语言学复习提纲

Understanding linguistic terms1. Blending; Acronym， back-formation2. sociolinguistics speech community, speech variety, regional dialect, sociolect, idiolect, ethnic dialect, register, standard dialect, pidgin and creole, bilingualism and diglossia3. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, intercultural communication4. language acquisition, CPH (Critical Period Hypothesis); N. Chomskys LAD; Telegraphic speech5. learning strategies; interlanguage; comprehensible input; language aptitude; motivation; language transfer; cross-association; contrastive analysis; SLA(second language acquisition)6. Neurolinguistics; cerebral Cortex; Brocas Aphasia; Spoonerism, priming experiment; syntactic parser garden path sentence; psycholinguisticsQuestion Answering1. What are the major causes of language change? 2. Give examples to show vocabulary change.3. Give at least three examples to show the influence of American English on British English.4. What are the three major theories of child language acquisition?5. Give brief account of the important role that linguistic environment plays in child language development.6. What is the role of native language in second or foreign language learning?7. What are the individual differences in second or foreign language acquisition?8. Describe Levelts speech production model in your own words.9. What are the major psycholinguistics methods?10. Describe the major symptoms of Brocas aphasia.11. what is the significance of cultural teaching and learning? Part I. Blank Filling ( 20 x 1.5 30 marks)Directions: Complete the flowing statements concerning some basic linguistic concepts.1. According to Chomsky, when we determine a words category, three criteria are usually employed, namely _, inflection and _.2. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a _ study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a _ study. In modern linguistics, the former approach seems to enjoy priority over the latter.3. According to Paul Grices Cooperative Principle, there are four maxims in natural conversation, including the maxim of _, the maxim of quality, the maxim of _ and the maxim of manner.4. The syntactic category of the specifier differs depending on the category of the head. Determiners serve as the specifiers of Ns while _ typically function as the specifiers of Vs and degree words as the specifiers of As and sometimes _ .5. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal _ used for human _ .6. N. Chomsky, the American linguist, proposed the distinction between _ and _, the former is defined as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language, and the latter defined as the actual realization of his knowledge in linguistic communication7. According to the American linguist Charles Hockett, human language differs from any animal system of communication in that it has its design features, such as arbitrariness, productivity, _, displacement and cultural _.8. Sentence can be defined as a sequence of words arranged in a certain _ in accordance with a certain _ rules.9. Phonetics is defined as the study of the_ medium of language; it is concerned with all the _ that occur in the worlds languages.10. In the study of semantics, sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the _ of the linguistic form; it is _ and de-contextualized. Part II. True or False ( 10 x 1 = 10 marks)Directions: Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1. According to transformational syntax, the phrase “talk about” has two elements, of which the V “talk” belongs to major lexical category and the P “about” belongs to minor lexical category. ( )2. According to lexical sense relations, the words give and take are complementary antonyms. ( )3. Semantically, the sentence “My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.” is a contradiction. ( )4. Concerning the sense relation, the word “table” is the hyponym of the word “furniture”. ( )5. According to John Searle, threatening, like “Your money or your life!” belongs to directive. （ ）6. According to the morphology, the word “disagreement” contains three morphemes: dis + agree + ment, among which the morpheme “agree” belongs to free morpheme and “dis, ment” are bound morphemes. ( )7. A phonological feature of the English compounds is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element, and the second element receives secondary stress, such as greenhouse, hotdog.( )8. According to the sense relations between sentences, the sentence “He has been to Hungary” is an entailment of the sentence “ He has been to Europe.” ( )9. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive rather than descriptive. ( )10. In terms of place of articulation, the English consonants p and b belong to bilabial while f and v are labiodental. ( )Part III. Understanding of Linguistic Terms ( 4 x 5 = 20 marks)Directions: Please give a brief explanation of the following linguistic terms.1. Pragmatics 2. Phoneme3. Polysemy 4. Syntactic category Part VI. Question Answering Directions: Please answer the following questions briefly.1. The XP rule is usually described as:XP (specifier) X (complement*)Please explain the above rule in simple English. (10 points)2. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? (15 points)3. Smith said to his classmate: “John, you have been keeping my notes for a whole week now.” According to Austins speech act theory, explain the three acts (locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary) that Smith is possibly performing while making the above utterance? (15 points)Key to the Test APart I Blanking filling:1. symbols communication 2. competence performance 3. duality transmission4. speech sounds 5. meaning distribution6. synchronic diachronic7. quantity relation8. order gramatical9. qualifiers Ps10. features abstractPart II True or False1. F 2. F 3. T. 4. T 5. T. 6. T. 7. T 8. F 9. F 10 TPart III Understanding of linguistic terms1. Pragmatics: a general definition is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying and understanding meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study. Including deixis, speech acts, indirect language, conversation, politeness, cross-cultural communication, and presupposition.2. Phoneme: A phoneme is a phonological unit. It is a abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.3. Polysemy: While different words may have the same or similar meaning , the same one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such word is called a polysemic word. 4. Syntactic category: Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. A fundamental fact about words in all human languages is that they can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic category.Part VI Question answering:1. The XP rule is usually described as:XP (specifier) X (complement*)Please explain the above rule in simple English. (10 points)X stands for a head, i.e. any major word-level category, such as N, V, A and P. The arrow means “ consists of” or “branches into”.The parentheses ( ) mean the element in them can be omitted and the asterisk * indicates that one or more category can occur. The rule can be described as follows: Any phrase consists of a head and maybe a specifier on the left side of the head, and maybe one or more complement on the right side of the head. 2. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? (15 points)Naming theory; Representative: Plato; Major opinion: Words are just names and labels for things.The conceptualist view; Representative: Ogden and Richards; the concept is the meaning of the word.Contexualism; Representative: J.R. Firth; the meaning of a word is determined by its use in the context, including situational context and linguistic context.Behaviorism; Representative: Bloomfield; the meaning consists in the relation between speech and the practical events.3. Smith said to his classmate: “John, you have been keeping my notes for a whole week now.” According to Austins speech act theory, explain the three acts (locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary) that Smith is possibly performing while making the above utterance? (15 points) (omitted)Part I. Blank Filling ( 20 x 1.5 30 marks)Directions: Complete the flowing statements concerning some basic linguistic concepts.11. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of _. It is scientific because it is based on the systematic _ of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.12. The Swiss linguist, F. de Saussure, made the distinction between langue and parole, the former refers to the _ linguistic system sheared by all the members of a speech community, while the latter refers to the realization of langue in actual _.13. According to the American linguist Charles Hockett, human language differs from any animal system of communication in that it has its design features, of which displacement is one, which means language can be used to refer to _ removed from the immediate situations of the _.14. An initial classification in phonetics will divide the _ sounds in English into two broad categories: _ and consonants.15. According to Chomsky, when we determine a words category, three criteria are usually employed, namely _, inflection and _.16. The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the _ and the _.17. According to Paul Grice, in making conversation the participants must first of all be willing to _; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the _.18. A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of _ value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound , but rather it is represented or realized by a certain _ in a certain phonetic context.19. According to transformational syntax, phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain three elements. The word around which a phrase is formed is termed head. The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as _. The words on the right side of the heads are _.20. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the _ of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of _.Part II. True or False ( 10 x 1 = 10 marks)Directions: Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).1. According to transformational syntax, prepositions like “near” or “about” belong to minor lexical category. ( )2. The words male and female are complementary antonyms. ( )3. The sentence “The table has bad intentions.” is semantically anomalous. ( )4. Concerning the sense relation, the word “rose” is the hyponym of the word “flower”. ( )5. According to John Searle, promising, like “Ill bring you the book tomorrow without fail.” belongs to commissive. （ ）6. According to the morphology, the word “undesirable” contains four morphemes: un + desire + able + ity, among which the morpheme “desire” belongs to free morpheme and “un, able, ity” are bound morphemes. ( )7. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, a diachronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a synchronic one.( )8. According to the sense relations between sentences, the sentence “Johns computer needs repairing” is an entailment of the sentence “ John has a computer.” ( )9. According to G. Leechs predication analysis, the sentence, “Henry sent Mary an e-mail” is a two-place prediction containing two arguments. ( )10. In terms of manner of articulation, the English consonants p and t belong to stops or plosives while f and s are fricatives. ( )Part III. Understanding of Linguistic Terms ( 4 x 5 = 20 marks)Directions: Please give a brief explanation of the following linguistic terms.5. Language 6. Phonology7. Homonymy 8. Morphology Part VI. Question Answering Directions: Please answer the following questions briefly.4. Use tree diagram to show the deep structure of the question “Will the train arrive on time?”. (10 points)5. What is the difference between sentence meaning and utterance meaning? (15 points)6. Prof. Smith said to his student: “John, you have left the door wide open.” According to Austins speech act theory, explain the three acts (locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary) that Prof. Smith is possibly performing while making the above utterance? (15 points)Key to the Test APart I Blanking filling:1. language investigation 2. abstract use 3. contexts speaker4. speech vowels 5. meaning distribution6. speaker hearer7. cooperate talk8. distinctive phone9. specifier complement10. features experiencePart II True or False1. F 2. T 3. T. 4. T 5. T. 6. T. 7. F 8. F 9. F 10 TPart III Understanding of linguistic terms5. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.6. phonology: Phonology is the scientific study of sound of language, which aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication7. Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. Homonyms include homophones, homographs and complete homonyms.8. Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.Part VI Question answering:1. Use tree diagram to show the deep structure of the question “Will the train arrive on time?”. (10 points) S NP Infl VP Det N V PP P N The train will arrive on time2. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? (15 points)Naming theory; Representative: Plato; Major opinion: Words are just names and labels for things.The conceptualist view; Representative: Ogden and Richards; the concept is the meaning of the word.Contexualism; Representative: J.R. Firth; the meaning of a word is determined by its use in the context, including situational context and linguistic context.Behaviorism; Representative: Bloomfield; the meaning consists in the relation between speech and the practical events.3. Prof. Smith said to his student: “John, you have left the door wide open.” According to Austins speech act theory, what are the three acts that Prof. Smith is possibly performing while making the above utterance? (15 points) (omitted)Part I. Blank Filling ( 20 x 1.5= 30 marks)Directions: Complete the flowing statements concerning some basic linguistic concepts.1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal _ used for human _.2. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form _ and how these sounds are used to convey _ in linguistic communication.3. Every word in a language is composed of one or more morphemes. There are _ morphemes and bound morphemes. And bound morpheme can be further classified into _ and inflectional morphemes.4. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether the _ of use in the study of _ is considered.5. According to Austins speech act theory, a locutionary is the action of making the utterance, illocutionary refers to the speaker _, while perlocutionary is the _ of the utterance.6. Sociolinguistics is the sub-field that studies the relation between _ and _, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.7.