detailedreading,1,Detailedreading2,Therehasbeenmuchtalkaboutthe“newinformationage.”ButmuchlesswidelyreportedhasbeenthenotionthattheInternetmayberesponsibleforfurtheringthefragmentationofsocietybyalienatingitsindividualusers.Atfirstthismightsoundlikeanapparentcontradiction:howcansomething,thatisontheonehandresponsibleforglobalunificationbyenablingthefreeexchangeofideas,alienatetheparticipants?Ihadarecentdiscussionwithafriendofminewhohaswhathedescribedasa“problem”withtheInternet.WhenIquestionedfurtherhesaidthathewas“addicted,”,Detailedreading,2,3,Detailedreading3,andhas“forced”himselftogooff-line.Hesaidthathefeltlikeanalcoholic,inthatmoderateuseoftheInternetwasjustnotpossibleforhim.Ihavenotknownthisfellowtobegiventoexaggeration,thereforewhenhedescribedhisInternetbinges,whenhewouldspendovertwenty-fourhoursonlinenon-stop,itgavemepausetothink.Hesaid,“theInternetisntreal,butIwasspendingallmytimeonline,soIjusthadtostop.”Hewentontosaythatallofthetimethathespentonlinemighthaveskewedhissenseofreality,andthatitmadehimfeellonelyanddepressed.,Detailedreading,Detailedreading4,Thefragmentationofsocietyhasbeenlamentedforsometimenow.ItseemstomethatitprobablybeganinearnestafterWorldWarIIwhenagenerationreturnedfromdoinggreatdeedsoverseas.Theywonthewar,andbyGodtheyweregoingtowinthepeace.Automobileownershipbecamecommonplaceandsuburbswerecreated.“Progress”wastheirmantra.SoevenpriortotheInternetswidespreadpopularity,folkswerealreadybecomingdistancedfromtheirextendedfamiliesandneighbors.Andwhenwefast-forwardtotodayweseeanalmostcruelironyinthatpeoplecanandoftendodevelopon-linerelationshipswithfolksontheothersideoftheglobe,withoutleavingtheirhomes.,Detailedreading,4,Detailedreading5,Detailedreading,Butattheexpenseofthetimethatwouldhaveotherwisebeenavailableforinvolvementinotheractivitieswhichmightfosterasenseofcommunityintheirvillages,townsandcities.LastweekendmywifeandIinvitedourextendedfamilytoourhometocelebrateourdaughtersbirthday.Duringthecelebrationmyyoungnephewspenttheentiretimeonmycomputerplayingasimulatedwargame.Mybrother-in-lawandIwerechattingnearbyanditstruckusthatingenerationspast,hisson,mynephew,wouldhavebeenoutsideplayingwithhisfriends.Butnowthelittlefellowgoesonlinetoplayhisgamesagainsthisfriendsincyberspace.,5,Detailedreading6,Detailedreading,ItseemstomethattheInternetisapowerfultoolthatpresentsanopportunityfortheadvancementoftheacquisitionandapplicationofknowledge.However,basedonmypersonalexperienceIcanunderstandhow,astheysurfthewebsomefolksmightbeconfrontedwithcognitiveoverload.AndIcanalsounderstandhowonemighthavehisorhersenseofrealitydistortedintheprocess.IstheInternetarealplace?Dependinguponhowa“realplace”isdefineditmightverywellbe.Attheveryleast,IbelievethatwhenweusetheInternet,6,Detailedreading7,Detailedreading,weareforcedtoaskfundamentalquestionsabouthowweperceivetheworldaboutusperhapsanotherunintendedconsequence.Somewouldarguethatthevirtualexistencescreatedbysomeuserswhodebate,shop,travelandhaveromanceonlineareinfactnotreal,whileotherswouldarguethat,sinceinpracticalterms,folksaredebating,shopping,travelingandhavingromance,theconverseistrue.,Detailedreading8,Detailedreading,Allofthisbeingsaid,IbelievethatthekeytorealizingthepotentialoftheInternetisinachievingbalanceinourlives.Thiswouldallowustomaximizeitspotentialwithoutlosingoursenseofplace.However,likemostthings,thatiseasiersaidthandone.Itseemstomethatweareasocietythatvaluesimmediategratificationaboveallelse,andwhatbetterplacetoachieveitthanincyberspace,wherethecyber-worldisyourcyber-oyster.Thewidespreaduseoftheautomobileforeverchangedoursocietyandculture,andperhapsasimilarsortofthingisoccurringnow.Iamnotatall,7,Detailedreading9,Detailedreading,certainwherethe“informationsuperhighway”willleadus:somesaytoUtopia,whileothersfeelitstheroadtohell.ButIdoknowthatweallhavetheabilitytomaintainoursenseofplaceintheworld.Whetherwechoosetotakeadvantageofthisabilityisanothermatter.,Whatistheauthorslong-cherishedpositionaboutthestrongpointsoftheInternet?,DoestheauthorseeanythingnegativeabouttheInternet?,Howdoestheauthorstarthisargument?,Detailedreading1-Quesion1,Theauthorstartshisargumentbypresentinganapparentcontradiction:ontheonehand,theInternetfacilitatesglobalunificationbyenablingthefreeexchangeofideas;ontheother,italienatestheparticipants.,Detailedreading,given:prep.whenyouconsidersth.,Detailedreading1given,e.g.,Givenhisage(=consideringhowoldheis),hesremarkablyactive.Givenherinterestinchildren,teachingseemstherightjobforher.,Detailedreading,giventhat:conj.,e.g.,Itwassurprisingthegovernmentwasre-elected,giventhattheyhadraisedtaxessomuch.,a.fixedforapurposeandstatedassuch,e.g.,Theyweretomeetatagiventimeandplace.,Detailedreading1equivalent1,Detailedreading,equivalent:n.sth.equalinvalue,measure,force,effectorsignificance,Thedresscosttheequivalentofaweekssalary.WhatistheequivalentoffiftypoundsinUSdollars?,e.g.,Comparison:,equivalent(of/tosth.),a.equalinvalue,amount,meaning,importance,etc.,Eightkilometersisroughlyequivalenttofivemiles.,e.g.,Comparison:,equivalent(tosth.),Detailedreading1itisthecommunicationsmodal,Detailedreading,itisthecommunicationsmodalequivalentofinternationalwaters.,Paraphrase:,asamodeofcommunications,theInternetissimilartointernationalwaterswhichareopentoallcountriestouse.,Detailedreading1equivalent2,Detailedreading,Rewritethesentenceusing“equivalent”:Breathingsuchpollutedairhasthesameeffectassmokingtencigarettesaday.,Answer:,Breathingsuchpollutedairistheequivalentofsmokingtencigarettesaday.Breathingsuchpollutedairisequivalenttosmokingtencigarettesaday.,Detailedreading1dramatically,Detailedreading,dramatically:ad.suddenlyandnoticeably,e.g.,Priceshavefallendramatically.Eventscouldhavedevelopedinadramaticallydifferentway.,adramaticincrease/fall/change/improvementdramaticresults/developments/news,e.g.,Derivation:,dramatica.,Detailedreading1alter,Detailedreading,alter:v.becomedifferent;makesb./sth.different,e.g.,HehadalteredsomuchthatIscarcelyrecognizedhim.Nothingcanalterthefactthatwearetoblame.Thelandscapehasbeenradicallyaltered,severelydamagingwildlife.,Theyaremakingmajor/minoralterationstothehouse.,e.g.,Derivation:,alteration:n.achangetosth.thatmakesitdifferent,Detailedreading1alternate,Detailedreading,alternate:a.(oftwothings)happeningorfollowingoneaftertheotherregularly,e.g.,Sheputsalternatelayersoffruitandcreamtomakecake.,v.(causeto)followbyturns,e.g.,Wealternateperiodsofworkandsleep.,Detailedreading1alternative1,Detailedreading,alternative:n.athingthatyoucanchoosetodoorhaveoutoftwoormorepossibilities,e.g.,Youcanbepaidincashweeklyorbycheckmonthly;thosearethetwoalternatives.,a.onlybeforenoun,e.g.,Haveyougotanalternativesuggestion?,Detailedreading1alternative2,Detailedreading,Blankfilling:,1.Thisshirtwillhavetobe;itistoolarge.2.Thisshirtneeds;itistoolarge.3.Hismoodsbetweenhappinessandgloom.4.Thismethoddoesntwork.Doyouhaveansolution?,altered,_,alteration,_,alternate,_,alternative,_,Detailedreading1further,Detailedreading,further:v.helpforward,e.g.,Additionaltrainingisprobablythebestwaytofurtheryourcareerthesedays.Theinterestsofanorganizationwillneverbefurtheredthroughactsofterrorism.,Notethatwhenthesameformisusedasanoun,thestressshiftstothefirstsyllable.,Detailedreading1fragment1,Detailedreading,fragment:v.breakintopartsorsmallpieces,Pronunciation:,e.g.,ThesatellitewillfragmentandburnupasitfallsthroughtheEarthsatmosphere.Thegovernmentisplanningtofragmenttheindustrybeforeprivatizingit.,n.asmallpartofsth.thathasbrokenofforcomesfromsth.larger,e.g.,Policefoundfragmentsofglassnearthescene.Ioverheardafragmentoftheirconversation.,FragmentationofSociety,Detailedreading1fragment2,Detailedreading,e.g.,thefragmentationofthecountryintosmallindependentstates,Derivations:,fragmentation:n.,e.g.,afragmentedsociety,fragmented:a.,alien,Detailedreading1alienate2,Detailedreading,e.g.,Inaworldthathadsuddenlybecomealienanddangerous,hewasheronlysecurity.(a.)aliensfromouterspace(n.),Derivations:,alien:a.because,e.g.,Shewasfortunateinthatshehadfriendstohelpher.Mendifferfrombrutesinthattheycanthinkandspeak.,Detailedreading1begivento,Detailedreading,begivento:(formal)dosth.oftenorregularly,e.g.,Heisgiventoheavydrinking.Heisgiventogoingforlongwalkonhisown.,Collocation:,begiventosth./doingsth.,Detailedreading1exaggeration,Detailedreading,exaggeration:n.actionofmakingasituation,quality,orfeatureappeargreater,moreobvious,ormoreimportantthanitreallyis,e.g.,ThehotelwasreallyfilthyandImnotexaggerating.Hetendstoexaggeratethedifficulties.,Derivation:,exaggerate:v.makesth.seemlarger,better,worseormoreimportantthanitreallyis,e.g.,Hetoldhisstorysimplyandwithoutexaggeration.,Detailedreading1binge,Detailedreading,binge:n.anoccasionwhenanactivityisdoneinanextremeway,esp.eating,drinkingorspendingmoney,e.g.,goonabinge/anInternetbinge/achocolatebingeOneofthesymptomsofthisdiseaseisbingeeating.,Detailedreading1skew,Detailedreading,skew:v.causetobenotstraightorexact;twist,e.g.,Thecompanysresultsforthisyearareskewedbecausenotallourcustomershavepaidtheirbills.,Detailedreading1-Quesion3,Detailedreading,Whatisthe“cruelirony”concerningtheuseoftheInternetmentionedattheendofParagraph4?,The“cruelirony”meansthatontheonehandtheInternetprovidesuserswithaconvenientmeansofcommunicatingandmakingfriendswithpeoplefarapart,butontheother,itestrangesthemfrompeoplearoundthembycurtailingtheiravailabilityforface-to-facecommunicationevenwiththeirfamiliesandclosefriendsandforinvolvementincommunityactivities.,2)Whenandhowdidthefragmentationofsocietybegin?,TheBeatGenerationwasagroupofauthorswhoseliteratureexploredandinfluencedAmericancultureinthepost-WorldWarIIera.Thebulkoftheirworkwaspublishedandpopularizedthroughoutthe1950s.CentralelementsofBeatculturearerejectionofstandardnarrativevalues,thespiritualquest,itprobablybeganinearnestafter(para.4)in(real)earnest:seriously;inadeterminedwaye.g.Hesettleddowntostudyinearnestfortheexamination.坚定决心认真坐下来复习准备考试e.g.我相信当他说要娶她的时候是严肃诚恳的。Imsurehewasinearnestwhenhesaidhewantedtomarryher.,mantra,ExtendedFamily,fast-forward,Justfastforwardthevideo.,AttheexpenseofatthesacrificeofHefinishedthejobattheexpenseofhishealth.,fosterTobringup;nurture:E.g.foster(nurture)offspring.Topromotethegrowthanddevelopmentof;cultivate:E.g.foster(advance)artistictalent.Providingparentalcareandnurturetochildrennotrelatedthroughlegalorbloodties:E.g.fosterparents;fostergrandparents;afosterhome.,4)InParagraph5,whydoestheauthornarratehisownstory?,asimulatedwargame:aimitatedwargame一个模拟的战争游戏Simulate:v.Imitate模拟，假装simulatedeath装死adj.(=simulated)假装的,模仿的;拟态的simulaterain人工降雨,Itstrikesme,thatnobodyisreallyinfavoroftheproposal.我突然意识到没人真正喜欢这个提议。,Detailedreading1itstruckusthat,Detailedreading,.itstruckusthat:.itoccurredtousthat/.wesuddenlyrealizedthat,e.g.,Howdoestheconcertlastnightstrikeyou?Hestruckmeasanodd,old-fashionedprofessorofChinese.,_,Blankfilling:,Thebellforthenewyearissoontostrike.,Iclimbedthewoodenstairstothetopofthistowerat2:40,greatviews.butwhenthebellstruck3:00IalmostleaptoutofmyskinandIcertainlyhadaringingsensationinmyears!,Detailedreading1-Quesion4,Detailedreading,WhatisthemainideaofParagraph6?,Inthisparagraph,theauthormeanstoillustratehowtheoveruseoftheInternetmaydistorttheuserssenseofreality.,WhydoestheauthordiscussthequestionastowhethertheInternetisarealplace?,application,Yourapplicationtojointheclubwashonoured.你加入俱乐部的申请获得批准了。Thewideapplicationofelectroniccomputersinscienceandtechnologywillfreemanfromthelabourofcomplicatedmeasurementandcomputation.电子计算机在科学技术方面广泛的应用将使人们从复杂的计量和计算中摆脱出来。,Detailedreading1confront,Detailedreading,confront:v.dealwithaproblemordifficultsituation,e.g.,Sheknewthatshehadtoconfrontherfears.,Synonym:,faceupto,Detailedreading1Dependinguponhow,Detailedreading,Dependinguponhowa“realplace”isdefineditmightverywellbe.,Paraphrase:,Accordingtothedefinitionofa“realplace”,theInternetcouldmostreasonablybeconsideredtobea“realplace”.,Detailedreading1perceive1,Detailedreading,perceive:v.see,notice,orrealizesth.,esp.whenitisnotobvious,e.g.,Iperceivedachangeinhisbehavior.Sheperceivedthatallwasnotwell.Thepatientwasperceivedtohavedifficultyinbreathing.,e.g.,Itwasveryperceptiveofyoutonoticethat.,Derivations:,perception:n.perceptive:a.havingorshowingtheabilitytoseeorunderstandthingsquickly,esp.thingsthatarenotobvious,(1)Thepriceincreasehashadnoeffectonsales.价格增长对销售没有产生可见的影响。(2)Thedrugcanalterpeoplesofvisualstimuli.这种药物能够改变人的视觉刺激感知能力。,Detailedreading1perceive2,Detailedreading,e.g.,Herforeignaccentwasbarelyperceptible.,Derivations:,perceptible:a.greatenoughforyoutonoticeit(Synonym:noticeable),perceptible,_,Blankfilling:,perception,_,11.theconverseistrue(para.6):theopposite(n.)Itispossible,ofcourse,thattheconverseofthistheorymayalsobetrue.在美国，汽车要沿路的右边行驶，而在英国正好相反。IntheUS,carsaredrivenontherightsideoftheroad,butinBritaintheconverseapplies.aconversewind/inaconversedirection(a.),V.Toengageinaspokenexchangeofthoughts,ideas,orfeelings;talk.Heswillingtoconversewithanyoneaboutthequotationsonthestockmarket.Iconversedwithheronacertainproblem.我与她讨论某一问题。,partIII,TheconcludingpartwheretheauthorreiterateshispointthatonlywhenwemakeamoderateuseoftheInternetcanwefullyrealizeitspotentialwithouthavingoursenseofrealityskewed.,Detailedreading1-Quesion5,Detailedreading,DoestheauthorbelieveitiswithinhumancapacitytoreapthebenefitoftheInternetwithoutbeingpenalized?,Yes.Hethinksthatpeopleareabletomaintaintheirsenseofpl