《present and future of gb t d network for csg training centre》培训课件

Past, Present & Future of theBritish Transmission and Distribution Network,Lecture for China State Grid Training Centre Wednesday 19 August 2015,Professor Peter CrossleyDirector of the EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Power NetworksProfessor of Power Systems at The University of ManchesterGuest Professor of State Grid of China Technology College,Does temperature rises affect T&D networks ?,Yes, mainly due to extreme weather events and resulting political, environmental and societal pressure,Great Britain electricity transmission network,Legacy Transmission Network built around centralised coal stations in “Midlands of England” in 1950s and 60s,Incremental growth since late 60s.peak demand relatively stable at 50 55GWgeneration available 75 80GWGeneration closures planned due to age, climate change/renewables legislationclosure of 12GW coal & 7GW nuclear by 2020Require to connect 32GW of wind by 2020.Expect significant new non-renewable build3GW of nuclear, 3GW of new supercritical coal (with CCS), 11GW of gas,In 2013, UK networks delivered 305TWh of energy per year,Generation on GB electricity network,Near Future:- Strengthening of GB network,Cost of replacing transmission networks = 30.6 billion,Offshore Wind,Scotland = 5GWNorth West = 6GWBristol Channel = 3GWSouth Coast = 1.6GWEast Anglia = 6 GWEast Coast = 18GWTotal Capacity = 40GW,Breakdown of UK domestic dual fuel bill:,Britains energy supplies undergone a profound change over the last 15 years. Moved from era where energy prices were falling (late 1990s to around 2003) to a period when cost of gas and electricity has risen. Moved from being self-sufficient in gas to a country dependent on gas imports. This, together with environmental targets and the need to invest in ageing power stations and energy networks, has increased pressure on prices.,Problem: UK energy sector requires 200 billion of investment,Projected new UK generation (2013 2030),Source:- UK Department of Energy & Climate Change (2013),Source:- UK Department of Energy & Climate Change (2013),Projected UK electricity supplied by fuel types (2013 2030),What supplies the electrical energy used in GB today,Current Demand on Network - Generation from coal/gas, nuclear, renewableProblem:- many types of renewables are intermittent, i.e. they do not generate when required,Typical 24hr demand profile,How can we use renewables in the future?,Is this the shape of a our future energy demand and if yes how do we ensure renewables, clean coal and nuclear deliver the energy when we require it,Renewable,What if renewables generate at the wrong times?,Can renewables generate overnight and store the energy?Can storage then deliver the energy at peak times?Is this economically viable?,Renewable,Demand on Network,Capacity Limit,Nuclear,Clean Coal,Time of Day 24hr cycle,Demand Requirements,Can renewables, clean coal, gas, nuclear, storage & dispersed generation deliver the energy when we require it at a cost we can afford ?,How do we ensure the lights stay on in 2030,What if demand increases above local network capacity?Does local refer to a region, city, town or the supply to your house?,How can you ensure your local network copes ?,Dynamic Demand, Storage & Dispersed Generation lowers demand below feeder/network capacity limit.,Can we shift demand from times of peak energy use to periods of low use?or can we match demand to availability of low cost, low carbon energy & capacity of network,UK Smart Grids,Can the UKs electrical distribution systems deliver a low-carbon electrical future?Remember UK expects to deliver:- 35% of electrical energy from renewables by 2020100% of electrical energy from zero carbon sources by 2050(in 2012:- 9% of electrical energy from renewables) Most of the “new” renewables will come from variable and difficult to predict wind generationThis, plus less flexible “new-build” nuclear plants may challenge ability of the UK to absorb low carbon energy.,Evolution to future distribution grid,UK networks transport electricity along 835,740 km of lines and cable,Cost of replacing the UKs distribution network is 95.6 billion,Evolution to future distribution grid,How do we cope with dispersed generation, storage, demand, EVs ?,Allow greater utilisation of the existing distribution network and the efficient development of the networkFacilitate simple, low cost connection of Dispersed Generation (DG)Help deliver to all consumers a secure supply using DG, Storage & Demand Side ManagementFacilitate reduction in distribution & transmission lossesAssess feasibility of connecting large scale DG including Solar PV, Ground and Air Source Heat Pumps, Domestic CHP Systems, DNO connected Wind Generators Understand the implications of increased electricity storage on the Distribution NetworkPrepare for electric & hydrogen fuelled vehicles,Smart Grid Drivers for Distribution Network Operator,UK Government “smart-grid” policies,The UK Department of Energy & Climate Change (DECC) is developing the strategic, regulatory and policy frameworks to ensure “the UKs electricity networks efficiently deliver secure and clean energy that meets the UKs energy security and climate goals”This includes the development of smart-grids in the UK. To help achieve this, the UK Energy Regulator (Ofgem) established in 2010 the innovative Low Carbon Network Fund (LCNF). LCNF (100M per year), encourages electricity distribution network operator companies to carry out projects to help develop a smart-grid and assist in the creation of a low carbon economy. Note:- each of the 25 million UK electricity customers pays 4/year ($6.3) for LCNFExpected cost of upgrading UK energy system = 200B (over 10 years) i.e. 300/year per person in UK,UK LCNF smart-grid projects,“kick-start the radical change that electricity networks need to ensure low-carbon energy becomes a reality”Projects will help “DNOs understand what is required to ensure supply security at value for money”LCNF projects are led by DNOs and involve the trial of new technology, commercial and operating arrangements. Fund supports small (Tier-1) & larger (Tier-2) projects.,29 million electricity customers,UK LCNF Tier-1 smart-grid projects,Tier-1 projects allows DNOs to recover a proportion of expenditure incurred on small scale projects. Tier-1 projects must trial a: specific piece of new (unproven in Britain) equipment with direct impact on the Distribution System novel application of existing Distribution System equipment new operational practice for Distribution System novel commercial arrangement with a Distribution System UserTier-1 projects must demonstrate they: accelerate the development of a low carbon energy sector and provide net financial benefit to future or existing customers have direct impact on DNOs Distribution System generate new knowledge that can be shared amongst all DNOs focus on network methods that are at the trial stage do not lead to unnecessary duplication with other projects,Electricity North West Tier-1 Projects:,Bidoyng Smart Fuse: install “Smart Fuses” on the Low Voltage (LV) network and determine if they are able to reduce the impact of transient faults. Voltage Management on Low Voltage Busbars: deploy and assess a range of voltage management technologies and techniques across 15 distribution substations. Low Voltage Network Solutions: deploy monitoring equipment to provide greater understanding of the operating characteristics and demands of LV networks. Low Voltage Integrated Automation: develop and trial a new integrated solution for automated voltage control of LV distribution networks. Low Voltage Protection And Communications: develop & implement advanced protection & communications to meet the requirements of future LV networks. Fault Current Active Management: methods other than network reinforcement to reduce fault levels.,ENW Tier-1: Low Voltage Network Solutions:,Project will deploy measurement, sensing and recording equipment to help ENW understand operating and demand characteristics of LV networks. University of Manchester will help ENW identify a meaningful smaple of representative LV network feeders. Activities: measurement and data collection network modelling developing appropriate LV network solutions validating conclusions of other LCNF LV trials on ENW network,Bidoyng Smart Fuses,Wide Area Data Monitoring,LCNF Tier-2 projects, bidding for 2014 start,LCNF provides total funding of 64M per year for large projects. Annual competition and DNOs compete against each other.4 or 5 projects start every year, 1st projects started in January 2012. Project submitted titles for a January 2014 start are: Activating Customer Engagement (Northern Powergrid) Anglesey Community Energy (submitted by SP Manweb) Clean Energy Balance (submitted by Western Power) Eta (Electricity North West) Flexible Urban LV Networks (London Power & Eastern Power) Solent Achieving Value From Efficiency (Southern Electric) Vulnerable customers and energy efficiency (London Power),LCNF Tier-2 projects (7 bids received in 2013),Activating Customer Engagement (Northern Powergrid) develop and trial innovative commercial methods and operational practices to increase DNOs access to localised demand side response (DSR) from end customers without use of tariffs.Flexible Urban LV Networks (London Power & Eastern Power) use of new technology to trial more flexible operation of urban LV networks incorporating LCTs with the aim of smarter utilisation using power electronics to balance supply and demand. Solent Achieving Value From Efficiency (Southern Electric) produce an industry model to appraise use of energy efficiency measures to reduce network constraints. Vulnerable customers and energy efficiency (London Power) investigate how DNOs can engage with fuel poor and vulnerable customers working in partnership with local community actors to trial technologies to facilitate energy efficiency and provide network services, such as, DSR.,LCNF Tier-2 projects (7 bids received in 2013),Eta (Electricity North West) Electricity North West is bidding for 9 million from the Low Carbon Network Fund for a new project known as eta, project is named after the Greek symbol for efficiency. by combining innovative technology with existing assets, eta makes electricity networks and customers appliances perform more efficiently and makes it easier to adopt solar panels, electric vehicles and heat pumps onto the network. Anglesey Community Energy (SP Manweb) investigate use of community engagement partners, behavioural research and novel business models to establish an innovative commercial approach to mitigate need for network reinforcement. Clean Energy Balance (Western Power Distribution) trial conversion of electrical energy into hydrogen gas. Will use electrolysis to absorb excess electrical energy beyond network capacity avoiding curtailment of generators.,ENW Capacity to Customers (C2C),Electricity North West granted 10M to develop C2C, which aims to: release untapped emergency network capacity for everyday use customers make savings by changing how electricity is used prevent infrastructure improvement costs being passed to customers How ENW will increase capacity: part of a network operator role is to plan for the future and invest customers money into the regions electricity network. trial smart-grid technologies to reduce need for investment. C2C provides more power using existing assets. It could deliver the extra capacity without expanding the network.,C2C = Reconfiguring the network,HV networks are interconnected by a normally open point (NOP), used after a network fault. of ENW circuits do not suffer faults and only experience faults lasting 1 - 2 hours once every 5 years. Closing NOP allows all customers affected by a fault to be re-supplied By redesigning the network to allow the NOP to be run closed, we can interco