语言学chapter3课后答案

A New Concise Course in Linguistics for Students of English (2nd edition) 1 Chapter 3 Revision exercises reference 1. Divide the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a “+” between each morpheme and the next: a. micro + film e. tele + com + muni + cat + ion b. be + draggle + d f. fore + father c. announce + ment g. psycho + physics d. pre + digest + ion h. mechan + ist 2. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each. suffix: -ment meaning: added to some verbs to form nouns that refer to actions, processes, or states stem type: added to verbs example: statement, “something you say or write, especially publicly or officially, to let people know your intentions or opinions, or to record facts” enjoyment, “the feeling of pleasure you get from having or doing something, or something you enjoy doing” suffix: -ness meaning: added to adjectives to form nouns which often refer to a state or quality stem type: added to adjective example: happiness, “the state of being happy” Kindness, “kind behavior towards someone” suffix: -ship meaning: added to some nouns to form nouns which often denote a state, status, or skills stem type: added to nouns example: friendship, “a relationship between friends” readership, “all the people who read a particular newspaper or magazine regularly” 3. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each. in-: when added to adjectives, it means not; when added to nouns, it means without, lack of; it can also be spelt as il- before l, im- before b, m, p, and ir- before r. e.g. A New Concise Course in Linguistics for Students of English (2nd edition) 2 inability inaccuracy inaction inconsistency inconvenience indeterminacy indiscretion inequity inhuman inapt infrequent infinite ingenuous infiltrate inhospitable immune immortal imperceptible imperfect de-: This prefix can form verbs and their derivatives meaning down, away; when added to the verb and their derivatives, it denotes removal or reversal. e.g. decaf decipher decolour descend debase deform defrost defocus degrade debrief debug deactivate dehydrate defoliate delimit dematerialize re-: This prefix means 1) once more, afresh, anew as in the world reaccustom; 2) returning to a previous state as in restore; or 3) in return, mutually as in react etc. E.g. recap reanimate rearm reassemble reassessing reattach reapply reappear Note: There is an exception to the rule when the word to which re- attaches begins with e. In this case a hyphen is often inserted for clarity, e.g. re-examine, re-enter, re-enact. A hyphen is sometimes also used where the world formed with the prefix would be identical to an already existing words, e.g. re-cover (meaning cover again), nor recover (meaning getting better in health). 4. The Italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflectional morpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out its grammatical meaning. Sue moves in high-society circles in London. -s, third person singular, present simple tense A traffic warden asked John to move his car. -ed, past tense The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd. has -ed, present perfect The branches of the trees are moving back and forth. are + v-ing, present continuous (plural). 5. Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related to one another by processes of inflection or derivation. a) go, goes, going, gone (inflection) go, the root form go + -es, present participle go + -ing, present participle gone, past participle b) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability (derivation) dis-, prefix ( added to the nouns to form verbs) meaning reversal -y, suffix (added after the verbs form nouns) denoting a state or an action A New Concise Course in Linguistics for Students of English (2nd edition) 3 or its result -er, a noun suffix added to the verbs, meaning a person or thing that performs a specified action or activity -able, an adjective suffix added to the verbs meaning able to be -ability, a noun suffix, or a derivative suffix of -able. It can also spell as -ibility, meaning having the quality as in manageability (可处理性) and suitability (适合性). c) inventor, inventors, inventors, inventors (a mixture of inflection or derivation) derivation: invent + -or inflection: inventors, inventors, s indicating possessive case d) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize (derivation) -cy, added to the nouns ending with t to form another noun denoting a state governed in such a way -ic, an adjective suffix, added to the nouns to form adjectives meaning related to or in resemblance with. -ize, a suffix added to the nouns to form verbs denoting the conversion, or transforming. 6. The following sentences contain both derivational and inflectional affixes. Underline all of the derivational affixes and circle the inflectional affixes. a) The farmers cows escaped. b) It was raining. c) Those socks are inexpensive. d) Jim needs the newer copy. e) The strongest rower continued. f) The pit-bull has bitten the cyclist g) She quickly closed the book. h) The alphabetization went well. A New Concise Course in Linguistics for Students of English (2nd edition) 4 Supplementary Exercises I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language. 2. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology. 3. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes. 4. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case. 5. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it. 6. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress. II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given: 7. M _ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. 8. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g_ meaning. 9. D_ affixes are added to an existing form to create words. 10. C_ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words. 11. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m_ rules. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 12. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) _. A. bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme 13. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound _. A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components A New Concise Course in Linguistics for Students of E